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Zhang H, He P, Liu L, Dai H, Zhao B, Zeng Y, Bi J, Liu M, Ji JS. Trade-offs between cold protection and air pollution-induced mortality of China's heating policy. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad387. [PMID: 38089598 PMCID: PMC10714897 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The winter heating policy in northern China was designed to safeguard households from the harsh subfreezing temperatures. However, it has inadvertently resulted in seasonal spikes in air pollution levels because of the reliance on coal as an energy source. While the loss of life years attributable to mortality from air pollution caused by winter heating has been estimated, the beneficial effect of protection from cold temperatures has not been assessed, primarily due to a lack of individual-level data linking these variables. Our study aims to address this research gap. We provide individual-level empirical evidence that quantifies the impact of protection from cold temperatures and air pollution on mortality, studying 5,334 older adults living around the Huai River during the period between 2000 and 2018. Our adjusted Cox-proportional hazard models show that winter heating was associated with a 22% lower mortality rate (95% CI: 16-28%). Individuals residing in areas without access to winter heating are subjected to heightened mortality risks during periods of cold temperatures. The protective effect is offset by a 27.8% rise attributed to elevated PM2.5 levels. Our results imply that the equilibrium between the effects of these two factors is achieved when PM2.5 concentration exceeds 24.3 µg/m3 (95% CI: 18.4-30.2). Our research suggests that while the existing winter heating policy significantly mitigates winter mortality by lessening the detrimental effects of cold temperatures, future air pollution reduction could provide further health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AT, UK
| | - Pan He
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AT, UK
| | - Linxin Liu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Dai
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, Raissun Institute for Advanced Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and Geriatrics Division, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - John S Ji
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zhang L, Cao L, Gao XS, Zheng BY, Deng YQ, Li JX, Feng R, Bian Q, Guo XL, Wang N, Qiu HY, Wang L, Cui Z, Ye Q, Chen G, Lu KK, Chen Y, Chen YT, Pan HX, Yu J, Yao W, Zhu BL, Chen J, Liu Y, Qin CF, Wang X, Zhu FC. A proof of concept for neutralizing antibody-guided vaccine design against SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab053. [PMID: 34676098 PMCID: PMC8083607 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations and transient conformational movements of the receptor binding domain (RBD) that make neutralizing epitopes momentarily unavailable present immune escape routes for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To mitigate viral escape, we developed a cocktail of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) targeting epitopes located on different domains of spike (S) protein. Screening of a library of monoclonal antibodies generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of COVID-19 convalescent patients yielded potent NAbs, targeting the N-terminal domain (NTD) and RBD domain of S, effective at nM concentrations. Remarkably, a combination of RBD-targeting NAbs and NTD-binding NAbs, FC05, enhanced the neutralization potency in cell-based assays and an animal model. Results of competitive surface plasmon resonance assays and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of antigen-binding fragments bound to S unveil determinants of immunogenicity. Combinations of immunogens, identified in the NTD and RBD of S, when immunized in rabbits and macaques, elicited potent protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. More importantly, two immunizations of this combination of NTD and RBD immunogens provided complete protection in macaques against a SARS-CoV-2 challenge, without observable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. These results provide a proof of concept for neutralization-based immunogen design targeting SARS-CoV-2 NTD and RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xing-Su Gao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bin-Yang Zheng
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rui Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Bian
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xi-Ling Guo
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Nan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Ying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhen Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Geng Chen
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kui-Kui Lu
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yin Chen
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Tao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Xing Pan
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiaping Yu
- Jiangsu Rec-biotechnology Co. Ltd, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Wenrong Yao
- Jiangsu Rec-biotechnology Co. Ltd, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Bao-Li Zhu
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Jiangsu Rec-biotechnology Co. Ltd, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Jiangsu Rec-biotechnology Co. Ltd, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510200, China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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3
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Zhu L, Deng YQ, Zhang RR, Cui Z, Sun CY, Fan CF, Xing X, Huang W, Chen Q, Zhang NN, Ye Q, Cao TS, Wang N, Wang L, Cao L, Wang H, Kong D, Ma J, Luo C, Zhang Y, Nie J, Sun Y, Lv Z, Shaw N, Li Q, Li XF, Hu J, Xie L, Rao Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Qin CF. Double lock of a potent human therapeutic monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa297. [PMID: 34676096 PMCID: PMC7798916 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor recognition and subsequent membrane fusion are essential for the establishment of successful infection by SARS-CoV-2. Halting these steps can cure COVID-19. Here we have identified and characterized a potent human monoclonal antibody, HB27, that blocks SARS-CoV-2 attachment to its cellular receptor at sub-nM concentrations. Remarkably, HB27 can also prevent SARS-CoV-2 membrane fusion. Consequently, a single dose of HB27 conferred effective protection against SARS-CoV-2 in two established mouse models. Rhesus macaques showed no obvious adverse events when administrated with 10 times the effective dose of HB27. Cryo-EM studies on complex of SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S with HB27 Fab reveal that three Fab fragments work synergistically to occlude SARS-CoV-2 from binding to the ACE2 receptor. Binding of the antibody also restrains any further conformational changes of the receptor binding domain, possibly interfering with progression from the prefusion to the postfusion stage. These results suggest that HB27 is a promising candidate for immuno-therapies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhen Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chun-Yun Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Chang-Fa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xiaorui Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, NIFDC, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Na-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tian-Shu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Nan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Chunxia Luo
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, NIFDC, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhe Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Neil Shaw
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, NIFDC, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liangzhi Xie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Monoclonal Antibody Research and Development, Sino Biological Inc., Beijing 100176, China
- Cell Culture Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, NIFDC, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510200, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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