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Gao L, Liu R, Luo D, Li K, Qi X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Cui H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang X. Avian Reovirus σA Protein Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Abrogating Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Activation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0178522. [PMID: 36511697 PMCID: PMC9888210 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) response is the first line of host-based innate immune defense against viral infections. However, viruses have developed multiple strategies to counter host IFN responses, so they may continue infecting hosts via effective replication. Avian reovirus (ARV), an RNA virus, causes viral arthritis or tenosynovitis in chickens. Previous studies have shown that ARV is highly resistant to the antiviral effects of IFN. However, the underlying mechanisms that enable ARV to block the IFN pathway remain unclear. In this study, we found that ectopic expression of ARV protein, σA, significantly inhibited the production of IFN-β induced by melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and poly(I·C). Knockdown of σA during ARV infection enhances the IFN-β response and suppresses viral replication. ARV σA inhibited the MDA5-mediated IFN-β activation by targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). Further studies demonstrated that σA interacts with IRF7, thereby blocking IRF7 dimerization and nuclear translocation, finally leading to the inhibition of IFN-β production. These findings reveal a novel mechanism that allows ARV to evade host antiviral immunity. IMPORTANCE ARV, the causative agent of viral arthritis or tenosynovitis in chickens, has a significant economic impact as it results in poor weight gain and increased feed conversion ratios. The MDA5-mediated IFN-β signal pathway plays an important role in host antiviral defense. Therefore, RNA viruses have developed mechanisms to counter this signaling pathway and successfully establish infection. However, the strategies adopted by ARV to block MDA5-IRF7 signaling remain unclear. In the current study, we demonstrated that ARV σA inhibits this pathway by binding to IRF7, which blocked IRF7 dimerization and nuclear translocation. Our findings may provide insights into how avian reovirus counteracts the innate antiviral immunity of the host to ensure viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Luo
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suyan Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Hsu CY, Chen YH, Huang WR, Huang JW, Chen IC, Chang YK, Wang CY, Chang CD, Liao TL, Nielsen BL, Liu HJ. Oncolytic avian reovirus σA-modulated fatty acid metabolism through the PSMB6/Akt/SREBP1/acetyl-CoA carboxylase pathway to increase energy production for virus replication. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109545. [PMID: 35998542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that the σA protein of avian reovirus (ARV) functions as an activator of cellular energy, which upregulates glycolysis and the TCA cycle for virus replication. To date, there is no report with respect to σA-modulated regulation of cellular fatty acid metabolism. This study reveals that the σA protein of ARV inhibits fatty acids synthesis and enhance fatty acid oxidation by upregulating PSMB6, which suppresses Akt, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), acetyl-coA carboxylase α (ACC1), and acetyl-coA carboxylase β (ACC2). SREBP1 is a transcription factor involved in fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Overexpression of SREBP1 reversed σA-modulated suppression of ACC1 and ACC2. In this work, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based genetically encoded indicator, Ateams, was used to study σA-modulated inhibition of fatty acids synthesis which enhances cellular ATP levels in Vero cells and human cancer cell lines (A549 and HeLa). By using Ateams, we demonstrated that σA-modulated inhibition of Akt, SREBP1, ACC1, and ACC2 leads to increased levels of ATP in mammalian and human cancer cells. Furthermore, knockdown of PSMB6 or overexpression of SREBP1 reversed σA-modulated increased levels of ATP in cells, indicating that PSMB6 and SREBP1 play important roles in ARV σA-modulated cellular fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, we found that σA R155/273A mutant protein loses its ability to enter the nucleolus, which impairs its ability to regulate fatty acid metabolism and does not increase ATP formation, suggesting that nucleolus entry of σA is critical for regulating cellular fatty acid metabolism to generate more energy for virus replication. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into σA-modulated inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and enhancement of fatty acid oxidation to produce more energy for virus replication through the PSMB6/Akt/SREBP1/ACC pathway.
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Xie L, Wang S, Xie Z, Wang X, Wan L, Deng X, Xie Z, Luo S, Zeng T, Zhang M, Fan Q, Huang J, Zhang Y, Li M. Gallus NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 interacts with viral σA and affects the replication of avian reovirus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108926. [PMID: 33223234 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our present study aimed to identify host cell proteins that may interact with avian reovirus (ARV) σA protein and their potential effect on ARV replication. The ARV structural protein σA has been demonstrated to suppress interferon production and confirmed to activate the PI3K/Akt pathway. However, host cell factors interacting with σA to affect ARV replication remain unknown. In current study, a cDNA library of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) was constructed, and host cell proteins interacting with σA were screened by a yeast two-hybrid system. We identified four candidate cellular proteins that interact with ARV σA protein. Among them, Gallus NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NME2) was further validated as a σA-binding protein through co-immunoprecipitation. The key interaction domain was identified at amino acids (aa) 121-416 in NME2 and at aa 71-139 in σA, respectively. We demonstrated that overexpression of NME2 substantially inhibited ARV replication. In addition silencing NME2 by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) resulted in marked enhancement of ARV replication. Our work has demonstrated that NME2 is a σA-binding protein that may affect ARV replication in CEF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Lijun Wan
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Minxiu Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine whether avian reovirus (ARV)
activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway
according to the PXXP or YXXXM motifs of σA and σNS proteins. Gene splicing by
overlap extension PCR was used to change the PXXP or YXXXM motifs of the σA and
σNS genes. Plasmid constructs that contain mutant σA and σNS genes were
generated and transfected into Vero cells, and the expression levels of the
corresponding genes were quantified according to immunofluorescence and Western
blot analyses. The Akt phosphorylation (P-Akt) profile of the transfected Vero
cells was examined by flow cytometry and Western blot. The results showed that
the σA and σNS genes were expressed in the Vero cells, and P-Akt expression in
the σA mutant groups (amino acids 110–114 and 114–117) was markedly decreased.
The results indicated that the σA protein of ARV activates the PI3K/Akt pathway
via the PXXP motif. The results of this study reveal the mechanisms by which ARV
manipulates the cellular signal transduction pathways, which may provide new
ideas for novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, PR China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, PR China
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, PR China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, PR China
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