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Gajewski Z, McElmurray P, Wojdak J, McGregor C, Zeller L, Cooper H, Belden LK, Hopkins S. Nonrandom foraging and resource distributions affect the relationships between host density, contact rates and parasite transmission. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14385. [PMID: 38480959 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Nonrandom foraging can cause animals to aggregate in resource dense areas, increasing host density, contact rates and pathogen transmission, but when should nonrandom foraging and resource distributions also have density-independent effects? Here, we used a factorial experiment with constant resource and host densities to quantify host contact rates across seven resource distributions. We also used an agent-based model to compare pathogen transmission when host movement was based on random foraging, optimal foraging or something between those states. Nonrandom foraging strongly depressed contact rates and transmission relative to the classic random movement assumptions used in most epidemiological models. Given nonrandom foraging in the agent-based model and experiment, contact rates and transmission increased with resource aggregation and average distance to resource patches due to increased host movement in search of resources. Overall, we describe three density-independent mechanisms by which host behaviour and resource distributions alter contact rate functions and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gajewski
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip McElmurray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeremy Wojdak
- Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA
| | - Cari McGregor
- Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA
| | - Lily Zeller
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hannah Cooper
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Skylar Hopkins
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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McAlvay AC, Ragsdale AP, Mabry ME, Qi X, Bird KA, Velasco P, An H, Pires JC, Emshwiller E. Brassica rapa Domestication: Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3358-3372. [PMID: 33930151 PMCID: PMC8321528 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of domestication contributes to our knowledge of evolution and crop genetic resources. Human selection has shaped wild Brassica rapa into diverse turnip, leafy, and oilseed crops. Despite its worldwide economic importance and potential as a model for understanding diversification under domestication, insights into the number of domestication events and initial crop(s) domesticated in B. rapa have been limited due to a lack of clarity about the wild or feral status of conspecific noncrop relatives. To address this gap and reconstruct the domestication history of B. rapa, we analyzed 68,468 genotyping-by-sequencing-derived single nucleotide polymorphisms for 416 samples in the largest diversity panel of domesticated and weedy B. rapa to date. To further understand the center of origin, we modeled the potential range of wild B. rapa during the mid-Holocene. Our analyses of genetic diversity across B. rapa morphotypes suggest that noncrop samples from the Caucasus, Siberia, and Italy may be truly wild, whereas those occurring in the Americas and much of Europe are feral. Clustering, tree-based analyses, and parameterized demographic inference further indicate that turnips were likely the first crop type domesticated, from which leafy types in East Asia and Europe were selected from distinct lineages. These findings clarify the domestication history and nature of wild crop genetic resources for B. rapa, which provides the first step toward investigating cases of possible parallel selection, the domestication and feralization syndrome, and novel germplasm for Brassica crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C McAlvay
- Institute of Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, The Bronx, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aaron P Ragsdale
- McGill Genome Center and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Unit of Advanced Genomics, LANGEBIO, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Makenzie E Mabry
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xinshuai Qi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin A Bird
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior and Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Hong An
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - J Chris Pires
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eve Emshwiller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Testo WL, Sessa E, Barrington DS. The rise of the Andes promoted rapid diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae). New Phytol 2019; 222:604-613. [PMID: 30326543 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropical mountains are disproportionately biodiverse relative to their surface area, but the processes underlying their exceptional diversity require further study. Here, we use comparative phylogenetic methods to examine the impact of the Andean orogeny on the diversification of Neotropical Phlegmariurus, a species-rich lycophyte clade. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny of 105 species of Neotropical Phlegmariurus and estimated lineage diversification rates. We tested for correlations between lineage diversification rates and species range size, niche breadth, elevational range amplitude, and mean elevation of occurrence. A recently developed macroevolutionary model was used to incorporate geological data and test for an association between diversification rates and the Andean uplift. Diversification rates of Neotropical Phlegmariurus are negatively correlated with species range size and positively correlated with mean elevation of species occurrence. The rise of the Andes is strongly associated with increased rates of diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus during the last 10 Myr. Our study demonstrates the importance of mountain-building events and geographical isolation of alpine populations as drivers of rapid diversification, even in spore-dispersed plants. This work also highlights the usefulness of combined phylogenetic, geological and ecological datasets, and the promise of comparative environment-dependent diversification models in better understanding the evolutionary origins of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston L Testo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Emily Sessa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David S Barrington
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Eckardt W, Stoinski TS, Rosenbaum S, Umuhoza MR, Santymire R. Validating faecal glucocorticoid metabolite analysis in the Virunga mountain gorilla using a natural biological stressor. Conserv Physiol 2016; 4:cow029. [PMID: 27602226 PMCID: PMC5006093 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The continued degradation of primate habitat worldwide is forcing many primate populations into small protected forest islands surrounded by high-density human populations. One well-studied example is the critically endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). Decades of monitoring and research on Rwanda's mountain gorillas offer a unique opportunity to use non-invasive endocrine analysis to address pressing questions about the conservation of this endangered population. The aims of our study were as follows: (i) to validate field and laboratory methods for assessing stress through faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) analysis using inter-social unit interactions as a natural stressor; (ii) to determine the excretion lag times between interactions and detectable stress response in faeces; and (iii) to determine whether there are circadian patterns of FGM excretion. We collected ~6000 faecal samples from 127 known gorillas in 10 habituated groups, monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund's Karisoke Research Center over 21 months in 2011 and 2012. Extracted FGMs were measured using a cortisol enzyme immunoassay (R4866; C. J. Munro). Results revealed cause-effect relationships between inter-unit interactions and increased FGMs (relative to individual pre-event samples) between 20 and 140 h after interactions, with the peak most often occurring on day 3. There was no evidence of circadian patterns in FGM concentrations, as previously shown in many species with long gut passage times. However, baseline FGM concentrations were lower in adult males than in adult females, and variation was associated with the collection month, indicating possible seasonal variation. This study provides a biologically validated, field-friendly faecal hormone metabolite extraction and laboratory enzyme immunoassay analysis method for non-invasive monitoring of adrenocortical activity in Virunga mountain gorillas. The methods are useful for future evaluation of a variety of environmental and human-induced potential stressors in this critically endangered population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Eckardt
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA
| | - T. S. Stoinski
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA
| | - S. Rosenbaum
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Davee Center for Epidemiology & Endocrinology, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - M. R. Umuhoza
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA
| | - R. Santymire
- Davee Center for Epidemiology & Endocrinology, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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