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Ducrot L, López IL, Orrego AH, López-Gallego F. Coenzyme A Thioester Intermediates as Platform Molecules in Cell-Free Chemical Biomanufacturing. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300673. [PMID: 37994376 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro synthesis of Coenzyme A (CoA)-thioester intermediates opens new avenues to transform simple molecules into more complex and multifunctional ones by assembling cell-free biosynthetic cascades. In this review, we have systematically cataloged known CoA-dependent enzyme reactions that have been successfully implemented in vitro. To faciliate their identification, we provide their UniProt ID when available. Based on this catalog, we have organized enzymes into three modules: activation, modification, and removal. i) The activation module includes enzymes capable of fusing CoA with organic molecules. ii) The modification module includes enzymes capable of catalyzing chemical modifications in the structure of acyl-CoA intermediates. And iii) the removal module includes enzymes able to remove the CoA and release an organic molecule different from the one activated in the upstream. Based on these reactions, we constructed a reaction network that summarizes the most relevant CoA-dependent biosynthetic pathways reported until today. From the information available in the articles, we have plotted the total turnover number of CoA as a function of the product titer, observing a positive correlation between both parameters. Therefore, the success of a CoA-dependent in vitro pathway depends on its ability to regenerate CoA, but also to regenerate other cofactors such as NAD(P)H and ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Ducrot
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Idania L López
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Alejandro H Orrego
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Silvestri A, Vázquez-Díaz S, Misia G, Poletti F, López-Domene R, Pavlov V, Zanardi C, Cortajarena AL, Prato M. An Electroactive and Self-Assembling Bio-Ink, based on Protein-Stabilized Nanoclusters and Graphene, for the Manufacture of Fully Inkjet-Printed Paper-Based Analytical Devices. Small 2023; 19:e2300163. [PMID: 37144410 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of new electrochemical sensors are reported in literature every year. However, only a few of them makes it to the market. Manufacturability, or rather the lack of it, is the parameter that dictates if new sensing technologies will remain forever in the laboratory in which they are conceived. Inkjet printing is a low-cost and versatile technique that can facilitate the transfer of nanomaterial-based sensors to the market. Herein, an electroactive and self-assembling inkjet-printable ink based on protein-nanomaterial composites and exfoliated graphene is reported. The consensus tetratricopeptide proteins (CTPRs), used to formulate this ink, are engineered to template and coordinate electroactive metallic nanoclusters (NCs), and to self-assemble upon drying, forming stable films. The authors demonstrate that, by incorporating graphene in the ink formulation, it is possible to dramatically improve the electrocatalytic properties of the ink, obtaining an efficient hybrid material for hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) detection. Using this bio-ink, the authors manufactured disposable and environmentally sustainable electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) to detect H2 O2 , outperforming commercial screen-printed platforms. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that oxidoreductase enzymes can be included in the formulation, to fully inkjet-print enzymatic amperometric biosensors ready to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Silvia Vázquez-Díaz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Misia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitá Degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Poletti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Rocío López-Domene
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- POLYMAT and Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Valeri Pavlov
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of molecular sciences and nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venezia, 30170, Italy
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitá Degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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3
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Zwanenburg L, Borloo J, Decorte B, Bunte MJM, Mokhtari S, Serna S, Reichardt NC, Seys LJM, van Diepen A, Schots A, Wilbers RHP, Hokke CH, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Plant-based production of a protective vaccine antigen against the bovine parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostertagi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20488. [PMID: 37993516 PMCID: PMC10665551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective recombinant vaccines against parasitic nematodes has been challenging and so far mostly unsuccessful. This has also been the case for Ostertagia ostertagi, an economically important abomasal nematode in cattle, applying recombinant versions of the protective native activation-associated secreted proteins (ASP). To gain insight in key elements required to trigger a protective immune response, the protein structure and N-glycosylation of the native ASP and a non-protective Pichia pastoris recombinant ASP were compared. Both antigens had a highly comparable protein structure, but different N-glycan composition. After mimicking the native ASP N-glycosylation via the expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, immunisation of calves with these plant-produced recombinants resulted in a significant reduction of 39% in parasite egg output, comparable to the protective efficacy of the native antigen. This study provides a valuable workflow for the development of recombinant vaccines against other parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Zwanenburg
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Borloo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bregt Decorte
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myrna J M Bunte
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanaz Mokhtari
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 194, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Niels-C Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 194, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Leen J M Seys
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Schots
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H P Wilbers
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Gentile G, Morant-Giner M, Cardo L, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Filippini G. DoE-Assisted Development of a 2H-MoS 2 -Catalyzed Approach for the Production of Indole Derivatives. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202300831. [PMID: 37486452 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
2H-MoS2 is an appealing semiconductor because of its Earth-abundant nature, cheapness, and low toxicity. This material has shown promising catalytic activity for various energy-related processes, but its use in catalysis for C-C bond forming reactions towards useful organic compounds is still largely unexplored. The lack of examples in organic synthesis is mainly due to the intrinsic difficulties of using bulk 2H-MoS2 (e. g., low surface area), which implies the reliance on high catalytic loadings for obtaining acceptable yields. This makes the optimization process more expensive and tedious. Here, we report the development of a 2H-MoS2 -mediated synthesis of valuable bis(indolyl)methane derivatives, using indoles and benzaldehydes as starting materials. Exploiting the Design of Experiments (DoE) method, we identified the critical parameters affecting the catalytic performance of commercial 2H-MoS2 powder and optimized the reaction conditions. Lastly, we demonstrated that the catalytic system has versatility and good tolerance towards functional group variations of the reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marc Morant-Giner
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Lucia Cardo
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici - Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche (ICCOM-CNR), via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science Ikerbasque, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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Lossio CF, Osterne VJS, Pinto-Junior VR, Chen S, Oliveira MV, Verduijn J, Verbeke I, Serna S, Reichardt NC, Skirtach A, Cavada BS, Van Damme EJM, Nascimento KS. Structural Analysis and Characterization of an Antiproliferative Lectin from Canavalia villosa Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15966. [PMID: 37958949 PMCID: PMC10649158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells use glycans to encode information that modulates processes ranging from cell-cell recognition to programmed cell death. This information is encoded within a glycocode, and its decoding is performed by carbohydrate-binding proteins. Among these, lectins stand out due to their specific and reversible interaction with carbohydrates. Changes in glycosylation patterns are observed in several pathologies, including cancer, where abnormal glycans are found on the surfaces of affected tissues. Given the importance of the bioprospection of promising biomolecules, the current work aimed to determine the structural properties and anticancer potential of the mannose-specific lectin from seeds of Canavalia villosa (Cvill). Experimental elucidation of the primary and 3D structures of the lectin, along with glycan array and molecular docking, facilitated the determination of its fine carbohydrate-binding specificity. These structural insights, coupled with the lectin's specificity, have been combined to explain the antiproliferative effect of Cvill against cancer cell lines. This effect is dependent on the carbohydrate-binding activity of Cvill and its uptake in the cells, with concomitant activation of autophagic and apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia F. Lossio
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil (B.S.C.)
| | - Vinicius J. S. Osterne
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil (B.S.C.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vanir R. Pinto-Junior
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil (B.S.C.)
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Simin Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Messias V. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil (B.S.C.)
| | - Joost Verduijn
- Nano-Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Verbeke
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Niels C. Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER-BBN), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Andre Skirtach
- Nano-Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benildo S. Cavada
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil (B.S.C.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kyria S. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil (B.S.C.)
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Filgueiras-Rama D, Vasilijevic J, Jalife J, Noujaim SF, Alfonso JM, Nicolas-Avila JA, Gutierrez C, Zamarreño N, Hidalgo A, Bernabé A, Cop CP, Ponce-Balbuena D, Guerrero-Serna G, Calle D, Desco M, Ruiz-Cabello J, Nieto A, Falcon A. Human influenza A virus causes myocardial and cardiac-specific conduction system infections associated with early inflammation and premature death. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:876-889. [PMID: 32346730 PMCID: PMC7898948 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Human influenza A virus (hIAV) infection is associated with important cardiovascular complications, although cardiac infection pathophysiology is poorly understood. We aimed to study the ability of hIAV of different pathogenicity to infect the mouse heart, and establish the relationship between the infective capacity and the associated in vivo, cellular and molecular alterations. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated lung and heart viral titres in mice infected with either one of several hIAV strains inoculated intranasally. 3D reconstructions of infected cardiac tissue were used to identify viral proteins inside mouse cardiomyocytes, Purkinje cells, and cardiac vessels. Viral replication was measured in mouse cultured cardiomyocytes. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were used to confirm infection and study underlying molecular alterations associated with the in vivo electrophysiological phenotype. Pathogenic and attenuated hIAV strains infected and replicated in cardiomyocytes, Purkinje cells, and hiPSC-CMs. The infection was also present in cardiac endothelial cells. Remarkably, lung viral titres did not statistically correlate with viral titres in the mouse heart. The highly pathogenic human recombinant virus PAmut showed faster replication, higher level of inflammatory cytokines in cardiac tissue and higher viral titres in cardiac HL-1 mouse cells and hiPSC-CMs compared with PB2mut-attenuated virus. Correspondingly, cardiac conduction alterations were especially pronounced in PAmut-infected mice, associated with high mortality rates, compared with PB2mut-infected animals. Consistently, connexin43 and NaV1.5 expression decreased acutely in hiPSC-CMs infected with PAmut virus. YEM1L protease also decreased more rapidly and to lower levels in PAmut-infected hiPSC-CMs compared with PB2mut-infected cells, consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. Human IAV infection did not increase myocardial fibrosis at 4-day post-infection, although PAmut-infected mice showed an early increase in mRNAs expression of lysyl oxidase. CONCLUSION Human IAV can infect the heart and cardiac-specific conduction system, which may contribute to cardiac complications and premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Filgueiras-Rama
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos,
Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC),
Madrid, Spain
- Consortium CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Spain
| | - Jasmina Vasilijevic
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Center for
Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Spain
| | - Jose Jalife
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC),
Madrid, Spain
- Consortium CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Spain
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Health System, University of
Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Sami F Noujaim
- Morsani College of Medicine Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University
of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jose M Alfonso
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC),
Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Celia Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Center for
Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Zamarreño
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Center for
Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Hidalgo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC),
Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bernabé
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC),
Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Calle
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC),
Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid,
Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC),
Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid,
Spain
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, University Carlos III
of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium CIBER of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Jesus Ruiz-Cabello
- Consortium CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Spain
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque
Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain
- Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amelia Nieto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Center for
Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Spain
| | - Ana Falcon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Center for
Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Spain
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