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de Melo LFM, Barbosa JDS, Cordeiro MLDS, Aquino-Martins VGDQ, da Silva AP, Paiva WDS, Silveira ER, dos Santos DYAC, Rocha HAO, Scortecci KC. The Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Potential of Coccoloba alnifolia Leaf Extracts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15885. [PMID: 37958868 PMCID: PMC10650087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been associated with different diseases, and different medicinal plants have been used to treat or prevent this condition. The leaf ethanolic extract (EE) and aqueous extract (AE) from Coccoloba alnifolia have previously been characterized to have antioxidant potential in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we worked with EE and AE and two partition phases, AF (ethyl acetate) and BF (butanol), from AE extract. These extracts and partition phases did not display cytotoxicity. The EE and AE reduced NO production and ROS in all three concentrations tested. Furthermore, it was observed that EE and AE at 500 μg/mL concentration were able to reduce phagocytic activity by 30 and 50%, respectively. A scratch assay using a fibroblast cell line (NHI/3T3) showed that extracts and fractions induced cell migration with 60% wound recovery within 24 h, especially for BF. It was also observed that AF and BF had antioxidant potential in all the assays evaluated. In addition, copper chelation was observed. This activity was previously not detected in AE. The HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of phenolic compounds such as p-cumaric acid and vitexin for extracts, while the GNPS annotated the presence of isoorientin, vitexin, kanakugiol, and tryptamine in the BF partition phase. The data presented here demonstrated that the EE, AE, AF, and BF of C. alnifolia have potential immunomodulatory effects, antioxidant effects, as well as in vitro wound healing characteristics, which are important for dynamic inflammation process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Fentanes Moura de Melo
- Laboratory of Plant Transformation and Microscopy Analysis (LPTAM), Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (L.F.M.d.M.); (V.G.d.Q.A.-M.); (A.P.d.S.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Polymers (BIOPOL), Biochemistry Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (J.d.S.B.); (W.d.S.P.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduation School Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Jefferson da Silva Barbosa
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Polymers (BIOPOL), Biochemistry Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (J.d.S.B.); (W.d.S.P.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Federal Institut of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), São Gonçalo do Amarante 59291-727, RN, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia da Silva Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Plant Transformation and Microscopy Analysis (LPTAM), Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (L.F.M.d.M.); (V.G.d.Q.A.-M.); (A.P.d.S.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Polymers (BIOPOL), Biochemistry Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (J.d.S.B.); (W.d.S.P.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduation School Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Verônica Giuliani de Queiroz Aquino-Martins
- Laboratory of Plant Transformation and Microscopy Analysis (LPTAM), Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (L.F.M.d.M.); (V.G.d.Q.A.-M.); (A.P.d.S.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Polymers (BIOPOL), Biochemistry Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (J.d.S.B.); (W.d.S.P.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduation School Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Ariana Pereira da Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Transformation and Microscopy Analysis (LPTAM), Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (L.F.M.d.M.); (V.G.d.Q.A.-M.); (A.P.d.S.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Polymers (BIOPOL), Biochemistry Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (J.d.S.B.); (W.d.S.P.); (H.A.O.R.)
| | - Weslley de Souza Paiva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Polymers (BIOPOL), Biochemistry Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (J.d.S.B.); (W.d.S.P.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Northeast Biotecnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Elielson Rodrigo Silveira
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Botany Departament, Bioscience Institut, São Paulo University, São Paulo 05508-070, SP, Brazil; (E.R.S.); (D.Y.A.C.d.S.)
| | - Déborah Yara A. Cursino dos Santos
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Botany Departament, Bioscience Institut, São Paulo University, São Paulo 05508-070, SP, Brazil; (E.R.S.); (D.Y.A.C.d.S.)
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Polymers (BIOPOL), Biochemistry Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (J.d.S.B.); (W.d.S.P.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduation School Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Kátia Castanho Scortecci
- Laboratory of Plant Transformation and Microscopy Analysis (LPTAM), Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (L.F.M.d.M.); (V.G.d.Q.A.-M.); (A.P.d.S.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduation School Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
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da Silva Cordeiro ML, de Queiroz Aquino-Martins VG, da Silva AP, Naliato GFS, Silveira ER, Theodoro RC, da Santos DYAC, Rocha HAO, Scortecci KC. Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Talisia esculenta Using In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches. Nutrients 2023; 15:3855. [PMID: 37686887 PMCID: PMC10490396 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants, such as Talisia esculenta, are rich in antioxidant biomolecules, which are used in the treatment and prevention of many diseases. The antioxidant potential of T. esculenta extracts obtained from leaves and fruit peels was investigated using biochemical and 3T3 cell line assays as well as in vivo assays using an organism model Tenebrio molitor. Four extracts were tested: hydroethanolic extracts from leaves (HF) and from fruit peels (HC), and infusion extracts from leaves (IF) and from fruit peels (IC). The biochemical assays demonstrated an antioxidant capacity verified by TAC, reducing power, DPPH, and copper chelating assays. None of the extracts exhibited cytotoxicity against 3T3 cells, instead offering a protection against CuSO4-induced oxidative stress. The antioxidant activity observed in the extracts, including their role as free radical scavengers, copper chelators, and stress protectors, was further confirmed by T. molitor assays. The CLAE-DAD analysis detected phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, rutin, and quercitrin, as the main constituents of the samples. This study highlights that leaf and fruit peels extracts of T. esculenta could be effective protectors against ROS and copper-induced stress in cellular and invertebrate models, and they should be considered as coadjutants in the treatment and prevention of diseases related to oxidative stress and for the development of natural nutraceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lúcia da Silva Cordeiro
- Laboratório de Transformação de Plantas e Análise em Microscopia (LTPAM), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (M.L.d.S.C.); (V.G.d.Q.A.-M.); (A.P.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (G.F.S.N.); (R.C.T.); (H.A.O.R.)
| | - Verônica Giuliani de Queiroz Aquino-Martins
- Laboratório de Transformação de Plantas e Análise em Microscopia (LTPAM), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (M.L.d.S.C.); (V.G.d.Q.A.-M.); (A.P.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (G.F.S.N.); (R.C.T.); (H.A.O.R.)
| | - Ariana Pereira da Silva
- Laboratório de Transformação de Plantas e Análise em Microscopia (LTPAM), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (M.L.d.S.C.); (V.G.d.Q.A.-M.); (A.P.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (G.F.S.N.); (R.C.T.); (H.A.O.R.)
| | - Georggia Fatima Silva Naliato
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (G.F.S.N.); (R.C.T.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59077-080, RN, Brazil
| | - Elielson Rodrigo Silveira
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil; (E.R.S.); (D.Y.A.C.d.S.)
| | - Raquel Cordeiro Theodoro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (G.F.S.N.); (R.C.T.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59077-080, RN, Brazil
| | - Deborah Yara Alves Cursino da Santos
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil; (E.R.S.); (D.Y.A.C.d.S.)
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (G.F.S.N.); (R.C.T.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Katia Castanho Scortecci
- Laboratório de Transformação de Plantas e Análise em Microscopia (LTPAM), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (M.L.d.S.C.); (V.G.d.Q.A.-M.); (A.P.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (G.F.S.N.); (R.C.T.); (H.A.O.R.)
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Senes-Lopes TFD, Luz JRDD, Guterres ZDR, Barbosa EA, Batista D, Galdino OA, Ururahy MAG, Gomes Dos Santos EC, López JA, Araujo-Silva G, Almeida MDG. Pseudobombax parvifolium Hydroalcoholic Bark Extract: Chemical Characterisation and Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Preclinical Aspects Associated with a Protective Effect on Oxidative Stress. Metabolites 2023; 13:748. [PMID: 37367906 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have long been used in traditional medicine to treat illnesses. Nevertheless, their chemical diversity requires studies to establish the extract dosage and its safe use. Pseudobombax parvifolium, an endemic species of the Brazilian Caatinga biome, is commonly used in folk medicine, due to its anti-inflammatory properties related to cellular oxidative stress; however, its biological properties have scarcely been studied. In this study, we chemically characterized the P. parvifolium hydroalcoholic bark extract (EBHE) and evaluated its cytotoxic, mutagenic, and preclinical aspects, as well as its antioxidant effect. Our phytochemical analysis revealed a significative total polyphenol content and identified loliolide for the first time in this species. Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and acute oral and repeated dose indicated no toxic effects on cell culture, Drosophila melanogaster, and Wistar rat exposure to different EBHE concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, we observed a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and a mild hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect with repeated oral dosing of EBHE. Although there were no significant changes in glutathione content, we did observe a significant increase in superoxide dismutase at a dose of 400 mg/kg and in glutathione peroxidase at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. These findings suggest that EBHE has potential as a source of bioactive molecules, and it can be used safely in traditional medicine and in the development of herbal medicines for application in the public health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Felipe de Senes-Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo 79980-000, MS, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Romáryo Duarte da Luz
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
- Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, State University of Amapá, Macapá 68900-070, AP, Brazil
| | - Zaira da Rosa Guterres
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo 79980-000, MS, Brazil
| | - Eder A Barbosa
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Analysis of Biomolecules, Institute of Chemistry, University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Débora Batista
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Ony Araújo Galdino
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Marcela Abbott Galvão Ururahy
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Cristina Gomes Dos Santos
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Jorge A López
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Araujo-Silva
- Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, State University of Amapá, Macapá 68900-070, AP, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
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da Luz JRD, Barbosa EA, do Nascimento TES, de Rezende AA, Ururahy MAG, Brito ADS, Araujo-Silva G, López JA, Almeida MDG. Chemical Characterization of Flowers and Leaf Extracts Obtained from Turnera subulata and Their Immunomodulatory Effect on LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Molecules 2022; 27:1084. [PMID: 35164352 PMCID: PMC8839466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory properties of Turnera subulata have been evaluated as an alternative drug approach to treating several inflammatory processes. Accordingly, in this study, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of T. subulata flowers and leaves were analyzed regarding their phytocomposition by ultrafast liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and their anti-inflammatory properties were assessed by an in vitro inflammation model, using LPS-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophages. The phytochemical profile indicated vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside as an important constituent in both extracts, while methoxyisoflavones, some bulky amino acids (e.g., tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine), pheophorbides, and octadecatrienoic, stearidonic, and ferulic acids were detected in hydroalcoholic extracts. The extracts displayed the ability to modulate the in vitro inflammatory response by altering the secretion of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and inhibiting the PGE-2 and NO production. Overall, for the first time, putative compounds from T. subulata flowers and leaves were characterized, which can modulate the inflammatory process. Therefore, the data highlight this plant as an option to obtain extracts for phytotherapic formulations to treat and/or prevent chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Romáryo Duarte da Luz
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil; (J.R.D.d.L.); (A.A.d.R.)
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, DACT, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.N.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Eder A. Barbosa
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Analysis of Biomolecules (LSAB), Institute of Chemistry, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil;
| | - Thayse Evellyn Silva do Nascimento
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, DACT, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.N.); (J.A.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Augusto de Rezende
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil; (J.R.D.d.L.); (A.A.d.R.)
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil;
| | - Marcela Abbott Galvão Ururahy
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil;
| | - Adriana da Silva Brito
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi (FACISA/UFRN), R. Passos de Miranda, Santa Cruz 59200-000, RN, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Araujo-Silva
- Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Amapá State University (UEAP), Av. Presidente Vargas, s/n, Centro, Macapá 68900-070, AP, Brazil;
| | - Jorge A. López
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, DACT, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.N.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Maria das Graças Almeida
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil; (J.R.D.d.L.); (A.A.d.R.)
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, DACT, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.N.); (J.A.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, R. Gen. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n—Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil;
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