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Debernardi S, Liszka L, Ntala C, Steiger K, Esposito I, Carlotti E, Baker A, McDonald S, Graham T, Dmitrovic B, Feakins RM, Crnogorac‐Jurcevic T. Molecular characteristics of early-onset pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:677-690. [PMID: 38145461 PMCID: PMC10920080 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The median age of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at diagnosis is 71 years; however, around 10% present with early-onset pancreatic cancer (EOPC), i.e., before age 50. The molecular mechanisms underlying such an early onset are unknown. We assessed the role of common PDAC drivers (KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A and SMAD4) and determined their mutational status and protein expression in 90 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, including multiple primary and matched metastases, from 37 EOPC patients. KRAS was mutated in 88% of patients; p53 was altered in 94%, and p16 and SMAD4 were lost in 86% and 71% of patients, respectively. Meta-synthesis showed a higher rate of p53 alterations in EOPC than in late-onset PDAC (94% vs. 69%, P = 0.0009) and significantly higher loss of SMAD4 (71% vs. 44%, P = 0.0025). The majority of EOPC patients accumulated aberrations in all four drivers; in addition, high tumour heterogeneity was observed across all tissues. The cumulative effect of an exceptionally high rate of alterations in all common PDAC driver genes combined with high tumour heterogeneity suggests an important mechanism underlying the early onset of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Debernardi
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | - Lukasz Liszka
- Department of Pathomorphology and Molecular DiagnosticsMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
| | | | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and HealthTechnical University of MunichGermany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of PathologyHeinrich‐Heine University and University Hospital of DusseldorfGermany
| | - Emanuela Carlotti
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | - Ann‐Marie Baker
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | - Stuart McDonald
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | - Trevor Graham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | - Branko Dmitrovic
- Department of Pathology and Forensic MedicineClinical Hospital Center OsijekCroatia
| | - Roger M. Feakins
- Department of Cellular PathologyRoyal Free London NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Tatjana Crnogorac‐Jurcevic
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
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2
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Burgess SG, Paul NR, Richards MW, Ault JR, Askenatzis L, Claydon SG, Corbyn R, Machesky LM, Bayliss R. A nanobody inhibitor of Fascin-1 actin-bundling activity and filopodia formation. Open Biol 2024; 14:230376. [PMID: 38503329 PMCID: PMC10960945 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fascin-1-mediated actin-bundling activity is central to the generation of plasma membrane protrusions required for cell migration. Dysregulated formation of cellular protrusions is observed in metastatic cancers, where they are required for increased invasiveness, and is often correlated with increased Fascin-1 abundance. Therefore, there is interest in generating therapeutic Fascin-1 inhibitors. We present the identification of Nb 3E11, a nanobody inhibitor of Fascin-1 actin-bundling activity and filopodia formation. The crystal structure of the Fascin-1/Nb 3E11 complex reveals the structural mechanism of inhibition. Nb 3E11 occludes an actin-binding site on the third β-trefoil domain of Fascin-1 that is currently not targeted by chemical inhibitors. Binding of Nb 3E11 to Fascin-1 induces a conformational change in the adjacent domains to stabilize Fascin-1 in an inhibitory state similar to that adopted in the presence of small-molecule inhibitors. Nb 3E11 could be used as a tool inhibitor molecule to aid in the development of Fascin-1 targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena G. Burgess
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nikki R. Paul
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mark W. Richards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James R. Ault
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Laurie Askenatzis
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sophie G. Claydon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ryan Corbyn
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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3
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Miao T, Symonds A, Hickman OJ, Wu D, Wang P, Lemoine N, Wang Y, Linardopoulos S, Halldén G. Inhibition of Bromodomain Proteins Enhances Oncolytic HAdVC5 Replication and Efficacy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1265. [PMID: 38279262 PMCID: PMC10816486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most aggressive type of pancreatic cancer, which rapidly develops resistance to the current standard of care. Several oncolytic Human AdenoViruses (HAdVs) have been reported to re-sensitize drug-resistant cancer cells and in combination with chemotherapeutics attenuate solid tumour growth. Obstacles preventing greater clinical success are rapid hepatic elimination and limited viral replication and spread within the tumour microenvironment. We hypothesised that higher intratumoural levels of the virus could be achieved by altering cellular epigenetic regulation. Here we report on the screening of an enriched epigenetics small molecule library and validation of six compounds that increased viral gene expression and replication. The greatest effects were observed with three epigenetic inhibitors targeting bromodomain (BRD)-containing proteins. Specifically, BRD4 inhibitors enhanced the efficacy of Ad5 wild type, Ad∆∆, and Ad-3∆-A20T in 3-dimensional co-culture models of PDAC and in vivo xenografts. RNAseq analysis demonstrated that the inhibitors increased viral E1A expression, altered expression of cell cycle regulators and inflammatory factors, and attenuated expression levels of tumour cell oncogenes such as c-Myc and Myb. The data suggest that the tumour-selective Ad∆∆ and Ad-3∆-A20T combined with epigenetic inhibitors is a novel strategy for the treatment of PDAC by eliminating both cancer and associated stromal cells to pave the way for immune cell access even after systemic delivery of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tizong Miao
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (T.M.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Alistair Symonds
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Oliver J. Hickman
- Cancer Drug Target Discovery Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; (O.J.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- Bioimaging Centre, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Ping Wang
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Nick Lemoine
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (T.M.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (T.M.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Spiros Linardopoulos
- Cancer Drug Target Discovery Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; (O.J.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Gunnel Halldén
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (T.M.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
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Wan PKT, Fernandes RA, Seymour LW. Oncolytic viruses and antibodies: are they more successful when delivered separately or when engineered as a single agent? J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006518. [PMID: 37541690 PMCID: PMC10407364 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) provide the promise of tumor-selective cytotoxicity coupled with amplification of the therapeutic agent (the virus) in situ within the tumor improving its therapeutic index. Despite this promise, however, single agent-treatments have not been as successful as combination therapies, particularly combining with checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. The antibodies may be delivered by two approaches, either encoded within the OV genome to restrict antibody production to sites of active virus infection or alternatively given alongside OVs as separate treatments. Both approaches have shown promising therapeutic outcomes, and this leads to an interesting question of whether one approach is potentially better than the other. In this review, we provide a brief summary of the combination OV-antibody therapies that target tumor cells, tumor microenvironment and immune cells to help define key parameters influencing which approach is superior, thereby improving insight into the rational design of OV treatment strategies.
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5
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Nichols L, Lawrence R, Haboubi H, Al-Sarireh B, Doak S, Jenkins G. Measuring blood cell DNA damage using the PIG-A mutation and CBMN assay in pancreatic cancer patients: a pilot study. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:93-99. [PMID: 37006185 PMCID: PMC10181792 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer still has one of the worst prognoses of all solid malignancies, despite developments in cancer knowledge and care. Research into pancreatic cancer has not fully translated into clinical improvements and as a result, fewer than 1% of patients survive 10 years post-diagnosis. This bleak outlook for patients could be improved by earlier diagnosis. The human erythrocyte phosphatidylinositol glycan class A (PIG-A) assay monitors the mutation status of the X-linked PIG-A gene by measuring glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins on the extracellular surface. We have previously identified an elevated PIG-A mutant frequency in oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients and here investigate whether this could be seen in a pancreatic cancer cohort, given the urgent need for novel pancreatic cancer biomarkers. In our pilot study, an elevated PIG-A mutant frequency (5.775 × 10-6 (95% CI 4.777-10) mutants per million) was seen in pancreatic cancer patients (n = 30) when compared to the non-cancer control group (n = 14) who had an erythrocyte mutant frequency of 4.211 × 10-6 (95% CI 1.39-5.16) mutants per million (p = 0.0052). A cut-off value of 4.7 mutants per million provided an AUROC of 0.7595 with a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 78.57%. A secondary measure of DNA damage in an alternative blood cell population also showed an increase in peripheral lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (p = 0.0164) (AUROC = 0.77, sensitivity = 72.22%, specificity = 72.73%). The micronucleus frequency and PIG-A status show some potential as blood-based biomarkers of pancreatic cancer, but further investigations of these DNA damage tests are required to assess their utility in pancreatic cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Nichols
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lawrence
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Haboubi
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Al-Sarireh
- Department of Pancreato-biliary surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Shareen Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Jenkins
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
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6
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Tomas Bort E, Joseph MD, Wang Q, Carter EP, Roth NJ, Gibson J, Samadi A, Kocher HM, Simoncelli S, McCormick PJ, Grose RP. Purinergic GPCR-integrin interactions drive pancreatic cancer cell invasion. eLife 2023; 12:e86971. [PMID: 36942939 PMCID: PMC10069867 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to show no improvement in survival rates. One aspect of PDAC is elevated ATP levels, pointing to the purinergic axis as a potential attractive therapeutic target. Mediated in part by highly druggable extracellular proteins, this axis plays essential roles in fibrosis, inflammation response, and immune function. Analyzing the main members of the PDAC extracellular purinome using publicly available databases discerned which members may impact patient survival. P2RY2 presents as the purinergic gene with the strongest association with hypoxia, the highest cancer cell-specific expression, and the strongest impact on overall survival. Invasion assays using a 3D spheroid model revealed P2Y2 to be critical in facilitating invasion driven by extracellular ATP. Using genetic modification and pharmacological strategies, we demonstrate mechanistically that this ATP-driven invasion requires direct protein-protein interactions between P2Y2 and αV integrins. DNA-PAINT super-resolution fluorescence microscopy reveals that P2Y2 regulates the amount and distribution of integrin αV in the plasma membrane. Moreover, receptor-integrin interactions were required for effective downstream signaling, leading to cancer cell invasion. This work elucidates a novel GPCR-integrin interaction in cancer invasion, highlighting its potential for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tomas Bort
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Megan D Joseph
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Qiaoying Wang
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicolas J Roth
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jessica Gibson
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ariana Samadi
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Simoncelli
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Fazzari F, Chow S, Cheung M, Barghout SH, Schimmer AD, Chang Q, Hedley D. Combined Targeting of the Glutathione and Thioredoxin Antioxidant Systems in Pancreatic Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1070-1078. [PMID: 36407947 PMCID: PMC9667549 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is characterized by increased generation of reactive oxygen species that can cause lethal oxidative stress. Here, we evaluated the combined inhibition of the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems in preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) that targets glutathione synthesis, and auranofin that targets thioredoxin recycling. BSO potentiated the cytotoxicity of auranofin and induced lethal oxidative stress in primary pancreatic cancer cells. As assessed by the cellular thermal shift assay, auranofin engaged with thioredoxin reductase 1 in primary cells at concentrations known to induce cell death. Moreover, we used imaging mass cytometry to map the biodistribution of atomic gold in patient-derived xenografts treated with auranofin, and the drug was readily detectable throughout the epithelial and stromal compartments after treatment with a clinically relevant dose. In conclusion, combinatorial treatment with BSO and auranofin could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fazzari
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sue Chow
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - May Cheung
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Samir H. Barghout
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Qing Chang
- Fluidigm
Canada Inc., 1380 Rodick
Road, Markham, Ontario L3R 4G5, Canada
| | - David Hedley
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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8
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Bellomo G, Rainer C, Quaranta V, Astuti Y, Raymant M, Boyd E, Stafferton R, Campbell F, Ghaneh P, Halloran CM, Hammond DE, Morton JP, Palmer D, Vimalachandran D, Jones R, Mielgo A, Schmid MC. Chemotherapy-induced infiltration of neutrophils promotes pancreatic cancer metastasis via Gas6/AXL signalling axis. Gut 2022; 71:2284-2299. [PMID: 35022267 PMCID: PMC9554050 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly metastatic disease and cytotoxic chemotherapy is the standard of care treatment for patients with advanced disease. Here, we investigate how the microenvironment in PDAC liver metastases reacts to chemotherapy and its role in metastatic disease progression post-treatment, an area which is poorly understood. DESIGN The impact of chemotherapy on metastatic disease progression and immune cell infiltrates was characterised using flow and mass cytometry combined with transcriptional and histopathological analysis in experimental PDAC liver metastases mouse models. Findings were validated in patient derived liver metastases and in an autochthonous PDAC mouse model. Human and murine primary cell cocultures and ex vivo patient-derived liver explants were deployed to gain mechanistical insights on whether and how chemotherapy affects the metastatic tumour microenvironment. RESULTS We show that in vivo, chemotherapy induces an initial infiltration of proinflammatory macrophages into the liver and activates cytotoxic T cells, leading only to a temporary restraining of metastatic disease progression. However, after stopping treatment, neutrophils are recruited to the metastatic liver via CXCL1 and 2 secretion by metastatic tumour cells. These neutrophils express growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) which leads to AXL receptor activation on tumour cells enabling their regrowth. Disruption of neutrophil infiltration or inhibition of the Gas6/AXL signalling axis in combination with chemotherapy inhibits metastatic growth. Chemotherapy increases Gas6 expression in circulating neutrophils from patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and recombinant Gas6 is sufficient to promote tumour cell proliferation ex vivo, in patient-derived metastatic liver explants. CONCLUSION Combining chemotherapy with Gas6/AXL or neutrophil targeted therapy could provide a therapeutic benefit for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bellomo
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carolyn Rainer
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Valeria Quaranta
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yuliana Astuti
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Meirion Raymant
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elzbieta Boyd
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ruth Stafferton
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiona Campbell
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paula Ghaneh
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Dean E Hammond
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Palmer
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dale Vimalachandran
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Jones
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ainhoa Mielgo
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Shaikh N, Mazzagatti A, De Angelis S, Johnson SC, Bakker B, Spierings DCJ, Wardenaar R, Maniati E, Wang J, Boemo MA, Foijer F, McClelland SE. Replication stress generates distinctive landscapes of DNA copy number alterations and chromosome scale losses. Genome Biol 2022; 23:223. [PMID: 36266663 PMCID: PMC9583511 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major driver of cancer chromosomal instability is replication stress, the slowing or stalling of DNA replication. How replication stress and genomic instability are connected is not known. Aphidicolin-induced replication stress induces breakages at common fragile sites, but the exact causes of fragility are debated, and acute genomic consequences of replication stress are not fully explored. RESULTS We characterize DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) in single, diploid non-transformed cells, caused by one cell cycle in the presence of either aphidicolin or hydroxyurea. Multiple types of CNAs are generated, associated with different genomic regions and features, and observed copy number landscapes are distinct between aphidicolin and hydroxyurea-induced replication stress. Coupling cell type-specific analysis of CNAs to gene expression and single-cell replication timing analyses pinpointed the causative large genes of the most recurrent chromosome-scale CNAs in aphidicolin. These are clustered on chromosome 7 in RPE1 epithelial cells but chromosome 1 in BJ fibroblasts. Chromosome arm level CNAs also generate acentric lagging chromatin and micronuclei containing these chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS Chromosomal instability driven by replication stress occurs via focal CNAs and chromosome arm scale changes, with the latter confined to a very small subset of chromosome regions, potentially heavily skewing cancer genome evolution. Different inducers of replication stress lead to distinctive CNA landscapes providing the opportunity to derive copy number signatures of specific replication stress mechanisms. Single-cell CNA analysis thus reveals the impact of replication stress on the genome, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms which fuel chromosomal instability in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Shaikh
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Alice Mazzagatti
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Simone De Angelis
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sarah C Johnson
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bjorn Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713, AV, the Netherlands
- Current address: The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713, AV, the Netherlands
| | - René Wardenaar
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713, AV, the Netherlands
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Michael A Boemo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713, AV, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah E McClelland
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Gkika K, Noorani S, Walsh N, Keyes TE. Os(II)-Bridged Polyarginine Conjugates: The Additive Effects of Peptides in Promoting or Preventing Permeation in Cells and Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8123-8134. [PMID: 33978399 PMCID: PMC8277133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of two polyarginine conjugates of the complex Os(II) [bis-(4'-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine)] [Os-(Rn)2]x+ (n = 4 and 8; x = 10 and 18) is reported, to explore whether the R8 peptide sequence that promotes cell uptake requires a contiguous amino acid sequence for membrane permeation or if this can be accomplished in a linearly bridged structure with the additive effect of shorter peptide sequences. The conjugates exhibit NIR emission centered at 754 nm and essentially oxygen-insensitive emission with a lifetime of 89 ns in phosphate-buffered saline. The uptake, distribution, and cytotoxicity of the parent complex and peptide derivatives were compared in 2D cell monolayers and a three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) model. Whereas, the bis-octaarginine sequences were impermeable to cells and spheroids, and the bis-tetraarginine conjugate showed excellent cellular uptake and accumulation in two 2D monolayer cell lines and remarkable in-depth penetration of 3D MCTSs of pancreatic cancer cells. Overall, the data indicates that cell permeability can be promoted via non-contiguous sequences of arginine residues bridged across the metal centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel
S. Gkika
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sara Noorani
- School
of Biotechnology, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Naomi Walsh
- School
of Biotechnology, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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11
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Malhotra A, Rachet B, Bonaventure A, Pereira SP, Woods LM. Can we screen for pancreatic cancer? Identifying a sub-population of patients at high risk of subsequent diagnosis using machine learning techniques applied to primary care data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251876. [PMID: 34077433 PMCID: PMC8171946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) represents a substantial public health burden. Pancreatic cancer patients have very low survival due to the difficulty of identifying cancers early when the tumour is localised to the site of origin and treatable. Recent progress has been made in identifying biomarkers for PC in the blood and urine, but these cannot be used for population-based screening as this would be prohibitively expensive and potentially harmful. METHODS We conducted a case-control study using prospectively-collected electronic health records from primary care individually-linked to cancer registrations. Our cases were comprised of 1,139 patients, aged 15-99 years, diagnosed with pancreatic cancer between January 1, 2005 and June 30, 2009. Each case was age-, sex- and diagnosis time-matched to four non-pancreatic (cancer patient) controls. Disease and prescription codes for the 24 months prior to diagnosis were used to identify 57 individual symptoms. Using a machine learning approach, we trained a logistic regression model on 75% of the data to predict patients who later developed PC and tested the model's performance on the remaining 25%. RESULTS We were able to identify 41.3% of patients < = 60 years at 'high risk' of developing pancreatic cancer up to 20 months prior to diagnosis with 72.5% sensitivity, 59% specificity and, 66% AUC. 43.2% of patients >60 years were similarly identified at 17 months, with 65% sensitivity, 57% specificity and, 61% AUC. We estimate that combining our algorithm with currently available biomarker tests could result in 30 older and 400 younger patients per cancer being identified as 'potential patients', and the earlier diagnosis of around 60% of tumours. CONCLUSION After further work this approach could be applied in the primary care setting and has the potential to be used alongside a non-invasive biomarker test to increase earlier diagnosis. This would result in a greater number of patients surviving this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Malhotra
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Inequalities in Cancer Outcomes Network, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Rachet
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Inequalities in Cancer Outcomes Network, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Bonaventure
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team, CRESS, Université de Paris-INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Stephen P. Pereira
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Woods
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Inequalities in Cancer Outcomes Network, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Carnie LE, Lamarca A, Vaughan K, Kapacee ZA, McCallum L, Backen A, Barriuso J, McNamara MG, Hubner RA, Abraham M, Valle JW. Prospective observational study of prevalence, assessment and treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy (PANcreatic cancer Dietary Assessment (PanDA): a study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042067. [PMID: 33986039 PMCID: PMC8126274 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) in patients with pancreatic malignancy is well documented in the literature and is known to negatively impact on overall survival and quality of life. A lack of consensus opinion remains on the optimal diagnostic test that can be adapted for use in a clinical setting for this cohort of patients. This study aims to better understand the prevalence of PEI and the most suitable diagnostic techniques in patients with advanced pancreatic malignancy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This prospective observational study will be carried out in patients with pancreatic malignancy (including adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine neoplasms). Consecutive patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy referred for consideration of first-line chemotherapy will be considered for eligibility. The study comprises three cohorts: demographic cohort (primary objective to prospectively investigate the prevalence of PEI in patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy); sample size 50, diagnostic cohort (primary objective to design and evaluate an optimal diagnostic panel to detect PEI in patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy); sample size 25 and follow-up cohort (primary objective to prospectively evaluate the proposed PEI diagnostic panel in a cohort of patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy); sample size 50. The following is a summary of the protocol and methodology. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Full ethical approval has been granted by the North West Greater Manchester East Research and Ethics Committee, reference: 17/NW/0597. This manuscript reflects the latest protocol V.8 approved 21 April 2020. Findings will be disseminated by presentation at national/international conferences, publication in peer-review journals and distribution via patient advocate groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER 194255, NCT0361643.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Carnie
- Nutrition & Dietetics, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Medical Oncology Department, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kate Vaughan
- Medical Oncology Department, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Alison Backen
- Medical Oncology Department, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Medical Oncology Department, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mairéad G McNamara
- Medical Oncology Department, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard A Hubner
- Medical Oncology Department, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marc Abraham
- Nutrition & Dietetics, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Juan W Valle
- Medical Oncology Department, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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13
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Courtois S, de Luxán-Delgado B, Penin-Peyta L, Royo-García A, Parejo-Alonso B, Jagust P, Alcalá S, Rubiolo JA, Sánchez L, Sainz B, Heeschen C, Sancho P. Inhibition of Mitochondrial Dynamics Preferentially Targets Pancreatic Cancer Cells with Enhanced Tumorigenic and Invasive Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:698. [PMID: 33572276 PMCID: PMC7914708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest tumors, partly due to its intrinsic aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance of the contained cancer stem cells (CSCs). Pancreatic CSCs strongly rely on mitochondrial metabolism to maintain their stemness, therefore representing a putative target for their elimination. Since mitochondrial homeostasis depends on the tightly controlled balance between fusion and fission processes, namely mitochondrial dynamics, we aim to study this mechanism in the context of stemness. In human PDAC tissues, the mitochondrial fission gene DNM1L (DRP1) was overexpressed and positively correlated with the stemness signature. Moreover, we observe that primary human CSCs display smaller mitochondria and a higher DRP1/MFN2 expression ratio, indicating the activation of the mitochondrial fission. Interestingly, treatment with the DRP1 inhibitor mDivi-1 induced dose-dependent apoptosis, especially in CD133+ CSCs, due to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and the subsequent energy crisis in this subpopulation. Mechanistically, mDivi-1 inhibited stemness-related features, such as self-renewal, tumorigenicity, and invasiveness and chemosensitized the cells to the cytotoxic effects of Gemcitabine. In summary, mitochondrial fission is an essential process for pancreatic CSCs and represents an attractive target for designing novel multimodal treatments that will more efficiently eliminate cells with high tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Courtois
- Translational Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.C.); (A.R.-G.); (B.P.-A.)
| | - Beatriz de Luxán-Delgado
- Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer & Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (B.d.L.-D.); (L.P.-P.); (P.J.)
| | - Laure Penin-Peyta
- Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer & Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (B.d.L.-D.); (L.P.-P.); (P.J.)
| | - Alba Royo-García
- Translational Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.C.); (A.R.-G.); (B.P.-A.)
| | - Beatriz Parejo-Alonso
- Translational Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.C.); (A.R.-G.); (B.P.-A.)
| | - Petra Jagust
- Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer & Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (B.d.L.-D.); (L.P.-P.); (P.J.)
| | - Sonia Alcalá
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBm) “Alberto Sols” CSIC-UAM, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (B.S.J.)
- Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. Rubiolo
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.A.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.A.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBm) “Alberto Sols” CSIC-UAM, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (B.S.J.)
- Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Patricia Sancho
- Translational Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.C.); (A.R.-G.); (B.P.-A.)
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14
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Debernardi S, O’Brien H, Algahmdi AS, Malats N, Stewart GD, Plješa-Ercegovac M, Costello E, Greenhalf W, Saad A, Roberts R, Ney A, Pereira SP, Kocher HM, Duffy S, Blyuss O, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T. A combination of urinary biomarker panel and PancRISK score for earlier detection of pancreatic cancer: A case-control study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003489. [PMID: 33301466 PMCID: PMC7758047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers, with around 9% of patients surviving >5 years. Asymptomatic in its initial stages, PDAC is mostly diagnosed late, when already a locally advanced or metastatic disease, as there are no useful biomarkers for detection in its early stages, when surgery can be curative. We have previously described a promising biomarker panel (LYVE1, REG1A, and TFF1) for earlier detection of PDAC in urine. Here, we aimed to establish the accuracy of an improved panel, including REG1B instead of REG1A, and an algorithm for data interpretation, the PancRISK score, in additional retrospectively collected urine specimens. We also assessed the complementarity of this panel with CA19-9 and explored the daily variation and stability of the biomarkers and their performance in common urinary tract cancers. METHODS AND FINDINGS Clinical specimens were obtained from multiple centres: Barts Pancreas Tissue Bank, University College London, University of Liverpool, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Cambridge University Hospital, and University of Belgrade. The biomarker panel was assayed on 590 urine specimens: 183 control samples, 208 benign hepatobiliary disease samples (of which 119 were chronic pancreatitis), and 199 PDAC samples (102 stage I-II and 97 stage III-IV); 50.7% were from female individuals. PDAC samples were collected from patients before treatment. The samples were assayed using commercially available ELISAs. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests adjusted for multiple comparisons, and multiple logistic regression. Training and validation datasets for controls and PDAC samples were obtained after random division of the whole available dataset in a 1:1 ratio. The substitution of REG1A with REG1B enhanced the performance of the panel to detect resectable PDAC. In a comparison of controls and PDAC stage I-II samples, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) increased from 0.900 (95% CI 0.843-0.957) and 0.926 (95% CI 0.843-1.000) in the training (50% of the dataset) and validation sets, respectively, to 0.936 in both the training (95% CI 0.903-0.969) and the validation (95% CI 0.888-0.984) datasets for the new panel including REG1B. This improved panel showed both sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) to be >85%. Plasma CA19-9 enhanced the performance of this panel in discriminating PDAC I-II patients from controls, with AUC = 0.992 (95% CI 0.983-1.000), SN = 0.963 (95% CI 0.913-1.000), and SP = 0.967 (95% CI 0.924-1.000). We demonstrate that the biomarkers do not show significant daily variation, and that they are stable for up to 5 days at room temperature. The main limitation of our study is the low number of stage I-IIA PDAC samples (n = 27) and lack of samples from individuals with hereditary predisposition to PDAC, for which specimens collected from control individuals were used as a proxy. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully validated our urinary biomarker panel, which was improved by substituting REG1A with REG1B. At a pre-selected cutoff of >80% SN and SP for the affiliated PancRISK score, we demonstrate a clinically applicable risk stratification tool with a binary output for risk of developing PDAC ('elevated' or 'normal'). PancRISK provides a step towards precision surveillance for PDAC patients, which we will test in a prospective clinical study, UroPanc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Debernardi
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harrison O’Brien
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asma S. Algahmdi
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Malats
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid Spain
| | - Grant D. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marija Plješa-Ercegovac
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eithne Costello
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - William Greenhalf
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amina Saad
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon Roberts
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Ney
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hemant M. Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Duffy
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Blyuss
- School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Tatjana Crnogorac-Jurcevic
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Guibbal F, Hopkins SL, Pacelli A, Isenegger PG, Mosley M, Torres JB, Dias GM, Mahaut D, Hueting R, Gouverneur V, Cornelissen B. [ 18F]AZD2461, an Insight on Difference in PARP Binding Profiles for DNA Damage Response PET Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 22:1226-1234. [PMID: 32342268 PMCID: PMC7497465 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are extensively studied and used as anti-cancer drugs, as single agents or in combination with other therapies. Most radiotracers developed to date have been chosen on the basis of strong PARP1-3 affinity. Herein, we propose to study AZD2461, a PARP inhibitor with lower affinity towards PARP3, and to investigate its potential for PARP targeting in vivo. METHODS Using the Cu-mediated 18F-fluorodeboronation of a carefully designed radiolabelling precursor, we accessed the 18F-labelled isotopologue of the PARP inhibitor AZD2461. Cell uptake of [18F]AZD2461 in vitro was assessed in a range of pancreatic cell lines (PSN-1, PANC-1, CFPAC-1 and AsPC-1) to assess PARP expression and in vivo in xenograft-bearing mice. Blocking experiments were performed with both olaparib and AZD2461. RESULTS [18F]AZD2461 was efficiently radiolabelled via both manual and automated procedures (9 % ± 3 % and 3 % ± 1 % activity yields non-decay corrected). [18F]AZD2461 was taken up in vivo in PARP1-expressing tumours, and the highest uptake was observed for PSN-1 cells (7.34 ± 1.16 %ID/g). In vitro blocking experiments showed a lesser ability of olaparib to reduce [18F]AZD2461 binding, indicating a difference in selectivity between olaparib and AZD2461. CONCLUSION Taken together, we show the importance of screening the PARP selectivity profile of radiolabelled PARP inhibitors for use as PET imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Guibbal
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Samantha L. Hopkins
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Anna Pacelli
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Patrick G. Isenegger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Michael Mosley
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Julia Baguña Torres
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Gemma M. Dias
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Damien Mahaut
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Rebekka Hueting
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
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16
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Richardson DA, Sritangos P, James AD, Sultan A, Bruce JIE. Metabolic regulation of calcium pumps in pancreatic cancer: role of phosphofructokinase-fructose-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3). Cancer Metab 2020; 8:2. [PMID: 32266066 PMCID: PMC7114799 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-020-0210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High glycolytic rate is a hallmark of cancer (Warburg effect). Glycolytic ATP is required for fuelling plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs), responsible for extrusion of cytosolic calcium, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Phosphofructokinase-fructose-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) is a glycolytic driver that activates key rate-limiting enzyme Phosphofructokinase-1; we investigated whether PFKFB3 is required for PMCA function in PDAC cells. METHODS PDAC cell-lines, MIA PaCa-2, BxPC-3, PANC1 and non-cancerous human pancreatic stellate cells (HPSCs) were used. Cell growth, death and metabolism were assessed using sulforhodamine-B/tetrazolium-based assays, poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP1) cleavage and seahorse XF analysis, respectively. ATP was measured using a luciferase-based assay, membrane proteins were isolated using a kit and intracellular calcium concentration and PMCA activity were measured using Fura-2 fluorescence imaging. RESULTS PFKFB3 was highly expressed in PDAC cells but not HPSCs. In MIA PaCa-2, a pool of PFKFB3 was identified at the plasma membrane. PFKFB3 inhibitor, PFK15, caused reduced cell growth and PMCA activity, leading to calcium overload and apoptosis in PDAC cells. PFK15 reduced glycolysis but had no effect on steady-state ATP concentration in MIA PaCa-2. CONCLUSIONS PFKFB3 is important for maintaining PMCA function in PDAC, independently of cytosolic ATP levels and may be involved in providing a localised ATP supply at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Richardson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University Of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - P. Sritangos
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University Of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - A. D. James
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - A. Sultan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University Of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - J. I. E. Bruce
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University Of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
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17
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Torres JB, Knight JC, Mosley MJ, Kersemans V, Koustoulidou S, Allen D, Kinchesh P, Smart S, Cornelissen B. Imaging of Claudin-4 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using a Radiolabelled Anti-Claudin-4 Monoclonal Antibody. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:292-299. [PMID: 28842811 PMCID: PMC5862916 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite its widespread use, the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) has been shown in clinical settings to be ineffective for improving early diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A promising biomarker for PDAC detection is the tight junction protein claudin-4. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agent, [111In]anti-claudin-4 mAb, with regard to its ability to allow visualisation of claudin-4 in a xenograft and a genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC. PROCEDURES The ability of [111In]anti-claudin-4 mAb to selectively target claudin-4 was assessed using two human xenograft tumour models with differential claudin-4 status in mice. [111In]anti-claudin-4 mAb was also used to detect PDAC development in genetically engineered KPC mice. The PDAC status of these mice was confirmed with [18F]FDG-PET, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histology, and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS High uptake of [111In]anti-claudin-4 mAb was observed in PDAC xenografts in mice, reaching 16.9 ± 4.5 % of injected dose per gram (% ID/g) at 72 h post-injection. This uptake was mediated specifically by the expression of claudin-4. Uptake of [111In]anti-claudin-4 mAb also enabled clear visualisation of spontaneous PDAC formation in KPC mice. CONCLUSIONS [111In]anti-claudin-4 mAb allows non-invasive detection of claudin-4 upregulation during development of PDAC and could potentially be used to aid in the early detection and characterisation of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baguña Torres
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - James C Knight
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michael J Mosley
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Veerle Kersemans
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sofia Koustoulidou
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Danny Allen
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Paul Kinchesh
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sean Smart
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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