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Jin G, Hrithik MTH, Lee DH, Kim IH, Jung JS, Bode HB, Kim Y. Manipulation of GameXPeptide synthetase gene expression by a promoter exchange alters the virulence of an entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata temperata, by modulating insect immune responses. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1271764. [PMID: 38173677 PMCID: PMC10764021 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata, is mutualistic to its host nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis. The infective juvenile nematodes enter target insects through natural openings and release the symbiotic bacteria into the insect hemocoel. The released bacteria suppress the insect immune responses and cause septicemia through their secondary metabolites. GameXPeptide (GXP) is one of the common secondary metabolites of most Photorhabdus species and is produced by the catalytic activity of a specific non-ribosomal peptide synthetase called GxpS encoded by the gxpS gene. This study confirmed gxpS to be encoded in the P. temperata temperata genome and analyzed its expression during bacterial growth. LC-MS/MS analysis of the bacterial culture broth contained at least four different GXPs (GXP-A to GXP-D), in which GXP-A was the most abundant. To investigate GXP synthesis following gxpS expression, the gxpS promoter of P. temperata temperata was replaced with an inducible arabinose promoter by homologous recombination. The gxpS transcript levels in the mutant were altered by the addition of l-arabinose. Without the inducer, the gxpS transcript level was significantly lower compared to the wild type and produced significantly lower amounts of the four GXPs. The addition of the inducer to the mutant significantly increased gxpS expression and produced significantly higher levels of the four GXPs compared to the wild type. The metabolite extracts obtained from wild-type and mutant bacteria showed differential immunosuppressive activities according to their GXP contents against the cellular and humoral immune responses of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. Interestingly, the gxpS-mutant bacteria showed less insecticidal activity compared to the wild type, whereas the addition of GXP to the mutant significantly restored insecticidal activity. These results suggest that the gxpS gene encoded in P. temperata temperata is responsible for the production of at least four different GXPs, which play crucial roles in bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahyeon Jin
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Industry Academy Cooperation Foundation, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Phillips Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Phillips Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
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Haque MA, Iqbal A, Bae H, Lee SE, Park S, Lee YM, Kim JJ. Assessment of genomic breeding values and their accuracies for carcass traits in Jeju Black cattle using whole-genome SNP chip panels. J Anim Breed Genet 2023; 140:519-531. [PMID: 37102238 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the breeding value and accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of carcass traits in Jeju Black cattle (JBC) using Hanwoo steers and JBC as a reference population using the single-trait animal model. Our research included genotype and phenotype information on 19,154 Hanwoo steers with 1097 JBC acting as the reference population. Likewise, the test population consisted of 418 genotyped JBC individuals with no phenotypic records for those carcass traits. For estimating the accuracy of GEBV, we divided the entire population into three groups. Hanwoo and JBC make up the first group; Hanwoo and JBC, who has both the genotype and phenotypic records, are referred to as the reference (training) population, and JBC, who lacks phenotypic information is referred to as the test (validation) population. The second group consists of the JBC (without phenotype) as the test population and Hanwoo as a reference population with phenotype and genotypic data. The only JBCs in the third group are those who have genotypic and phenotypic data on them as a reference population but no phenotypic data on them as a test population. The single-trait animal model was used in all three groups for statistical purposes. The reference populations estimated heritabilities for carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), backfat thickness (BF), and marbling score (MS) as 0.30, 0.26, 0.26, and 0.34 for the Hanwoo steer and 0.42, 0.27, 0.26, and 0.48 for JBC. The average accuracy for carcass traits in Group 1 was 0.80 for the Hanwoo and JBC reference population compared with 0.73 for the JBC test population. Although the average accuracy for carcass traits in Group 2 was 0.80, it was 0.80 for the Hanwoo reference population and only 0.56 for the JBC test population. The average accuracy for the JBC reference and test populations was 0.68 and 0.50, respectively, when they were included in the accuracy comparison without the Hanwoo reference population. Groups 1 and 2 used Hanwoo as reference population, which led to a better average accuracy; however, Group 3 only used the JBC reference and test population, which led to a lower average accuracy. This might be due to the fact that Group 3 used a smaller reference size than the group that came before it and that the genetic makeup of the Hanwoo and JBC breeds differed. The GEBV accuracy for MS was higher than that of other traits across all three analysis groups, followed by CWT, EMA, and BF, which may be partially explained by the MS traits' higher heritability. This study suggests that in order to achieve more accuracy, a large reference population particular to a breed should be established. Therefore, to increase the accuracy of GEBV prediction and the genetic benefit from genomic selection in JBC, individual reference breeds, and large populations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azizul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Haechang Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sepil Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Yun Mi Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Jong Joo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea
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Vasquez R, Kim SH, Oh JK, Song JH, Hwang IC, Kim IH, Kang DK. Multispecies probiotic supplementation in diet with reduced crude protein levels altered the composition and function of gut microbiome and restored microbiome-derived metabolites in growing pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1192249. [PMID: 37485501 PMCID: PMC10360209 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1192249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Both crude protein (CP) and probiotics can modulate the gut microbiome of the host, thus conferring beneficial effects. However, the benefits of low CP diet supplemented with multispecies probiotics on gut microbiome and its metabolites have not been investigated in pigs. Thus, we investigated the combinatory effects of low CP diet supplemented with multispecies probiotics on gut microbiome composition, function, and microbial metabolites in growing pigs. In total, 140 6 week-old piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were used in this study. The pigs were divided into four groups with a 2 × 2 factorial design based on their diets: normal-level protein diet (16% CP; NP), low-level protein diet (14% CP; LP), NP with multispecies probiotics (NP-P), and LP with multispecies probiotics (LP-P). After the feeding trial, the fecal samples of the pigs were analyzed. The fecal scores were improved by the probiotic supplementation, especially in LP-P group. We also observed a probiotic-mediated alteration in the gut microbiome of pigs. In addition, LP-P group showed higher species richness and diversity compared with other groups. The addition of multispecies probiotics in low CP diet also enhanced gut microbiota metabolites production, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyamines. Correlation analysis revealed that Oscillospiraceae UCG-002, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, and Muribaculaceae were positively associated with SCFAs; and Prevotella, Eubacterium ruminantium, Catenibacterium, Alloprevotella, Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group, Roseburia, Butyrivibrio, and Dialister were positively correlated with polyamines. Supplementation with multispecies probiotics modulated the function of the gut microbiome by upregulating the pathways for protein digestion and utilization, potentially contributing to enriched metabolite production in the gut. The results of this study demonstrate that supplementation with multispecies probiotics may complement the beneficial effects of low CP levels in pig feed. These findings may help formulate sustainable feeding strategies for swine production.
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Cai L, Jeong YW, Jin YX, Lee JY, Jeong YI, Hwang KC, Hyun SH, Hwang WS. Effects of human recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment during in vitro culture on porcine pre-implantation embryos. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230247. [PMID: 32182268 PMCID: PMC7077850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a pleiotropic cytokine, belongs to the hematopoietic growth factor family. Recent studies have reported that G-CSF is a predictive biomarker of oocyte and embryo developmental competence in humans. The aim of our study was to determine whether CSF3 and its receptor (CSF3R) were expressed in porcine maternal reproductive tissues (oviduct and uterus), cumulus cells, and embryos and to investigate the effects of human recombinant G-CSF (hrG-CSF) supplementation during in vitro culture (IVC) on the developmental competence of pre-implantation embryos. To do this, we first performed reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Second, we performed parthenogenetic activation (PA), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to evaluate the embryonic developmental potential after hrG-CSF supplementation based on various concentrations (0 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, and 100 ng/mL) and durations (Un-treated, Days 0–3, Days 4–7, and Days 0–7) of IVC. Finally, we examined transcriptional levels of several marker genes in blastocysts. The results of our study showed that CSF3 transcript was present in all samples we assessed. CSF3-R was also detected, except in cumulus cells and blastocysts from PA. Furthermore, 10 ng/mL and Days 0–7 were the optimal concentration and duration for the viability of in vitro embryonic development, especially for SCNT-derived embryos. The rate of blastocyst formation and the total cell number of blastocysts were significantly enhanced, while the number and index of apoptotic nuclei were significantly decreased in optimal condition groups compared to others. Moreover, the transcriptional levels of anti-apoptotis- (BCL2), proliferation- (PCNA), and pluripotency- (POU5F1) related genes were dramatically upregulated. In conclusion, for the first time, we demonstrated that CSF3 and CSF3R were expressed in porcine reproductive organs, cells, and embryos. Additionally, we determined that hrG-CSF treatment improved porcine embryonic development capacity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Cai
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yeon-woo Jeong
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-xun Jin
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jong-yun Lee
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-ik Jeong
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-chan Hwang
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-hwan Hyun
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- * E-mail: (WSH); (SHH)
| | - Woo-suk Hwang
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (WSH); (SHH)
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