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Eisenlohr-Moul T, Swales DA, Rubinow DR, Schiff L, Schiller CE. Temporal dynamics of neurobehavioral hormone sensitivity in a scaled-down experimental model of early pregnancy and parturition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:414-421. [PMID: 37524753 PMCID: PMC10724266 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The hormonal changes of pregnancy and parturition can trigger robust changes in affective state, particularly among patients with a history of postpartum depression. However, more work is needed to elucidate the temporal dynamics of symptom emergence. The current study explored how quickly hormone-sensitive (HS+) individuals can be differentiated from hormone-insensitive (HS-) controls in the context of a tightly controlled experimental hormone manipulation, and which symptoms demonstrate the most rapid, consistent, and largest response during this protocol. Participants were female, non-pregnant, and euthymic, with a history of DSM-5 major depressive episode with peripartum onset (n = 15) or parous healthy controls with no psychiatric history (n = 15). Perinatal hormonal changes were simulated by inducing hypogonadism, adding back estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) to reach first-trimester levels for 8 weeks, and then subsequently withdrawing both hormones. Those reporting a 30% or greater increase during addback or withdrawal on select subscales of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS) were identified as HS+. Participants provided daily ratings of symptoms throughout the study via the Daily Record of Severity of Problems. Results indicated that HS+ participants could be differentiated from HS- participants early in the hormone protocol, with many symptoms showing significantly greater change from baseline within the first week of addback. Notably, the most rapid symptom increases were observed for Anger/Irritability, Mood Swings, Overwhelm, Lethargy, Increased Appetite, Joint and Muscle Pain, and Breast Tenderness, reaching 50% of peak group contrast within the first week of hormone addback. The largest group effects were observed for Anger/Irritability, followed by Fatigue and Anxiety, and the most consistent group effects were observed for Anger/Irritability, Interpersonal Conflict, Overwhelm, and Hopelessness. Findings support the role of reproductive hormones in the onset of perinatal affective disorders. The rapid emergence of anger and irritability in HS+ participants suggests that these symptoms may be early indicators of perinatal hormone sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory Eisenlohr-Moul
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Danielle A Swales
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David R Rubinow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lauren Schiff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Crystal E Schiller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Carrino EA, Flatt RE, Pawar PS, Sanzari CM, Tregarthen JP, Argue S, Thornton LM, Bulik CM, Watson HJ. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of treated and untreated adults with bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder recruited for a large-scale research study. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:126. [PMID: 37525298 PMCID: PMC10391988 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but most never receive treatment. The majority of clinical research on eating disorders has focused on individuals recruited from treatment settings, which may not represent the broader population of people with eating disorders. This study aimed to identify potential differences in the characteristics of individuals with eating disorders based on whether they self-reported accessing treatment or not, in order to contribute to a better understanding of their diverse needs and experiences. METHODS The study population included 762 community-recruited individuals (85% female, M ± SD age = 30 ± 7 years) with bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder (BN/BED) enrolled in the Binge Eating Genetics Initiative (BEGIN) United States study arm. Participants completed self-report surveys on demographics, treatment history, past and current eating disorder symptoms, weight history, and their current mental health and gastrointestinal symptoms. Untreated participants (n = 291, 38%) were compared with treated participants (n = 471, 62%) who self-reported accessing BN/BED treatment at some point in their lives. RESULTS Untreated participants disproportionately self-identified as male and as a racial or ethnic minority compared with treated participants. Treated participants reported a more severe illness history, specifically, an earlier age at onset, more longstanding and frequent eating disorder symptoms over their lifetime, and greater body dissatisfaction and comorbid mental health symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, ADHD) at the time of the study. A history of anorexia nervosa was positively associated with treatment engagement. Individuals self-reporting a history of inpatient or residential treatment exhibited the most severe illness history, those with outpatient treatment had a less severe illness history, and untreated individuals had the mildest illness history. CONCLUSIONS Historically overlooked and marginalized populations self-reported lower treatment access rates, while those who accessed treatment reported more severe eating disorder and comorbid mental health symptoms, which may have motivated them to seek treatment. Clinic-based recruitment samples may not represent individuals with milder symptoms or racial and ethnic diversity, and males. Community-based recruitment is crucial for improving the ability to apply research findings to broader populations and reducing disparities in medical research. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04162574 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04162574 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Carrino
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Rachael E. Flatt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Pratiksha S. Pawar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Christina M. Sanzari
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY USA
| | | | | | - Laura M. Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hunna J. Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Abstract
Information flow in the sensory cortex has been described as a predominantly feedforward sequence with deep layers as the output structure. Although recurrent excitatory projections from layer 5 (L5) to superficial L2/3 have been identified by anatomical and physiological studies, their functional impact on sensory processing remains unclear. Here, we use layer-selective optogenetic manipulations in the primary auditory cortex to demonstrate that feedback inputs from L5 suppress the activity of superficial layers regardless of the arousal level, contrary to the prediction from their excitatory connectivity. This suppressive effect is predominantly mediated by translaminar circuitry through intratelencephalic neurons, with an additional contribution of subcortical projections by pyramidal tract neurons. Furthermore, L5 activation sharpened tone-evoked responses of superficial layers in both frequency and time domains, indicating its impact on cortical spectro-temporal integration. Together, our findings establish a translaminar inhibitory recurrence from deep layers that sharpens feature selectivity in superficial cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koun Onodera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- JSPS Overseas Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki K Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Tilot AK, Khramtsova EA, Liang D, Grasby KL, Jahanshad N, Painter J, Colodro-Conde L, Bralten J, Hibar DP, Lind PA, Liu S, Brotman SM, Thompson PM, Medland SE, Macciardi F, Stranger BE, Davis LK, Fisher SE, Stein JL. The Evolutionary History of Common Genetic Variants Influencing Human Cortical Surface Area. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:1873-1887. [PMID: 33290510 PMCID: PMC7945014 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural brain changes along the lineage leading to modern Homo sapiens contributed to our distinctive cognitive and social abilities. However, the evolutionarily relevant molecular variants impacting key aspects of neuroanatomy are largely unknown. Here, we integrate evolutionary annotations of the genome at diverse timescales with common variant associations from large-scale neuroimaging genetic screens. We find that alleles with evidence of recent positive polygenic selection over the past 2000-3000 years are associated with increased surface area (SA) of the entire cortex, as well as specific regions, including those involved in spoken language and visual processing. Therefore, polygenic selective pressures impact the structure of specific cortical areas even over relatively recent timescales. Moreover, common sequence variation within human gained enhancers active in the prenatal cortex is associated with postnatal global SA. We show that such variation modulates the function of a regulatory element of the developmentally relevant transcription factor HEY2 in human neural progenitor cells and is associated with structural changes in the inferior frontal cortex. These results indicate that non-coding genomic regions active during prenatal cortical development are involved in the evolution of human brain structure and identify novel regulatory elements and genes impacting modern human brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Tilot
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, 6500 AH, Netherlands
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Ekaterina A Khramtsova
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine & Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Computational Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katrina L Grasby
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Jodie Painter
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Lucía Colodro-Conde
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Janita Bralten
- Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Penelope A Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Siyao Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah M Brotman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Barbara E Stranger
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine & Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, 6500 AH, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, Netherlands
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Aponte DA, Handy G, Kline AM, Tsukano H, Doiron B, Kato HK. Recurrent network dynamics shape direction selectivity in primary auditory cortex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:314. [PMID: 33436635 PMCID: PMC7804939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting the direction of frequency modulation (FM) is essential for vocal communication in both animals and humans. Direction-selective firing of neurons in the primary auditory cortex (A1) has been classically attributed to temporal offsets between feedforward excitatory and inhibitory inputs. However, it remains unclear how cortical recurrent circuitry contributes to this computation. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging and whole-cell recordings in awake mice to demonstrate that direction selectivity is not caused by temporal offsets between synaptic currents, but by an asymmetry in total synaptic charge between preferred and non-preferred directions. Inactivation of cortical somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SOM cells) reduced direction selectivity, revealing its cortical contribution. Our theoretical models showed that charge asymmetry arises due to broad spatial topography of SOM cell-mediated inhibition which regulates signal amplification in strongly recurrent circuitry. Together, our findings reveal a major contribution of recurrent network dynamics in shaping cortical tuning to behaviorally relevant complex sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destinee A Aponte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gregory Handy
- Departments of Neurobiology and Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Grossman Center for Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amber M Kline
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hiroaki Tsukano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Brent Doiron
- Departments of Neurobiology and Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Grossman Center for Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hiroyuki K Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Le BD, Stein JL. Mapping causal pathways from genetics to neuropsychiatric disorders using genome-wide imaging genetics: Current status and future directions. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:357-369. [PMID: 30864184 PMCID: PMC6625892 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Imaging genetics aims to identify genetic variants associated with the structure and function of the human brain. Recently, collaborative consortia have been successful in this goal, identifying and replicating common genetic variants influencing gross human brain structure as measured through magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we contextualize imaging genetic associations as one important link in understanding the causal chain from genetic variant to increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. We provide examples in other fields of how identifying genetic variant associations to disease and multiple phenotypes along the causal chain has revealed a mechanistic understanding of disease risk, with implications for how imaging genetics can be similarly applied. We discuss current findings in the imaging genetics research domain, including that common genetic variants can have a slightly larger effect on brain structure than on risk for disorders like schizophrenia, indicating a somewhat simpler genetic architecture. Also, gross brain structure measurements share a genetic basis with some, but not all, neuropsychiatric disorders, invalidating the previously held belief that they are broad endophenotypes, yet pinpointing brain regions likely involved in the pathology of specific disorders. Finally, we suggest that in order to build a more detailed mechanistic understanding of the effects of genetic variants on the brain, future directions in imaging genetics research will require observations of cellular and synaptic structure in specific brain regions beyond the resolution of magnetic resonance imaging. We expect that integrating genetic associations at biological levels from synapse to sulcus will reveal specific causal pathways impacting risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D. Le
- Department of Genetics & UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jason L. Stein
- Department of Genetics & UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Kleiman SC, Bulik-Sullivan EC, Glenny EM, Zerwas SC, Huh EY, Tsilimigras MCB, Fodor AA, Bulik CM, Carroll IM. The Gut-Brain Axis in Healthy Females: Lack of Significant Association between Microbial Composition and Diversity with Psychiatric Measures. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170208. [PMID: 28103291 PMCID: PMC5245801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined associations between the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota and measures of depression, anxiety, eating disorder psychopathology, stress, and personality in a group of healthy adult females. METHODS Female participants (n = 91) ages 19-50 years with BMI 18.5-25 kg/m2 were recruited from central North Carolina between July 2014 and March 2015. Participants provided a single fecal sample and completed an online psychiatric questionnaire that included five measures: (i) Beck Anxiety Inventory; (ii) Beck Depression Inventory-II; (iii) Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire; (iv) Perceived Stress Scale; and (v) Mini International Personality Item Pool. Bacterial composition and diversity were characterized by Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, and associations were examined using Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient, in conjunction with Benjamini and Hochberg's False Discovery Rate procedure. RESULTS We found no significant associations between microbial markers of gut composition and diversity and scores on psychiatric measures of anxiety, depression, eating-related thoughts and behaviors, stress, or personality in a large cohort of healthy adult females. DISCUSSION This study was the first specifically to examine associations between the intestinal microbiota and psychiatric measures in healthy females, and based on 16S rRNA taxonomic abundances and diversity measures, our results do not suggest a strong role for the enteric microbe-gut-brain axis in normal variation on responses to psychiatric measures in this population. However, the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness may be limited to more severe psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Kleiman
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Bulik-Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elaine M. Glenny
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephanie C. Zerwas
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eun Young Huh
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. B. Tsilimigras
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony A. Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian M. Carroll
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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