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Park S, Choi J, Lee Y, Noh J, Kim N, Lee J, Cho G, Kim S, Yoo DK, Kang CK, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Park WB, Kim S, Oh MD, Kwon S, Chung J. An ancestral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces anti-Omicron variants antibodies by hypermutation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3368. [PMID: 38643233 PMCID: PMC11032360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune escape of Omicron variants significantly subsides by the third dose of an mRNA vaccine. However, it is unclear how Omicron variant-neutralizing antibodies develop under repeated vaccination. We analyze blood samples from 41 BNT162b2 vaccinees following the course of three injections and analyze their B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires at six time points in total. The concomitant reactivity to both ancestral and Omicron receptor-binding domain (RBD) is achieved by a limited number of BCR clonotypes depending on the accumulation of somatic hypermutation (SHM) after the third dose. Our findings suggest that SHM accumulation in the BCR space to broaden its specificity for unseen antigens is a counterprotective mechanism against virus variant immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoryeong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology Major, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Noh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namphil Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JinAh Lee
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Geummi Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Kyun Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunghoon Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology Major, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lee M, Kim G, Jung Y, Pyun KR, Lee J, Kim BW, Ko SH. Photonic structures in radiative cooling. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:134. [PMID: 37264035 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiative cooling is a passive cooling technology without any energy consumption, compared to conventional cooling technologies that require power sources and dump waste heat into the surroundings. For decades, many radiative cooling studies have been introduced but its applications are mostly restricted to nighttime use only. Recently, the emergence of photonic technologies to achieves daytime radiative cooling overcome the performance limitations. For example, broadband and selective emissions in mid-IR and high reflectance in the solar spectral range have already been demonstrated. This review article discusses the fundamentals of thermodynamic heat transfer that motivates radiative cooling. Several photonic structures such as multilayer, periodical, random; derived from nature, and associated design procedures were thoroughly discussed. Photonic integration with new functionality significantly enhances the efficiency of radiative cooling technologies such as colored, transparent, and switchable radiative cooling applications has been developed. The commercial applications such as reducing cooling loads in vehicles, increasing the power generation of solar cells, generating electricity, saving water, and personal thermal regulation are also summarized. Lastly, perspectives on radiative cooling and emerging issues with potential solution strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Lee
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Electronic Device Research Team, Hyundai Motor Group, 37, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16082, South Korea
| | - Gwansik Kim
- E-drive Materials Research Team, Hyundai Motor Group, 37, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16082, South Korea
| | - Yeongju Jung
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Robotics, and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- E-drive Materials Research Team, Hyundai Motor Group, 37, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16082, South Korea.
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD)/Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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3
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Kim J, Kim W, Oh DK, Kang H, Kim H, Badloe T, Kim S, Park C, Choi H, Lee H, Rho J. One-step printable platform for high-efficiency metasurfaces down to the deep-ultraviolet region. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:68. [PMID: 36882418 PMCID: PMC9992517 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A single-step printable platform for ultraviolet (UV) metasurfaces is introduced to overcome both the scarcity of low-loss UV materials and manufacturing limitations of high cost and low throughput. By dispersing zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles in a UV-curable resin, ZrO2 nanoparticle-embedded-resin (nano-PER) is developed as a printable material which has a high refractive index and low extinction coefficient from near-UV to deep-UV. In ZrO2 nano-PER, the UV-curable resin enables direct pattern transfer and ZrO2 nanoparticles increase the refractive index of the composite while maintaining a large bandgap. With this concept, UV metasurfaces can be fabricated in a single step by nanoimprint lithography. As a proof of concept, UV metaholograms operating in near-UV and deep-UV are experimentally demonstrated with vivid and clear holographic images. The proposed method enables repeat and rapid manufacturing of UV metasurfaces, and thus will bring UV metasurfaces more close to real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Lee S, Palacio Lozano DC, Jones HE, Shin K, Barrow MP. Characterization of Mineral and Synthetic Base Oils by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Energy Fuels 2022; 36:13518-13525. [PMID: 36425344 PMCID: PMC9677422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Base oil is a main component of engine oil that enables smooth operation of an internal combustion engine. There are two types of base oils, such as mineral oil and synthetic oil. In this study, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to characterize the base oils. One difficulty in analyzing base oils using MS is that the ionization of alkanes can be problematic due to low ionization efficiencies and the predominance of fragmentation. Despite these limitations, the combination of GC-MS and FT-ICR MS data can provide qualitative insights into the composition differences for these various sample types. The distinctive total ion chromatogram obtained by GC-MS of the different base oils allowed the classification of mineral oil from synthetic oil. The additional structural characteristics of paraffinic compounds were also inferred by GC-MS. FT-ICR MS coupled to two different ionization methods, atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), was tested for the analysis of base oils. It was determined that APPI was suitable for the analysis of aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds, where APPI minimizes the decomposition of hydrocarbon compounds compared to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Using APPI FT-ICR MS, the components of the oils were characterized, including not only paraffinic compounds but also cyclic compounds. In addition, the alpha olefin monomer of the synthetic oil was determined, and the homogeneity of the branched compound of the synthetic base oil was confirmed using GC-MS and FT-ICR MS results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjong Lee
- Materials
Technology and Analysis Team, Hyundai Motor
Group, Gyeonggi-do18280, Korea
| | | | - Hugh E. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kyongsik Shin
- Materials
Technology and Analysis Team, Hyundai Motor
Group, Gyeonggi-do18280, Korea
| | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Kwon J, Hwang J, Nam H, Im CH. Novel hybrid visual stimuli incorporating periodic motions into conventional flickering or pattern-reversal visual stimuli for steady-state visual evoked potential-based brain-computer interfaces. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:997068. [PMID: 36213545 PMCID: PMC9534124 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.997068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we proposed a new type of hybrid visual stimuli for steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which incorporate various periodic motions into conventional flickering stimuli (FS) or pattern reversal stimuli (PRS). Furthermore, we investigated optimal periodic motions for each FS and PRS to enhance the performance of SSVEP-based BCIs. Periodic motions were implemented by changing the size of the stimulus according to four different temporal functions denoted by none, square, triangular, and sine, yielding a total of eight hybrid visual stimuli. Additionally, we developed the extended version of filter bank canonical correlation analysis (FBCCA), which is a state-of-the-art training-free classification algorithm for SSVEP-based BCIs, to enhance the classification accuracy for PRS-based hybrid visual stimuli. Twenty healthy individuals participated in the SSVEP-based BCI experiment to discriminate four visual stimuli with different frequencies. An average classification accuracy and information transfer rate (ITR) were evaluated to compare the performances of SSVEP-based BCIs for different hybrid visual stimuli. Additionally, the user's visual fatigue for each of the hybrid visual stimuli was also evaluated. As the result, for FS, the highest performances were reported when the periodic motion of the sine waveform was incorporated for all window sizes except for 3 s. For PRS, the periodic motion of the square waveform showed the highest classification accuracies for all tested window sizes. A significant statistical difference in the performance between the two best stimuli was not observed. The averaged fatigue scores were reported to be 5.3 ± 2.05 and 4.05 ± 1.28 for FS with sine-wave periodic motion and PRS with square-wave periodic motion, respectively. Consequently, our results demonstrated that FS with sine-wave periodic motion and PRS with square-wave periodic motion could effectively improve the BCI performances compared to conventional FS and PRS. In addition, thanks to its low visual fatigue, PRS with square-wave periodic motion can be regarded as the most appropriate visual stimulus for the long-term use of SSVEP-based BCIs, particularly for window sizes equal to or larger than 2 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinuk Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihun Hwang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyerin Nam
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang-Hwan Im
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6
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Kim W, Yoon G, Kim J, Jeong H, Kim Y, Choi H, Badloe T, Rho J, Lee H. Thermally-curable nanocomposite printing for the scalable manufacturing of dielectric metasurfaces. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:73. [PMID: 35800398 PMCID: PMC9253025 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces consisting of artificially designed meta-atoms have been popularized recently due to their advantages of amplitude and phase of light control. However, the electron beam lithography method for metasurface fabrication has high cost and low throughput, which results in a limitation for the fabrication of metasurfaces. In this study, nanocomposite printing technology is used to fabricate high-efficiency metasurfaces with low cost. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed fabrication method, a metahologram is designed and fabricated using a nanocomposite. The metahologram exhibits conversion efficiencies of 48% and 35% at wavelengths of 532 and 635 nm, respectively. The nanocomposite is composed of polymers with nanoparticles, so durability tests are also performed to evaluate the effects of temperature and humidity on the metasurfaces. The test verifies that at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the base resin, the nanostructures do not collapse, so the efficiency of the metasurfaces remains almost the same. The surrounding humidity does not affect the nanostructures at all. Hence, the durability of the nanocomposite metasurfaces can be further enhanced by replacing the base resin, and this nanocomposite printing method will facilitate practical metasurface use at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanho Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Heonyeong Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
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7
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Jung C, Kim SJ, Jang J, Ko JH, Kim D, Ko B, Song YM, Hong SH, Rho J. Disordered-nanoparticle-based etalon for ultrafast humidity-responsive colorimetric sensors and anti-counterfeiting displays. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm8598. [PMID: 35275712 PMCID: PMC8916721 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of real-time and sensitive humidity sensors is in great demand from smart home automation and modern public health. We hereby proposed an ultrafast and full-color colorimetric humidity sensor that consists of chitosan hydrogel sandwiched by a disordered metal nanoparticle layer and reflecting substrate. This hydrogel-based resonator changes its resonant frequency to external humidity conditions because the chitosan hydrogels are swollen under wet state and contracted under dry state. The response time of the sensor is ~104 faster than that of the conventional Fabry-Pérot design. The origins of fast gas permeation are membrane pores created by gaps between the metal nanoparticles. Such instantaneous and tunable response of a new hydrogel resonator is then exploited for colorimetric sensors, anti-counterfeiting applications, and high-resolution displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Kim
- ICT Materials and Components Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan Ko
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Doa Kim
- ICT Materials and Components Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungsu Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Hong
- ICT Materials and Components Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (S.-H.H.); (J.R.)
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (S.-H.H.); (J.R.)
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8
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Abstract
The complex degrees of freedom of light, such as amplitude, phase, polarization, and orbital angular momentum, make it a prime candidate for use in optical security and encryption. By exploiting the unique characteristics of metasurfaces, exciting new optical security platforms have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Kim I, Kim WS, Kim K, Ansari MA, Mehmood MQ, Badloe T, Kim Y, Gwak J, Lee H, Kim YK, Rho J. Holographic metasurface gas sensors for instantaneous visual alarms. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/15/eabe9943. [PMID: 33827821 PMCID: PMC8026120 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid detection of biological and chemical substances in real time is particularly important for public health and environmental monitoring and in the military sector. If the process of substance detection to visual reporting can be implemented into a single miniaturized sensor, there could be a profound impact on practical applications. Here, we propose a compact sensor platform that integrates liquid crystals (LCs) and holographic metasurfaces to autonomously sense the existence of a volatile gas and provide an immediate visual holographic alarm. By combining the advantage of the rapid responses to gases realized by LCs with the compactness of holographic metasurfaces, we develop ultracompact gas sensors without additional complex instruments or machinery to report the visual information of gas detection. To prove the applicability of the compact sensors, we demonstrate a metasurface-integrated gas sensor on safety goggles via a one-step nanocasting process that is attachable to flat, curved, and flexible surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Gwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Mun J, Kim M, Yang Y, Badloe T, Ni J, Chen Y, Qiu CW, Rho J. Electromagnetic chirality: from fundamentals to nontraditional chiroptical phenomena. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:139. [PMID: 32922765 PMCID: PMC7463035 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chirality arises universally across many different fields. Recent advancements in artificial nanomaterials have demonstrated chiroptical responses that far exceed those found in natural materials. Chiroptical phenomena are complicated processes that involve transitions between states with opposite parities, and solid interpretations of these observations are yet to be clearly provided. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the theoretical aspects of chirality in light, nanostructures, and nanosystems and their chiroptical interactions. Descriptions of observed chiroptical phenomena based on these fundamentals are intensively discussed. We start with the strong intrinsic and extrinsic chirality in plasmonic nanoparticle systems, followed by enantioselective sensing and optical manipulation, and then conclude with orbital angular momentum-dependent responses. This review will be helpful for understanding the mechanisms behind chiroptical phenomena based on underlying chiral properties and useful for interpreting chiroptical systems for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Jincheng Ni
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Korea
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Moon B, Jun N, Park S, Seok CS, Hong US. A Study on the Modified Arrhenius Equation Using the Oxygen Permeation Block Model of Crosslink Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E136. [PMID: 30960120 PMCID: PMC6401957 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are widely used in various industries because of their characteristics such as elasticity, abrasion resistance, fatigue resistance and low temperature. In particular, the tensile characteristic of rubber composites is important for the stability of industrial equipment because it determines the energy absorption rates and vibration damping. However, when a product is used for a long period of time, polymers become hardened owing to the changes in characteristics because of aging, thereby reducing the performance and increasing the possibility of accidents. Therefore, accurately predicting the mechanical properties of polymers is important for preventing industrial accidents while operating a machine. In general reactions, the linear Arrhenius equation is used to predict the aging characteristics; however, for rubber composites, it is more accurate to predict the aging characteristics using nonlinear equations rather than linear equations. However, the reason that the characteristic equation of the polymer appears nonlinear is not well known, and studies on the change in the characteristics of the natural and butadiene rubber owing to degradation are still lacking. In this study, a tensile test is performed with different aging temperatures and aging time to evaluate the aging characteristics of rubber composites using strain energy density. We propose a block effect of crosslink structure to express the nonlinear aging characteristics, assuming that a limited reaction can occur owing to the blocking of reactants in the rubber composites. Consequently, we found that a relationship exists between the crosslink structure and aging characteristics when the reduction in crosslink space owing to aging is represented stochastically. In addition, a modified Arrhenius equation, which is expressed as a function of time, is proposed to predict the degradation rate for all aging temperatures and aging times, and the formula is validated by comparing the degradation rate obtained experimentally with the degradation rate predicted by the modified Arrhenius equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungwoo Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Namgyu Jun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Soo Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Chang-Sung Seok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Ui Seok Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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12
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Hong S, Wang Y, Park SY, Lee H. Progressive fuzzy cation-π assembly of biological catecholamines. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaat7457. [PMID: 30202784 PMCID: PMC6128673 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biological functions depend on biomolecular assembly processes. Assemblies of lipid bilayers, actins, microtubules, or chromosomes are indispensable for cellular functions. These hierarchical assembly processes are reasonably predictable by understanding chemical structures of the defined building blocks and their interactions. However, biopigment assembly is rather fuzzy and unpredictable because a series of covalently coupled intermediates from catecholamine oxidation pathways progressively form a higher-level hierarchy. This study reports a different yet unexplored type of assembly process named "cation-π progressive assembly." We demonstrated for the first time that the cation-π is the primary mechanism for intermolecular assembly in dopamine-melanin biopigment. We also found that the self-assembled products physically grow and chemically gain new functions "progressively" over time in which cation-π plays important roles. The progressive assembly explains how biological systems produce wide spectra of pigment colors and broad wavelength absorption through energy-efficient processes. Furthermore, we also demonstrate surface-independent wettability control using cation-π progressive assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonki Hong
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (H.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Younseon Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (H.L.); (S.H.)
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