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Shao K, Mesbah A. A Study on the Role of Electric Field in Low-Temperature Plasma Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis via Integrated Density Functional Theory and Microkinetic Modeling. JACS Au 2024; 4:525-544. [PMID: 38425907 PMCID: PMC10900214 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Low-temperature plasma catalysis has shown promise for various chemical processes such as light hydrocarbon conversion, volatile organic compounds removal, and ammonia synthesis. Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis has the potential advantages of leveraging renewable energy and distributed manufacturing principles to mitigate the pressing environmental challenges of the energy-intensive Haber-Bosh process, towards sustainable ammonia production. However, lack of foundational understanding of plasma-catalyst interactions poses a key challenge to optimizing plasma-catalytic processes. Recent studies suggest electro- and photoeffects, such as electric field and charge, can play an important role in enhancing surface reactions. These studies mostly rely on using density functional theory (DFT) to investigate surface reactions under these effects. However, integration of DFT with microkinetic modeling in plasma catalysis, which is crucial for establishing a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between the gas-phase chemistry and surface reactions, remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a first-principles framework coupling DFT calculations and microkinetic modeling to investigate the role of electric field on plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis. The DFT-microkinetic model shows more consistent predictions with experimental observations, as compared to the case wherein the variable effects of plasma process parameters on surface reactions are neglected. In particular, predictions of the DFT-microkinetic model indicate electric field can have a notable effect on surface reactions relative to other process parameters. A global sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate how ammonia synthesis pathways will change in relation to different plasma process parameters. The DFT-microkinetic model is then used in conjunction with active learning to systematically explore the complex parameter space of the plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis to maximize the amount of produced ammonia while inhibiting reactions dissipating energy, such as the recombination of H2 through gas-phase H radicals and surface-adsorbed H. This paper demonstrates the importance of accounting for the effects of electric field on surface reactions when investigating and optimizing the performance of plasma-catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketong Shao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ali Mesbah
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Miller V, Clark DS, Mesbah A. Ammonia Retention in Biowaste via Low-Temperature-Plasma-Synthesized Nitrogen Oxyacids: Toward Sustainable Upcycling of Animal Waste. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2024; 12:2621-2631. [PMID: 38389902 PMCID: PMC10880101 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable fertilizer production is a pressing challenge due to a growing human population. The manufacture of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer involves intensive emissions of greenhouse gases. The synthetic nitrogen that ends up in biowaste such as animal waste perturbs the nitrogen cycle through significant nitrogen losses in the form of ammonia volatilization, a major human health and environmental hazard. Low-temperature air-plasma treatment of animal waste holds promise for sustainable fertilizer production on farmlands by enabling nitrogen fixation via ionization, forming nitrogen oxyacids. Although the formation of nitrogen oxyacids in plasma treatment of water is well-established, the extent of nitrogen oxyanion enrichment in animal waste and its downstream effects on acidifying the waste remain elusive because many compounds found in complex biowaste media may interfere with absorbed NOx species. This work aims to establish that plasma treatment of dairy manure can suppress ammonia loss by volatilization via acidification of animal waste while enriching the waste in total nitrogen due to nitrogen retained in ammonia as well as adding nitrogen oxyacids by reacting NOx with the aqueous slurry. To this end, air-plasma effluent containing NOx is bubbled through dairy manure, which is then analyzed for changes in the nitrogen oxyanion content and pH. Increasing the plasma treatment time results in more acidic manure, reduced ammonium content in the downstream acid trap, and increased nitrogen oxyanion content, where the yield of nitrogen oxyanion from absorbed NOx species is approximately 100%. Increased plasma treatment also led to an increase in the total Kjeldahl nitrogen and the total nitrogen. These results indicate that plasma treatment of animal waste can significantly suppress ammonia pollution from animal husbandry facilities such as dairy farms while upcycling animal waste as a rich organic source of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor
V. Miller
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ali Mesbah
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Miller KG, Pierce JR, Ambat MV, Shaw JL, Weichman K, Mori WB, Froula DH, Palastro JP. Dephasingless laser wakefield acceleration in the bubble regime. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21306. [PMID: 38042954 PMCID: PMC10693645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser wakefield accelerators (LWFAs) have electric fields that are orders of magnitude larger than those of conventional accelerators, promising an attractive, small-scale alternative for next-generation light sources and lepton colliders. The maximum energy gain in a single-stage LWFA is limited by dephasing, which occurs when the trapped particles outrun the accelerating phase of the wakefield. Here, we demonstrate that a single space-time structured laser pulse can be used for ionization injection and electron acceleration over many dephasing lengths in the bubble regime. Simulations of a dephasingless laser wakefield accelerator driven by a 6.2-J laser pulse show 25 pC of injected charge accelerated over 20 dephasing lengths (1.3 cm) to a maximum energy of 2.1 GeV. The space-time structured laser pulse features an ultrashort, programmable-trajectory focus. Accelerating the focus, reducing the focused spot-size variation, and mitigating unwanted self-focusing stabilize the electron acceleration, which improves beam quality and leads to projected energy gains of 125 GeV in a single, sub-meter stage driven by a 500-J pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Miller
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA.
| | - Jacob R Pierce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Manfred V Ambat
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
| | - Jessica L Shaw
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
| | - Kale Weichman
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
| | - Warren B Mori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dustin H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
| | - John P Palastro
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
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Dresselhaus-Marais LE, Kozioziemski B, Holstad TS, Ræder TM, Seaberg M, Nam D, Kim S, Breckling S, Choi S, Chollet M, Cook PK, Folsom E, Galtier E, Gonzalez A, Gorkhover T, Guillet S, Haldrup K, Howard M, Katagiri K, Kim S, Kim S, Kim S, Kim H, Knudsen EB, Kuschel S, Lee HJ, Lin C, McWilliams RS, Nagler B, Nielsen MM, Ozaki N, Pal D, Pablo Pedro R, Saunders AM, Schoofs F, Sekine T, Simons H, van Driel T, Wang B, Yang W, Yildirim C, Poulsen HF, Eggert JH. Simultaneous bright- and dark-field X-ray microscopy at X-ray free electron lasers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17573. [PMID: 37845245 PMCID: PMC10579415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The structures, strain fields, and defect distributions in solid materials underlie the mechanical and physical properties across numerous applications. Many modern microstructural microscopy tools characterize crystal grains, domains and defects required to map lattice distortions or deformation, but are limited to studies of the (near) surface. Generally speaking, such tools cannot probe the structural dynamics in a way that is representative of bulk behavior. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction based imaging has long mapped the deeply embedded structural elements, and with enhanced resolution, dark field X-ray microscopy (DFXM) can now map those features with the requisite nm-resolution. However, these techniques still suffer from the required integration times due to limitations from the source and optics. This work extends DFXM to X-ray free electron lasers, showing how the [Formula: see text] photons per pulse available at these sources offer structural characterization down to 100 fs resolution (orders of magnitude faster than current synchrotron images). We introduce the XFEL DFXM setup with simultaneous bright field microscopy to probe density changes within the same volume. This work presents a comprehensive guide to the multi-modal ultrafast high-resolution X-ray microscope that we constructed and tested at two XFELs, and shows initial data demonstrating two timing strategies to study associated reversible or irreversible lattice dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora E Dresselhaus-Marais
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
| | | | - Theodor S Holstad
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Daewoong Nam
- Photon Science Center, Pohang University and Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- XFEL Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University and Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- XFEL Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University and Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | | | - Sungwook Choi
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Philip K Cook
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Folsom
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Eric Galtier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Tais Gorkhover
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Serge Guillet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kento Katagiri
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seonghan Kim
- XFEL Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University and Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Sunam Kim
- XFEL Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University and Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Stephan Kuschel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hae Ja Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Chuanlong Lin
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Bob Nagler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Norimasa Ozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dayeeta Pal
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Pablo Pedro
- Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alison M Saunders
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Frank Schoofs
- UK Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, UK
| | - Toshimori Sekine
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Hugh Simons
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Bihan Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenge Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Yildirim
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jon H Eggert
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
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Jeong YD, Ejima K, Kim KS, Iwanami S, Bento AI, Fujita Y, Jung IH, Aihara K, Watashi K, Miyazaki T, Wakita T, Iwami S, Ajelli M. Revisiting the guidelines for ending isolation for COVID-19 patients. eLife 2021; 10:e69340. [PMID: 34311842 PMCID: PMC8315804 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, two mainstream guidelines for defining when to end the isolation of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals have been in use: the one-size-fits-all approach (i.e. patients are isolated for a fixed number of days) and the personalized approach (i.e. based on repeated testing of isolated patients). We use a mathematical framework to model within-host viral dynamics and test different criteria for ending isolation. By considering a fixed time of 10 days since symptom onset as the criterion for ending isolation, we estimated that the risk of releasing an individual who is still infectious is low (0-6.6%). However, this policy entails lengthy unnecessary isolations (4.8-8.3 days). In contrast, by using a personalized strategy, similar low risks can be reached with shorter prolonged isolations. The obtained findings provide a scientific rationale for policies on ending the isolation of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dam Jeong
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Department of Mathematics, Pusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-BloomingtonBloomingtonUnited States
| | - Kwang Su Kim
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Shoya Iwanami
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Ana I Bento
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-BloomingtonBloomingtonUnited States
| | - Yasuhisa Fujita
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Il Hyo Jung
- Department of Mathematics, Pusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of ScienceNodaJapan
| | - Taiga Miyazaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasakiJapan
- Division of Respirology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of MiyazakiMiyazakiJapan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Shingo Iwami
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR)TokyoJapan
- Science Groove IncFukuokaJapan
| | - Marco Ajelli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-BloomingtonBloomingtonUnited States
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
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Bargsten C, Hollinger R, Capeluto MG, Kaymak V, Pukhov A, Wang S, Rockwood A, Wang Y, Keiss D, Tommasini R, London R, Park J, Busquet M, Klapisch M, Shlyaptsev VN, Rocca JJ. Energy penetration into arrays of aligned nanowires irradiated with relativistic intensities: Scaling to terabar pressures. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1601558. [PMID: 28097218 PMCID: PMC5226645 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-energy density (UHED) matter, characterized by energy densities >1 × 108 J cm-3 and pressures greater than a gigabar, is encountered in the center of stars and inertial confinement fusion capsules driven by the world's largest lasers. Similar conditions can be obtained with compact, ultrahigh contrast, femtosecond lasers focused to relativistic intensities onto targets composed of aligned nanowire arrays. We report the measurement of the key physical process in determining the energy density deposited in high-aspect-ratio nanowire array plasmas: the energy penetration. By monitoring the x-ray emission from buried Co tracer segments in Ni nanowire arrays irradiated at an intensity of 4 × 1019 W cm-2, we demonstrate energy penetration depths of several micrometers, leading to UHED plasmas of that size. Relativistic three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, validated by these measurements, predict that irradiation of nanostructures at intensities of >1 × 1022 W cm-2 will lead to a virtually unexplored extreme UHED plasma regime characterized by energy densities in excess of 8 × 1010 J cm-3, equivalent to a pressure of 0.35 Tbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Bargsten
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Reed Hollinger
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Vural Kaymak
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Pukhov
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shoujun Wang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alex Rockwood
- Physics Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David Keiss
- Physics Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Richard London
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Jaebum Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | | | | | - Vyacheslav N. Shlyaptsev
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jorge J. Rocca
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Physics Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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