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Nakamura N, Szypryt P, Dagel AL, Alpert BK, Bennett DA, Doriese WB, Durkin M, Fowler JW, Fox DT, Gard JD, Goodner RN, Harris JZ, Hilton GC, Jimenez ES, Kernen BL, Larson KW, Levine ZH, McArthur D, Morgan KM, O’Neil GC, Ortiz NJ, Pappas CG, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Schultz PA, Thompson KR, Ullom JN, Vale L, Vaughan CT, Walker C, Weber JC, Wheeler JW, Swetz DS. Nanoscale Three-Dimensional Imaging of Integrated Circuits Using a Scanning Electron Microscope and Transition-Edge Sensor Spectrometer. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2890. [PMID: 38732996 PMCID: PMC11086152 DOI: 10.3390/s24092890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
X-ray nanotomography is a powerful tool for the characterization of nanoscale materials and structures, but it is difficult to implement due to the competing requirements of X-ray flux and spot size. Due to this constraint, state-of-the-art nanotomography is predominantly performed at large synchrotron facilities. We present a laboratory-scale nanotomography instrument that achieves nanoscale spatial resolution while addressing the limitations of conventional tomography tools. The instrument combines the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the precise, broadband X-ray detection of a superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter. The electron beam generates a highly focused X-ray spot on a metal target held micrometers away from the sample of interest, while the TES spectrometer isolates target photons with a high signal-to-noise ratio. This combination of a focused X-ray spot, energy-resolved X-ray detection, and unique system geometry enables nanoscale, element-specific X-ray imaging in a compact footprint. The proof of concept for this approach to X-ray nanotomography is demonstrated by imaging 160 nm features in three dimensions in six layers of a Cu-SiO2 integrated circuit, and a path toward finer resolution and enhanced imaging capabilities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Nakamura
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Paul Szypryt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Amber L. Dagel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Bradley K. Alpert
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Douglas A. Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
| | - William Bertrand Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Malcolm Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Joseph W. Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dylan T. Fox
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Johnathon D. Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ryan N. Goodner
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - James Zachariah Harris
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Gene C. Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Edward S. Jimenez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Burke L. Kernen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Kurt W. Larson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Zachary H. Levine
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Daniel McArthur
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Kelsey M. Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Galen C. O’Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Nathan J. Ortiz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Christine G. Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Carl D. Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Daniel R. Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Peter A. Schultz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Kyle R. Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Joel N. Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Leila Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Courtenay T. Vaughan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Christopher Walker
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Joel C. Weber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jason W. Wheeler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA; (A.L.D.); (D.T.F.); (R.N.G.); (E.S.J.); (B.L.K.); (D.M.); (P.A.S.); (K.R.T.); (C.T.V.); (C.W.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Daniel S. Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; (P.S.); (B.K.A.); (D.A.B.); (W.B.D.); (M.D.); (J.W.F.); (J.D.G.); (K.M.M.); (G.C.O.); (N.J.O.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.S.); (J.N.U.); (L.V.); (J.C.W.); (D.S.S.)
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2
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Jung WB, Jung HS, Wang J, Hinton H, Fournier M, Horgan A, Godron X, Nicol R, Ham D. An Aqueous Analog MAC Machine. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2205096. [PMID: 35998945 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using ions in aqueous milieu for signal processing, like in biological circuits, may potentially lead to a bioinspired information processing platform. Studies, however, have focused on individual ionic diodes and transistors rather than circuits comprising many such devices. Here a 16 × 16 array of new ionic transistors is developed in an aqueous quinone solution. Each transistor features a concentric ring electrode pair with a disk electrode at the center. The electrochemistry of these electrodes in the solution provides the basis for the transistor operation. The ring pair electrochemically tunes the local electrolytic concentration to modulate the disk's Faradaic reaction rate. Thus, the disk current as a Faradaic reaction to the disk voltage is gated by the ring pair. The 16 × 16 array of these transistors performs analog multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations, a computing modality hotly pursued for low-power artificial neural networks. This exploits the transistor's operating regime where the disk current is a multiplication of the disk voltage and a weight parameter tuned by the ring pair gating. Such disk currents from multiple transistors are summated in a global reference electrode to complete a MAC task. This ionic circuit demonstrating analog computing is a step toward sophisticated aqueous ionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Bin Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Han Sae Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Henry Hinton
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert Nicol
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, 16, USA
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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3
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Lokmanoglu AD, Nisbet EC, Osborne MT, Tien J, Malloy S, Cueva Chacón L, Villa Turek E, Abhari R. Social Media Sentiment about COVID-19 Vaccination Predicts Vaccine Acceptance among Peruvian Social Media Users the Next Day. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040817. [PMID: 37112729 PMCID: PMC10146388 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drawing upon theories of risk and decision making, we present a theoretical framework for how the emotional attributes of social media content influence risk behaviors. We apply our framework to understanding how COVID-19 vaccination Twitter posts influence acceptance of the vaccine in Peru, the country with the highest relative number of COVID-19 excess deaths. By employing computational methods, topic modeling, and vector autoregressive time series analysis, we show that the prominence of expressed emotions about COVID-19 vaccination in social media content is associated with the daily percentage of Peruvian social media survey respondents who are vaccine-accepting over 231 days. Our findings show that net (positive) sentiment and trust emotions expressed in tweets about COVID-19 are positively associated with vaccine acceptance among survey respondents one day after the post occurs. This study demonstrates that the emotional attributes of social media content, besides veracity or informational attributes, may influence vaccine acceptance for better or worse based on its valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse D Lokmanoglu
- Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Erik C Nisbet
- Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Matthew T Osborne
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph Tien
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Lourdes Cueva Chacón
- School of Journalism and Media Studies, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Esteban Villa Turek
- Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Rod Abhari
- Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Wang C, Konecki DM, Marciano DC, Govindarajan H, Williams AM, Wastuwidyaningtyas B, Bourquard T, Katsonis P, Lichtarge O. Identification of evolutionarily stable functional and immunogenic sites across the SARS-CoV-2 proteome and greater coronavirus family. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:4033-4040. [PMID: 34043002 PMCID: PMC8243408 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Since the first recognized case of COVID-19, more than 100 million people have been infected worldwide. Global efforts in drug and vaccine development to fight the disease have yielded vaccines and drug candidates to cure COVID-19. However, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants threatens the continued efficacy of these treatments. In order to address this, we interrogate the evolutionary history of the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome to identify evolutionarily conserved functional sites that can inform the search for treatments with broader coverage across the coronavirus family. RESULTS Combining coronavirus family sequence information with the mutations observed in the current COVID-19 outbreak, we systematically and comprehensively define evolutionarily stable sites that may provide useful drug and vaccine targets and which are less likely to be compromised by the emergence of new virus strains. Several experimentally validated effective drugs interact with these proposed target sites. In addition, the same evolutionary information can prioritize cross reactive antigens that are useful in directing multi-epitope vaccine strategies to illicit broadly neutralizing immune responses to the betacoronavirus family. Although the results are focused on SARS-CoV-2, these approaches stem from evolutionary principles that are agnostic to the organism or infective agent. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The results of this work are made interactively available at http://cov.lichtargelab.org. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel M Konecki
- Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David C Marciano
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harikumar Govindarajan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda M Williams
- Cancer and Cell Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Thomas Bourquard
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Panagiotis Katsonis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cancer and Cell Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Computational and Integrative Biomedical Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Chiong JA, Tran H, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Bao Z. Integrating Emerging Polymer Chemistries for the Advancement of Recyclable, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Electronics. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101233. [PMID: 34014619 PMCID: PMC8292855 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Through advances in molecular design, understanding of processing parameters, and development of non-traditional device fabrication techniques, the field of wearable and implantable skin-inspired devices is rapidly growing interest in the consumer market. Like previous technological advances, economic growth and efficiency is anticipated, as these devices will enable an augmented level of interaction between humans and the environment. However, the parallel growing electronic waste that is yet to be addressed has already left an adverse impact on the environment and human health. Looking forward, it is imperative to develop both human- and environmentally-friendly electronics, which are contingent on emerging recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymer technologies. This review provides definitions for recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers based on reported literature, an overview of the analytical techniques used to characterize mechanical and chemical property changes, and standard policies for real-life applications. Then, various strategies in designing the next-generation of polymers to be recyclable, biodegradable, or biocompatible with enhanced functionalities relative to traditional or commercial polymers are discussed. Finally, electronics that exhibit an element of recyclability, biodegradability, or biocompatibility with new molecular design are highlighted with the anticipation of integrating emerging polymer chemistries into future electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerika A. Chiong
- Department of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305‐5025USA
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3H6Canada
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305‐5025USA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305‐5025USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305‐5025USA
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Corey RM, Widloski EM, Null D, Ricconi B, Johnson MA, White KC, Amos JR, Pagano A, Oelze ML, Switzky RD, Wheeler MB, Bethke EB, Shipley CF, Singer AC. Low-Complexity System and Algorithm for an Emergency Ventilator Sensor and Alarm. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2020; 14:1088-1096. [PMID: 32870799 PMCID: PMC8545031 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.3020702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In response to anticipated shortages of ventilators caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, many organizations have designed low-cost emergency ventilators. Many of these devices are pressure-cycled pneumatic ventilators, which are easy to produce but often do not include the sensing or alarm features found on commercial ventilators. This work reports a low-cost, easy-to-produce electronic sensor and alarm system for pressure-cycled ventilators that estimates clinically useful metrics such as pressure and respiratory rate and sounds an alarm when the ventilator malfunctions. A low-complexity signal processing algorithm uses a pair of nonlinear recursive envelope trackers to monitor the signal from an electronic pressure sensor connected to the patient airway. The algorithm, inspired by those used in hearing aids, requires little memory and performs only a few calculations on each sample so that it can run on nearly any microcontroller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Corey
- University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | | | - David Null
- University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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del Rio-Chanona RM, Mealy P, Pichler A, Lafond F, Farmer JD. Supply and demand shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic: an industry and occupation perspective. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 2020; 36:graa033. [PMCID: PMC7499761 DOI: 10.1093/oxrep/graa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We provide quantitative predictions of first-order supply and demand shocks for the US economy associated with the COVID-19 pandemic at the level of individual occupations and industries. To analyse the supply shock, we classify industries as essential or non-essential and construct a Remote Labour Index, which measures the ability of different occupations to work from home. Demand shocks are based on a study of the likely effect of a severe influenza epidemic developed by the US Congressional Budget Office. Compared to the pre-COVID period, these shocks would threaten around 20 per cent of the US economy’s GDP, jeopardize 23 per cent of jobs, and reduce total wage income by 16 per cent. At the industry level, sectors such as transport are likely to be output-constrained by demand shocks, while sectors relating to manufacturing, mining, and services are more likely to be constrained by supply shocks. Entertainment, restaurants, and tourism face large supply and demand shocks. At the occupation level, we show that high-wage occupations are relatively immune from adverse supply- and demand-side shocks, while low-wage occupations are much more vulnerable. We should emphasize that our results are only first-order shocks—we expect them to be substantially amplified by feedback effects in the production network.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maria del Rio-Chanona
- Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School and Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford
| | - Penny Mealy
- Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, Smith School of Environment and Enterprise, and School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford
- Bennett Institute for Public Policy, University of Cambridge
| | - Anton Pichler
- Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School and Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna
| | - François Lafond
- Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School and Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford
| | - J Doyne Farmer
- Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School and Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford
- Santa Fe Institute and Complexity Science Hub Vienna
- e-mail:
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Elworth RAL, Wang Q, Kota PK, Barberan CJ, Coleman B, Balaji A, Gupta G, Baraniuk RG, Shrivastava A, Treangen T. To Petabytes and beyond: recent advances in probabilistic and signal processing algorithms and their application to metagenomics. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5217-5234. [PMID: 32338745 PMCID: PMC7261164 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As computational biologists continue to be inundated by ever increasing amounts of metagenomic data, the need for data analysis approaches that keep up with the pace of sequence archives has remained a challenge. In recent years, the accelerated pace of genomic data availability has been accompanied by the application of a wide array of highly efficient approaches from other fields to the field of metagenomics. For instance, sketching algorithms such as MinHash have seen a rapid and widespread adoption. These techniques handle increasingly large datasets with minimal sacrifices in quality for tasks such as sequence similarity calculations. Here, we briefly review the fundamentals of the most impactful probabilistic and signal processing algorithms. We also highlight more recent advances to augment previous reviews in these areas that have taken a broader approach. We then explore the application of these techniques to metagenomics, discuss their pros and cons, and speculate on their future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Wang
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology (SSPB) Graduate Program, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pavan K Kota
- Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - C J Barberan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Benjamin Coleman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Advait Balaji
- Department of Computer Science, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Richard G Baraniuk
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Anshumali Shrivastava
- Department of Computer Science, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Todd J Treangen
- Department of Computer Science, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology (SSPB) Graduate Program, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Zhu L, Zhu L, Sui M, Ralph DC, Buhrman RA. Variation of the giant intrinsic spin Hall conductivity of Pt with carrier lifetime. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav8025. [PMID: 31334348 PMCID: PMC6641942 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
More than a decade after the first theoretical and experimental studies of the spin Hall conductivity (SHC) of Pt, both its dominant origin and amplitude remain in dispute. We report the experimental determination of the rapid variation of the intrinsic SHC of Pt with the carrier lifetime (τ) in the dirty-metal regime by incorporating finely dispersed MgO intersite impurities into the Pt, while maintaining its essential band structure. This conclusively validates the theoretical prediction that the SHC in Pt in the dirty-metal regime should be dominated by the intrinsic contribution, and should decrease rapidly with shortening τ. When interfacial spin backflow is taken into account, the intrinsic SHC of Pt in the clean limit is at least 1.6 × 106 (ℏ/2e) ohm-1 m-1, more than 3.5 times greater than the available theoretical predictions. Our work also establishes a compelling spin Hall metal Pt0.6(MgO)0.4 with an internal giant spin Hall ratio of 0.73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhu
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Lujun Zhu
- College of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Manling Sui
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Daniel C. Ralph
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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