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Podéus H, Simonsson C, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Kechagias S, Lundberg P, Lövfors W, Cedersund G. A physiologically-based digital twin for alcohol consumption-predicting real-life drinking responses and long-term plasma PEth. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7:112. [PMID: 38702474 PMCID: PMC11068902 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is associated with a wide variety of preventable health complications and is a major risk factor for all-cause mortality in the age group 15-47 years. To reduce dangerous drinking behavior, eHealth applications have shown promise. A particularly interesting potential lies in the combination of eHealth apps with mathematical models. However, existing mathematical models do not consider real-life situations, such as combined intake of meals and beverages, and do not connect drinking to clinical markers, such as phosphatidylethanol (PEth). Herein, we present such a model which can simulate real-life situations and connect drinking to long-term markers. The new model can accurately describe both estimation data according to a χ2 -test (187.0 < Tχ2 = 226.4) and independent validation data (70.8 < Tχ2 = 93.5). The model can also be personalized using anthropometric data from a specific individual and can thus be used as a physiologically-based digital twin. This twin is also able to connect short-term consumption of alcohol to the long-term dynamics of PEth levels in the blood, a clinical biomarker of alcohol consumption. Here we illustrate how connecting short-term consumption to long-term markers allows for a new way to determine patient alcohol consumption from measured PEth levels. An additional use case of the twin could include the combined evaluation of patient-reported AUDIT forms and measured PEth levels. Finally, we integrated the new model into an eHealth application, which could help guide individual users or clinicians to help reduce dangerous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Podéus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Simonsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medicine Imaging and Visualization Science (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Patrik Nasr
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ekstedt
- Center for Medicine Imaging and Visualization Science (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stergios Kechagias
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Lundberg
- Center for Medicine Imaging and Visualization Science (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Physics, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - William Lövfors
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences and Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Cedersund
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medicine Imaging and Visualization Science (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- School of Medical Sciences and Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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2
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Vinding MC, Waldthaler J, Eriksson A, Manting CL, Ferreira D, Ingvar M, Svenningsson P, Lundqvist D. Oscillatory and non-oscillatory features of the magnetoencephalic sensorimotor rhythm in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:51. [PMID: 38443402 PMCID: PMC10915140 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with changes in neural activity in the sensorimotor alpha and beta bands. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we investigated the role of spontaneous neuronal activity within the somatosensory cortex in a large cohort of early- to mid-stage PD patients (N = 78) on Parkinsonian medication and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (N = 60) using source reconstructed resting-state MEG. We quantified features of the time series data in terms of oscillatory alpha power and central alpha frequency, beta power and central beta frequency, and 1/f broadband characteristics using power spectral density. Furthermore, we characterised transient oscillatory burst events in the mu-beta band time-domain signals. We examined the relationship between these signal features and the patients' disease state, symptom severity, age, sex, and cortical thickness. PD patients and healthy controls differed on PSD broadband characteristics, with PD patients showing a steeper 1/f exponential slope and higher 1/f offset. PD patients further showed a steeper age-related decrease in the burst rate. Out of all the signal features of the sensorimotor activity, the burst rate was associated with increased severity of bradykinesia, whereas the burst duration was associated with axial symptoms. Our study shows that general non-oscillatory features (broadband 1/f exponent and offset) of the sensorimotor signals are related to disease state and oscillatory burst rate scales with symptom severity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel C Vinding
- NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Josefine Waldthaler
- NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Allison Eriksson
- NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cassia Low Manting
- NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, Lee Kong Chien School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Ferreira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer's Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran, Canaria, España
| | - Martin Ingvar
- NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lundqvist
- NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Struyf N, Österroos A, Vesterlund M, Arnroth C, James T, Sunandar S, Mermelekas G, Bohlin A, Hamberg Levedahl K, Bengtzén S, Jafari R, Orre LM, Lehtiö J, Lehmann S, Östling P, Kallioniemi O, Seashore-Ludlow B, Erkers T. Delineating functional and molecular impact of ex vivo sample handling in precision medicine. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:38. [PMID: 38374206 PMCID: PMC10876937 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Consistent handling of samples is crucial for achieving reproducible molecular and functional testing results in translational research. Here, we used 229 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples to assess the impact of sample handling on high-throughput functional drug testing, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and flow cytometry. Our data revealed novel and previously described changes in cell phenotype and drug response dependent on sample biobanking. Specifically, myeloid cells with a CD117 (c-KIT) positive phenotype decreased after biobanking, potentially distorting cell population representations and affecting drugs targeting these cells. Additionally, highly granular AML cell numbers decreased after freezing. Secondly, protein expression levels, as well as sensitivity to drugs targeting cell proliferation, metabolism, tyrosine kinases (e.g., JAK, KIT, FLT3), and BH3 mimetics were notably affected by biobanking. Moreover, drug response profiles of paired fresh and frozen samples showed that freezing samples can lead to systematic errors in drug sensitivity scores. While a high correlation between fresh and frozen for the entire drug library was observed, freezing cells had a considerable impact at an individual level, which could influence outcomes in translational studies. Our study highlights conditions where standardization is needed to improve reproducibility, and where validation of data generated from biobanked cohorts may be particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Struyf
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Albin Österroos
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Vesterlund
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Arnroth
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tojo James
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Sunandar
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios Mermelekas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Bohlin
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sofia Bengtzén
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rozbeh Jafari
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas M Orre
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Lehmann
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Päivi Östling
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brinton Seashore-Ludlow
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Erkers
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Xiong Y, Karlsson R, Song J, Kowalec K, Rück C, Sigström R, Jonsson L, Clements CC, Andersson E, Boberg J, Lewis CM, Sullivan PF, Landén M, Lu Y. Polygenic risk scores of lithium response and treatment resistance in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:301. [PMID: 37770441 PMCID: PMC10539379 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment response and resistance in major depressive disorder (MDD) are suggested to be heritable. Due to significant challenges in defining treatment-related phenotypes, our understanding of their genetic bases is limited. This study aimed to derive a stringent definition of treatment resistance and to investigate the genetic overlap between treatment response and resistance in MDD. Using electronic medical records on the use of antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) from Swedish registers, we derived the phenotype of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and non-TRD within ~4500 individuals with MDD in three Swedish cohorts. Considering antidepressants and lithium are first-line treatment and augmentation used for MDD, respectively, we generated polygenic risk scores (PRS) of antidepressants and lithium response for individuals with MDD and evaluated their associations with treatment resistance by comparing TRD with non-TRD. Among 1778 ECT-treated MDD cases, nearly all (94%) used antidepressants before their first ECT and the vast majority had at least one (84%) or two (61%) antidepressants of adequate duration, suggesting these MDD cases receiving ECT were resistant to antidepressants. We did not observe a significant difference in the mean PRS of antidepressant response between TRD and non-TRD; however, we found that TRD cases had a significantly higher PRS of lithium response compared to non-TRD cases (OR = 1.10-1.12 under various definitions). The results support the evidence of heritable components in treatment-related phenotypes and highlight the overall genetic profile of lithium-sensitivity in TRD. This finding further provides a genetic explanation for lithium efficacy in treating TRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaarina Kowalec
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Christian Rück
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Sigström
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caitlin C Clements
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Evelyn Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Boberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Llorens-Bobadilla E, Zamboni M, Marklund M, Bhalla N, Chen X, Hartman J, Frisén J, Ståhl PL. Solid-phase capture and profiling of open chromatin by spatial ATAC. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1085-1088. [PMID: 36604544 PMCID: PMC10421738 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for epigenomic profiling are limited in their ability to obtain genome-wide information with spatial resolution. We introduce spatial ATAC, a method that integrates transposase-accessible chromatin profiling in tissue sections with barcoded solid-phase capture to perform spatially resolved epigenomics. We show that spatial ATAC enables the discovery of the regulatory programs underlying spatial gene expression during mouse organogenesis, lineage differentiation and in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margherita Zamboni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Marklund
- SciLifeLab, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nayanika Bhalla
- SciLifeLab, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinsong Chen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik L Ståhl
- SciLifeLab, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Kaya I, Nilsson A, Luptáková D, He Y, Vallianatou T, Bjärterot P, Svenningsson P, Bezard E, Andrén PE. Spatial lipidomics reveals brain region-specific changes of sulfatides in an experimental MPTP Parkinson's disease primate model. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:118. [PMID: 37495571 PMCID: PMC10372136 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) to the neurotoxin MPP+ in the brain causes permanent Parkinson's disease-like symptoms by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra in humans and non-human primates. However, the complete molecular pathology underlying MPTP-induced parkinsonism remains poorly understood. We used dual polarity matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging to thoroughly image numerous glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in coronal brain tissue sections of MPTP-lesioned and control non-human primate brains (Macaca mulatta). The results revealed specific distributions of several sulfatide lipid molecules based on chain-length, number of double bonds, and importantly, hydroxylation stage. More specifically, certain long-chain hydroxylated sulfatides with polyunsaturated chains in the molecular structure were depleted within motor-related brain regions in the MPTP-lesioned animals, e.g., external and internal segments of globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. In contrast, certain long-chain non-hydroxylated sulfatides were found to be elevated within the same brain regions. These findings demonstrate region-specific dysregulation of sulfatide metabolism within the MPTP-lesioned macaque brain. The depletion of long-chain hydroxylated sulfatides in the MPTP-induced pathology indicates oxidative stress and oligodendrocyte/myelin damage within the pathologically relevant brain regions. Hence, the presented findings improve our current understanding of the molecular pathology of MPTP-induced parkinsonism within primate brains, and provide a basis for further research regarding the role of dysregulated sulfatide metabolism in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Kaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dominika Luptáková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yachao He
- Section of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theodosia Vallianatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Bjärterot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erwan Bezard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Per E Andrén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Dib L, Koneva LA, Edsfeldt A, Zurke YX, Sun J, Nitulescu M, Attar M, Lutgens E, Schmidt S, Lindholm MW, Choudhury RP, Cassimjee I, Lee R, Handa A, Goncalves I, Sansom SN, Monaco C. Lipid-associated macrophages transition to an inflammatory state in human atherosclerosis increasing the risk of cerebrovascular complications. Nat Cardiovasc Res 2023; 2:656-672. [PMID: 38362263 PMCID: PMC7615632 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is integral to cardiovascular health and disease. Targeting inflammation ameliorates adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Atherosclerosis, a major underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is conceptualised as a lipid-driven inflammation where macrophages play a non-redundant role. However, evidence emerging so far from single cell atlases suggests a dichotomy between lipid associated and inflammatory macrophage states. Here, we present an inclusive reference atlas of human intraplaque immune cell communities. Combining scRNASeq of human surgical carotid endarterectomies in a discovery cohort with bulk RNASeq and immunohistochemistry in a validation cohort (the Carotid Plaque Imaging Project-CPIP), we reveal the existence of PLIN2hi/TREM1hi macrophages as a toll-like receptor-dependent inflammatory lipid-associated macrophage state linked to cerebrovascular events. Our study shifts the current paradigm of lipid-driven inflammation by providing biological evidence for a pathogenic macrophage transition to an inflammatory lipid-associated phenotype and for its targeting as a new treatment strategy for CVD.
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Grants
- FS/18/63/34184 British Heart Foundation
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (Novo Nordisk Foundation)
- British Heart Foundation (BHF)
- Fondation Leducq
- European Commission (EC)
- Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research (KENN161701, KENN202101, KENN192004), Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre.
- Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)
- The Swedish Society for Medical Research, Crafoord foundation; The Swedish Society of Medicine, the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, Diabetes foundation, SUS foundation, Lund University Diabetes Center, The Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation, the Medical Faculty at Lund University and Region Skåne.
- Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research (KENN161701, KENN202101, KENN192004)
- Netcare-Physicians-Partnership trust
- Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning (Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research)
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Dib
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lada A. Koneva
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yasemin-Xiomara Zurke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiangming Sun
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mihaela Nitulescu
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Moustafa Attar
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Steffen Schmidt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, RNA Therapeutics Research, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Marie W. Lindholm
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, RNA Therapeutics Research, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Ismail Cassimjee
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Regent Lee
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashok Handa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabel Goncalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stephen N. Sansom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Lövfors W, Magnusson R, Jönsson C, Gustafsson M, Olofsson CS, Cedersund G, Nyman E. A comprehensive mechanistic model of adipocyte signaling with layers of confidence. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:24. [PMID: 37286693 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte signaling, normally and in type 2 diabetes, is far from fully understood. We have earlier developed detailed dynamic mathematical models for several well-studied, partially overlapping, signaling pathways in adipocytes. Still, these models only cover a fraction of the total cellular response. For a broader coverage of the response, large-scale phosphoproteomic data and systems level knowledge on protein interactions are key. However, methods to combine detailed dynamic models with large-scale data, using information about the confidence of included interactions, are lacking. We have developed a method to first establish a core model by connecting existing models of adipocyte cellular signaling for: (1) lipolysis and fatty acid release, (2) glucose uptake, and (3) the release of adiponectin. Next, we use publicly available phosphoproteome data for the insulin response in adipocytes together with prior knowledge on protein interactions, to identify phosphosites downstream of the core model. In a parallel pairwise approach with low computation time, we test whether identified phosphosites can be added to the model. We iteratively collect accepted additions into layers and continue the search for phosphosites downstream of these added layers. For the first 30 layers with the highest confidence (311 added phosphosites), the model predicts independent data well (70-90% correct), and the predictive capability gradually decreases when we add layers of decreasing confidence. In total, 57 layers (3059 phosphosites) can be added to the model with predictive ability kept. Finally, our large-scale, layered model enables dynamic simulations of systems-wide alterations in adipocytes in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lövfors
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Mathematics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- School of Medical Sciences and Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Rasmus Magnusson
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Jönsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mika Gustafsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charlotta S Olofsson
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Cedersund
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- School of Medical Sciences and Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elin Nyman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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9
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Jing X, Wu J, Dong C, Gao J, Seki T, Kim C, Urgard E, Hosaka K, Yang Y, Long S, Huang P, Zheng J, Szekely L, Zhang Y, Tao W, Coquet J, Ge M, Chen Y, Adner M, Cao Y. COVID-19 instigates adipose browning and atrophy through VEGF in small mammals. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1674-1683. [PMID: 36482111 PMCID: PMC9771808 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 frequently manifest adipose atrophy, weight loss and cachexia, which significantly contribute to poor quality of life and mortality1,2. Browning of white adipose tissue and activation of brown adipose tissue are effective processes for energy expenditure3-7; however, mechanistic and functional links between SARS-CoV-2 infection and adipose thermogenesis have not been studied. In this study, we provide experimental evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection augments adipose browning and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), which contributes to adipose atrophy and body weight loss. In mouse and hamster models, SARS-CoV-2 infection activates brown adipose tissue and instigates a browning or beige phenotype of white adipose tissues, including augmented NST. This browning phenotype was also observed in post-mortem adipose tissue of four patients who died of COVID-19. Mechanistically, high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the adipose tissue induces adipose browning through vasculature-adipocyte interaction. Inhibition of VEGF blocks COVID-19-induced adipose tissue browning and NST and partially prevents infection-induced body weight loss. Our data suggest that the browning of adipose tissues induced by COVID-19 can contribute to adipose tissue atrophy and weight loss observed during infection. Inhibition of VEGF signaling may represent an effective approach for preventing and treating COVID-19-associated weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jing
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jieyu Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caijuan Dong
- Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Egon Urgard
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kayoko Hosaka
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siwen Long
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Laszlo Szekely
- Department of Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuanting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minghua Ge
- Department of Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mikael Adner
- Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Naschberger A, Mosebach L, Tobiasson V, Kuhlgert S, Scholz M, Perez-Boerema A, Ho TTH, Vidal-Meireles A, Takahashi Y, Hippler M, Amunts A. Algal photosystem I dimer and high-resolution model of PSI-plastocyanin complex. Nat Plants 2022; 8:1191-1201. [PMID: 36229605 PMCID: PMC9579051 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) enables photo-electron transfer and regulates photosynthesis in the bioenergetic membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Being a multi-subunit complex, its macromolecular organization affects the dynamics of photosynthetic membranes. Here we reveal a chloroplast PSI from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that is organized as a homodimer, comprising 40 protein subunits with 118 transmembrane helices that provide scaffold for 568 pigments. Cryogenic electron microscopy identified that the absence of PsaH and Lhca2 gives rise to a head-to-head relative orientation of the PSI-light-harvesting complex I monomers in a way that is essentially different from the oligomer formation in cyanobacteria. The light-harvesting protein Lhca9 is the key element for mediating this dimerization. The interface between the monomers is lacking PsaH and thus partially overlaps with the surface area that would bind one of the light-harvesting complex II complexes in state transitions. We also define the most accurate available PSI-light-harvesting complex I model at 2.3 Å resolution, including a flexibly bound electron donor plastocyanin, and assign correct identities and orientations to all the pigments, as well as 621 water molecules that affect energy transfer pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Naschberger
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Laura Mosebach
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Victor Tobiasson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kuhlgert
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Annemarie Perez-Boerema
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thi Thu Hoai Ho
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - André Vidal-Meireles
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Yuichiro Takahashi
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-CREST, Saitama, Japan
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan.
| | - Alexey Amunts
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.
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11
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Pagliano S, Marschner DE, Maillard D, Ehrmann N, Stemme G, Braun S, Villanueva LG, Niklaus F. Micro 3D printing of a functional MEMS accelerometer. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:105. [PMID: 36133693 PMCID: PMC9482918 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices, such as accelerometers, are widely used across industries, including the automotive, consumer electronics, and medical industries. MEMS are efficiently produced at very high volumes using large-scale semiconductor manufacturing techniques. However, these techniques are not viable for the cost-efficient manufacturing of specialized MEMS devices at low- and medium-scale volumes. Thus, applications that require custom-designed MEMS devices for markets with low- and medium-scale volumes of below 5000-10,000 components per year are extremely difficult to address efficiently. The 3D printing of MEMS devices could enable the efficient realization and production of MEMS devices at these low- and medium-scale volumes. However, current micro-3D printing technologies have limited capabilities for printing functional MEMS. Herein, we demonstrate a functional 3D-printed MEMS accelerometer using 3D printing by two-photon polymerization in combination with the deposition of a strain gauge transducer by metal evaporation. We characterized the responsivity, resonance frequency, and stability over time of the MEMS accelerometer. Our results demonstrate that the 3D printing of functional MEMS is a viable approach that could enable the efficient realization of a variety of custom-designed MEMS devices, addressing new application areas that are difficult or impossible to address using conventional MEMS manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pagliano
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David E. Marschner
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damien Maillard
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ehrmann
- Hochschule Kaiserslautern, University of Applied Sciences, Informatik und Mikrosystemtechnik, Campus Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Göran Stemme
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Braun
- Hochschule Kaiserslautern, University of Applied Sciences, Informatik und Mikrosystemtechnik, Campus Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Luis Guillermo Villanueva
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Niklaus
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Banuazizi SAH, Houshang A, Awad AA, Mohammadi J, Åkerman J, Belova LM. Magnetic force microscopy of an operational spin nano-oscillator. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:65. [PMID: 35721373 PMCID: PMC9200774 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a powerful technique for studying magnetic microstructures and nanostructures that relies on force detection by a cantilever with a magnetic tip. The detected magnetic tip interactions are used to reconstruct the magnetic structure of the sample surface. Here, we demonstrate a new method using MFM for probing the spatial profile of an operational nanoscale spintronic device, the spin Hall nano-oscillator (SHNO), which generates high-intensity spin wave auto-oscillations enabling novel microwave applications in magnonics and neuromorphic computing. We developed an MFM system by adding a microwave probe station to allow electrical and microwave characterization up to 40 GHz during the MFM process. SHNOs-based on NiFe/Pt bilayers with a specific design compatible with the developed system-were fabricated and scanned using a Co magnetic force microscopy tip with 10 nm spatial MFM resolution, while a DC current sufficient to induce auto-oscillation flowed. Our results show that this developed method provides a promising path for the characterization and nanoscale magnetic field imaging of operational nano-oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Amir Hossein Banuazizi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Materials and Nanophysics, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afshin Houshang
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmad A. Awad
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Javad Mohammadi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johan Åkerman
- Materials and Nanophysics, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liubov M. Belova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Zerdes I, Simonetti M, Matikas A, Harbers L, Acs B, Boyaci C, Zhang N, Salgkamis D, Agartz S, Moreno-Ruiz P, Bai Y, Rimm DL, Hartman J, Mezheyeuski A, Bergh J, Crosetto N, Foukakis T. Interplay between copy number alterations and immune profiles in the early breast cancer Scandinavian Breast Group 2004-1 randomized phase II trial: results from a feasibility study. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:144. [PMID: 34799582 PMCID: PMC8604966 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that genomic alterations can shape immune cell composition in early breast cancer. However, there is a need for complementary imaging and sequencing methods for the quantitative assessment of combined somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) and immune profiling in pathological samples. Here, we tested the feasibility of three approaches-CUTseq, for high-throughput low-input SCNA profiling, multiplexed fluorescent immunohistochemistry (mfIHC) and digital-image analysis (DIA) for quantitative immuno-profiling- in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from patients enrolled in the randomized SBG-2004-1 phase II trial. CUTseq was able to reproducibly identify amplification and deletion events with a resolution of 100 kb using only 6 ng of DNA extracted from FFPE tissue and pooling together 77 samples into the same sequencing library. In the same samples, mfIHC revealed that CD4 + T-cells and CD68 + macrophages were the most abundant immune cells and they mostly expressed PD-L1 and PD-1. Combined analysis showed that the SCNA burden was inversely associated with lymphocytic infiltration. Our results set the basis for further applications of CUTseq, mfIHC and DIA to larger cohorts of early breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zerdes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michele Simonetti
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexios Matikas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luuk Harbers
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Balazs Acs
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ceren Boyaci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Zhang
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Agartz
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pablo Moreno-Ruiz
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yalai Bai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Artur Mezheyeuski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nicola Crosetto
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Theodoros Foukakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Shariatgorji R, Nilsson A, Fridjonsdottir E, Strittmatter N, Dannhorn A, Svenningsson P, Goodwin RJA, Odell LR, Andrén PE. Spatial visualization of comprehensive brain neurotransmitter systems and neuroactive substances by selective in situ chemical derivatization mass spectrometry imaging. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3298-3321. [PMID: 34075230 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecule-specific techniques such as MALDI and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging enable direct and simultaneous mapping of biomolecules in tissue sections in a single experiment. However, neurotransmitter imaging in the complex environment of biological samples remains challenging. Our covalent charge-tagging approach using on-tissue chemical derivatization of primary and secondary amines and phenolic hydroxyls enables comprehensive mapping of neurotransmitter networks. Here, we present robust and easy-to-use chemical derivatization protocols that facilitate quantitative and simultaneous molecular imaging of complete neurotransmitter systems and drugs in diverse biological tissue sections with high lateral resolution. This is currently not possible with any other imaging technique. The protocol, using fluoromethylpyridinium and pyrylium reagents, describes all steps from tissue preparation (~1 h), chemical derivatization (1-2 h), data collection (timing depends on the number of samples and lateral resolution) and data analysis and interpretation. The specificity of the chemical reaction can also help users identify unknown chemical identities. Our protocol can reveal the cellular locations in which signaling molecules act and thus shed light on the complex responses that occur after the administration of drugs or during the course of a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shariatgorji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elva Fridjonsdottir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole Strittmatter
- Imaging & Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Dannhorn
- Imaging & Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard J A Goodwin
- Imaging & Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luke R Odell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per E Andrén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Ronquist F, Kudlicka J, Senderov V, Borgström J, Lartillot N, Lundén D, Murray L, Schön TB, Broman D. Universal probabilistic programming offers a powerful approach to statistical phylogenetics. Commun Biol 2021; 4:244. [PMID: 33627766 PMCID: PMC7904853 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Statistical phylogenetic analysis currently relies on complex, dedicated software packages, making it difficult for evolutionary biologists to explore new models and inference strategies. Recent years have seen more generic solutions based on probabilistic graphical models, but this formalism can only partly express phylogenetic problems. Here, we show that universal probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) solve the expressivity problem, while still supporting automated generation of efficient inference algorithms. To prove the latter point, we develop automated generation of sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) algorithms for PPL descriptions of arbitrary biological diversification (birth-death) models. SMC is a new inference strategy for these problems, supporting both parameter inference and efficient estimation of Bayes factors that are used in model testing. We take advantage of this in automatically generating SMC algorithms for several recent diversification models that have been difficult or impossible to tackle previously. Finally, applying these algorithms to 40 bird phylogenies, we show that models with slowing diversification, constant turnover and many small shifts generally explain the data best. Our work opens up several related problem domains to PPL approaches, and shows that few hurdles remain before these techniques can be effectively applied to the full range of phylogenetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Ronquist
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Kudlicka
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktor Senderov
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Borgström
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Lartillot
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniel Lundén
- Department of Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas B Schön
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Broman
- Department of Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Ji Y, Xu W, Ding N, Yang H, Song H, Liu Q, Ågren H, Widengren J, Liu H. Huge upconversion luminescence enhancement by a cascade optical field modulation strategy facilitating selective multispectral narrow-band near-infrared photodetection. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:184. [PMID: 33298830 PMCID: PMC7603315 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since selective detection of multiple narrow spectral bands in the near-infrared (NIR) region still poses a fundamental challenge, we have, in this work, developed NIR photodetectors (PDs) using photon upconversion nanocrystals (UCNCs) combined with perovskite films. To conquer the relatively high pumping threshold of UCNCs, we designed a novel cascade optical field modulation strategy to boost upconversion luminescence (UCL) by cascading the superlensing effect of dielectric microlens arrays and the plasmonic effect of gold nanorods, which readily leads to a UCL enhancement by more than four orders of magnitude under weak light irradiation. By accommodating multiple optically active lanthanide ions in a core-shell-shell hierarchical architecture, developed PDs on top of this structure can detect three well-separated narrow bands in the NIR region, i.e., those centered at 808, 980, and 1540 nm. Due to the large UCL enhancement, the obtained PDs demonstrate extremely high responsivities of 30.73, 23.15, and 12.20 A W-1 and detectivities of 5.36, 3.45, and 1.91 × 1011 Jones for 808, 980, and 1540 nm light detection, respectively, together with short response times in the range of 80-120 ms. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the response to the excitation modulation frequency of a PD can be employed to discriminate the incident light wavelength. We believe that our work provides novel insight for developing NIR PDs and that it can spur the development of other applications using upconversion nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
| | - Nan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Hongwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
| | - Qingyun Liu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jerker Widengren
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haichun Liu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Ribet F, Wang X, Laakso M, Pagliano S, Niklaus F, Roxhed N, Stemme G. Vertical integration of microchips by magnetic assembly and edge wire bonding. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:12. [PMID: 34567627 PMCID: PMC8433299 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The out-of-plane integration of microfabricated planar microchips into functional three-dimensional (3D) devices is a challenge in various emerging MEMS applications such as advanced biosensors and flow sensors. However, no conventional approach currently provides a versatile solution to vertically assemble sensitive or fragile microchips into a separate receiving substrate and to create electrical connections. In this study, we present a method to realize vertical magnetic-field-assisted assembly of discrete silicon microchips into a target receiving substrate and subsequent electrical contacting of the microchips by edge wire bonding, to create interconnections between the receiving substrate and the vertically oriented microchips. Vertical assembly is achieved by combining carefully designed microchip geometries for shape matching and striped patterns of the ferromagnetic material (nickel) on the backside of the microchips, enabling controlled vertical lifting directionality independently of the microchip's aspect ratio. To form electrical connections between the receiving substrate and a vertically assembled microchip, featuring standard metallic contact electrodes only on its frontside, an edge wire bonding process was developed to realize ball bonds on the top sidewall of the vertically placed microchip. The top sidewall features silicon trenches in correspondence to the frontside electrodes, which induce deformation of the free air balls and result in both mechanical ball bond fixation and around-the-edge metallic connections. The edge wire bonds are realized at room temperature and show minimal contact resistance (<0.2 Ω) and excellent mechanical robustness (>168 mN in pull tests). In our approach, the microchips and the receiving substrate are independently manufactured using standard silicon micromachining processes and materials, with a subsequent heterogeneous integration of the components. Thus, this integration technology potentially enables emerging MEMS applications that require 3D out-of-plane assembly of microchips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ribet
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miku Laakso
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Pagliano
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niclas Roxhed
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Stemme
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Maugeri M, Nawaz M, Papadimitriou A, Angerfors A, Camponeschi A, Na M, Hölttä M, Skantze P, Johansson S, Sundqvist M, Lindquist J, Kjellman T, Mårtensson IL, Jin T, Sunnerhagen P, Östman S, Lindfors L, Valadi H. Linkage between endosomal escape of LNP-mRNA and loading into EVs for transport to other cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4333. [PMID: 31551417 PMCID: PMC6760118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics hold great promise for treating diseases and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent the most advanced platform for RNA delivery. However, the fate of the LNP-mRNA after endosome-engulfing and escape from the autophagy-lysosomal pathway remains unclear. To investigate this, mRNA (encoding human erythropoietin) was delivered to cells using LNPs, which shows, for the first time, a link between LNP-mRNA endocytosis and its packaging into extracellular vesicles (endo-EVs: secreted after the endocytosis of LNP-mRNA). Endosomal escape of LNP-mRNA is dependent on the molar ratio between ionizable lipids and mRNA nucleotides. Our results show that fractions of ionizable lipids and mRNA (1:1 molar ratio of hEPO mRNA nucleotides:ionizable lipids) of endocytosed LNPs were detected in endo-EVs. Importantly, these EVs can protect the exogenous mRNA during in vivo delivery to produce human protein in mice, detected in plasma and organs. Compared to LNPs, endo-EVs cause lower expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Maugeri
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandros Papadimitriou
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annelie Angerfors
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manli Na
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikko Hölttä
- Translational Biomarkers and Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pia Skantze
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Svante Johansson
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johnny Lindquist
- Translational Biomarkers and Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tomas Kjellman
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Östman
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lennart Lindfors
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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19
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Enroth S, Berggrund M, Lycke M, Broberg J, Lundberg M, Assarsson E, Olovsson M, Stålberg K, Sundfeldt K, Gyllensten U. High throughput proteomics identifies a high-accuracy 11 plasma protein biomarker signature for ovarian cancer. Commun Biol 2019; 2:221. [PMID: 31240259 PMCID: PMC6586828 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is usually detected at a late stage and the overall 5-year survival is only 30-40%. Additional means for early detection and improved diagnosis are acutely needed. To search for novel biomarkers, we compared circulating plasma levels of 593 proteins in three cohorts of patients with ovarian cancer and benign tumors, using the proximity extension assay (PEA). A combinatorial strategy was developed for identification of different multivariate biomarker signatures. A final model consisting of 11 biomarkers plus age was developed into a multiplex PEA test reporting in absolute concentrations. The final model was evaluated in a fourth independent cohort and has an AUC = 0.94, PPV = 0.92, sensitivity = 0.85 and specificity = 0.93 for detection of ovarian cancer stages I-IV. The novel plasma protein signature could be used to improve the diagnosis of women with adnexal ovarian mass or in screening to identify women that should be referred to specialized examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Enroth
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) Uppsala, Box 815, Uppsala University, SE-75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Berggrund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) Uppsala, Box 815, Uppsala University, SE-75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lycke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Broberg
- OLINK Proteomics, Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Lundberg
- OLINK Proteomics, Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Assarsson
- OLINK Proteomics, Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matts Olovsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Stålberg
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Sundfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) Uppsala, Box 815, Uppsala University, SE-75108 Uppsala, Sweden
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