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Messa A, Köster PC, Garrine M, Nhampossa T, Massora S, Cossa A, Bassat Q, Kotloff K, Levine MM, Alonso PL, Carmena D, Mandomando I. Molecular Characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in Mozambican Children Younger than 5 Years Enrolled in a Matched Case-Control Study on the Aetiology of Diarrhoeal Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:452. [PMID: 33918893 PMCID: PMC8070020 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of childhood diarrhoea and associated physical and cognitive impairment in low-resource settings. Cryptosporidium-positive faecal samples (n = 190) from children aged ≤ 5 years enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in Mozambique detected by ELISA (11.5%, 430/3754) were successfully PCR-amplified and sequenced at the gp60 or ssu rRNA loci for species determination and genotyping. Three Cryptosporidium species including C. hominis (72.6%, 138/190), C. parvum (22.6%, 43/190), and C. meleagridis (4.2%, 8/190) were detected. Children ≤ 23 months were more exposed to Cryptosporidium spp. infections than older children. Both C. hominis and C. parvum were more prevalent among children with diarrhoeal disease compared to those children without it (47.6% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.007 and 23.7% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.014, respectively). A high intra-species genetic variability was observed within C. hominis (subtype families Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) and C. parvum (subtype families IIb, IIc, IIe, and IIi) but not within C. meleagridis (subtype family IIIb). No association between Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and child's age was demonstrated. The predominance of C. hominis and C. parvum IIc suggests that most of the Cryptosporidium infections were anthroponotically transmitted, although zoonotic transmission events also occurred at an unknown rate. The role of livestock, poultry, and other domestic animal species as sources of environmental contamination and human cryptosporidiosis should be investigated in further molecular epidemiological studies in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Messa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marcelino Garrine
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tacilta Nhampossa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Marracuene, Maputo 1120, Mozambique
| | - Sérgio Massora
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Anélsio Cossa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Quique Bassat
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Pedro L. Alonso
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Global Malaria Program, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Marracuene, Maputo 1120, Mozambique
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