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Scharmann U, Verhasselt HL, Kirchhoff L, Furnica DT, Steinmann J, Rath PM. Microbiological Non-Culture-Based Methods for Diagnosing Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in ICU Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2718. [PMID: 37627977 PMCID: PMC10453445 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13162718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients is crucial since most clinical signs are not specific to invasive fungal infections. To detect an IPA, different criteria should be considered. Next to host factors and radiological signs, microbiological criteria should be fulfilled. For microbiological diagnostics, different methods are available. Next to the conventional culture-based approaches like staining and culture, non-culture-based methods can increase sensitivity and improve time-to-result. Besides fungal biomarkers, like galactomannan and (1→3)-β-D-glucan as nonspecific tools, molecular-based methods can also offer detection of resistance determinants. The detection of novel biomarkers or targets is promising. In this review, we evaluate and discuss the value of non-culture-based microbiological methods (galactomannan, (1→3)-β-D-glucan, Aspergillus PCR, new biomarker/targets) for diagnosing IPA in ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Scharmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Hedda Luise Verhasselt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Lisa Kirchhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Dan-Tiberiu Furnica
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany (J.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Klinikum Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Rath
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany (J.S.)
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2
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Hage CA, Carmona EM, Evans SE, Limper AH, Ruminjo J, Thomson CC. Summary for Clinicians: Microbiological Laboratory Testing in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in Pulmonary and Critical Care Practice. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16:1473-7. [PMID: 31526275 DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201908-582CME] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Walsh TJ, Katragkou A, Chen T, Salvatore CM, Roilides E. Invasive Candidiasis in Infants and Children: Recent Advances in Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:E11. [PMID: 30678324 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews recent advances in three selected areas of pediatric invasive candidiasis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Although the epidemiological trends of pediatric invasive candidiasis illustrate a declining incidence, this infection still carries a heavy burden of mortality and morbidity that warrants a high index of clinical suspicion, the need for rapid diagnostic systems, and the early initiation of antifungal therapy. The development of non-culture-based technologies, such as the T2Candida system and (1→3)-β-d-glucan detection assay, offers the potential for early laboratory detection of candidemia and CNS candidiasis, respectively. Among the complications of disseminated candidiasis in infants and children, hematogenous disseminated Candida meningoencephalitis (HCME) is an important cause of neurological morbidity. Detection of (1→3)-β-d-glucan in cerebrospinal fluid serves as an early diagnostic indicator and an important biomarker of therapeutic response. The recently reported pharmacokinetic data of liposomal amphotericin B in children demonstrate dose–exposure relationships similar to those in adults. The recently completed randomized clinical trial of micafungin versus deoxycholate amphotericin B in the treatment of neonatal candidemia provides further safety data for an echinocandin in this clinical setting.
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Worasilchai N, Permpalung N, Chongsathidkiet P, Leelahavanichkul A, Mendoza AL, Palaga T, Reantragoon R, Finkelman M, Sutcharitchan P, Chindamporn A. Monitoring Anti-Pythium insidiosum IgG Antibodies and (1→3)-β-d-Glucan in Vascular Pythiosis. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e00610-18. [PMID: 29848566 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00610-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive treatment, vascular pythiosis has a mortality rate of 40%. This is due to delays in diagnosis and a lack of effective monitoring tools. To overcome this drawback, serum beta-d-glucan (BG) and P. insidiosum-specific antibody (Pi-Ab) were examined as potential monitoring markers in vascular pythiosis. A prospective cohort study of vascular pythiosis patients was carried out from January 2010 to July 2016. Clinical information and blood samples were collected and evaluated by the BG and Pi-Ab assays. Linear mixed-effect models were used to compare BG and Pi-Ab levels. The in vitro susceptibility test was performed with all P. insidiosum isolates from culture-positive cases. A total of 50 patients were enrolled: 45 survived and 5 died during follow-up. The survivors had a significantly shorter time to medical care (P < 0.0001) and a significantly shorter waiting time to the first surgery (P < 0.0001). There were no differences in BG levels among the groups at diagnosis (P = 0.33); however, BG levels among survivors were significantly lower than those of the deceased group at 0.5 months (P < 0.0001) and became undetectable after 3 months. Survivors were able to maintain an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) value (EV) of Pi-Ab above 8, whereas the EV among deceased patients was less than 4. In vitro susceptibility results revealed no synergistic effects between itraconazole and terbinafine. This study showed that BG and Pi-Ab are potentially valuable markers to monitor the disease after treatment initiation. An unchanged BG level at 2 weeks after surgery should prompt an evaluation for residual disease.
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Farhour Z, Mehraj V, Chen J, Ramendra R, Lu H, Routy JP. Use of (1→3)-β-d-glucan for diagnosis and management of invasive mycoses in HIV-infected patients. Mycoses 2018; 61:718-722. [PMID: 29855088 PMCID: PMC6175469 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLHIV) are highly vulnerable to invasive fungal infections (IFIs) due to their immune dysfunction. Diagnosis and treatment of IFIs remain challenging due to the requirement of deep tissue sampling to visualise and culture fungi before initiating treatment. Such techniques are less practical in resource‐limited settings due to their cost and requirement of relatively invasive procedures. Hence, identification of surrogate markers for the early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of IFIs is required. Recent studies have shown that (1→3)‐β‐d‐glucan (BDG), a major fungal cell wall antigen, represents a promising soluble marker for the presumptive diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of IFIs in HIV‐infected patients. Herein, we review findings on the merits of BDG assays in the diagnosis of IFIs and monitoring of antifungal therapies for PLHIV. Conversely to other types of immunocompromised patients, HIV infection is associated with gut damage and subsequent bacterial and fungal translocation leading to elevated BDG plasma levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farhour
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vikram Mehraj
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,CR-CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jun Chen
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Rayoun Ramendra
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, McCarthy MW, Kovanda LL, Zaw MH, Hussain K, Shaikh N, Maung BBW, Sekhon NK, Hope WW, Walsh TJ. Combination Therapy with Isavuconazole and Micafungin for Treatment of Experimental Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00305-17. [PMID: 28696236 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00305-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. We hypothesized that simultaneous inhibition of biosynthesis of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and (1→3)-β-d-glucan in the cell wall, respectively, by the antifungal triazole isavuconazole (ISA) and the echinocandin micafungin (MFG) may result in improved outcomes in experimental IPA in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Treatments included ISA at 20 mg/kg of body weight/day (ISA20), 40 mg/kg/day (ISA40), and 60 mg/kg/day (ISA60); MFG at 2 mg/kg/day (MFG2); combinations of ISA20 and MFG2, ISA40 and MFG2, and ISA60 and MFG2; and no treatment (untreated controls [UC]). The galactomannan index (GMI) and (1→3)-β-d-glucan levels in serum were measured. The residual fungal burden (number of CFU per gram) was significantly reduced in ISA20-, ISA40-, ISA60-, ISA20-MFG2-, ISA40-MFG2-, and ISA60-MFG2-treated rabbits compared with that in MFG2-treated or UC rabbits (P < 0.01). Measures of organism-mediated pulmonary injury, lung weights, and pulmonary infarct score were lower in ISA40-MFG2-treated rabbits than in rabbits treated with ISA40 or MFG2 alone (P < 0.01). Survival was prolonged in ISA40-MFG2-treated rabbits in comparison to those treated with ISA40 or MFG2 alone (P < 0.01). These outcome variables correlated directly with significant declines in GMI and serum (1→3)-β-d-glucan levels during therapy. The GMI correlated with measures of organism-mediated pulmonary injury, lung weights (r = 0.764; P < 0.001), and pulmonary infarct score (r = 0.911; P < 0.001). In summary, rabbits receiving combination therapy with isavuconazole and micafungin demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in the residual fungal burden, decreased pulmonary injury, prolonged survival, a lower GMI, and lower serum (1→3)-β-d-glucan levels in comparison to rabbits receiving isavuconazole or micafungin as a single agent.
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Salvatore CM, Chen TK, Toussi SS, DeLaMora P, Petraitiene R, Finkelman MA, Walsh TJ. (1→3)-β-d-Glucan in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Biomarker for Candida and Aspergillus Infections of the Central Nervous System in Pediatric Patients. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016; 5:277-86. [PMID: 26407252 PMCID: PMC6281134 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal infections of the central nervous system (FICNS) are important causes of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised pediatric patients. Standard diagnostic modalities lack the sensitivity for detecting and therapeutically monitoring these life-threatening diseases. Current molecular methods remain investigational. (1→3)-β-d-glucan (BDG) is a cell wall component found in several fungal pathogens, including Candida and Aspergillus spp. Detecting BDG in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be an important approach for detecting and therapeutically monitoring FICNS. To date, there has been no study that has investigated the effectiveness of CSF BDG as a diagnostic and therapeutic marker of FICNS in children. METHODS Serial BDG levels were measured in serum and CSF samples obtained from pediatric patients (aged 0-18 years) with a diagnosis of probable or proven Candida or Aspergillus CNS infection. RESULTS Nine cases of FICNS were identified in patients aged 1 month to 18 years. Two patients were infected with an Aspergillus species, and 7 patients were infected with a Candida species. All the patients at baseline had detectable BDG in their CSF. Among 7 patients who completed therapy for an FICNS, all elevated CSF BDG levels decreased to <31 pg/mL. At the time of this writing, 1 patient was still receiving therapy and continued to have elevated BDG levels. One patient died from overwhelming disseminated candidiasis. The lengths of therapy for these 9 children ranged from 2 weeks to 28 months. CONCLUSION The BDG assay is useful in diagnosing and therapeutically monitoring Candida and Aspergillus CNS infections in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Salvatore
- Division of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,Corresponding Author:
Christine M. Salvatore, MD, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, 505 E 70th St, 3rd Floor, Box 279, New York, NY 10065. E-mail:
| | - Tempe K. Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital Long Beach
| | - Sima S. Toussi
- Division of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
| | - Patricia DeLaMora
- Division of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
| | - Ruta Petraitiene
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center of Cornell University, New York
| | | | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center of Cornell University, New York,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical Center of Cornell University, New York
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8
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Del Principe MI, Sarmati L, Cefalo M, Fontana C, De Santis G, Buccisano F, Maurillo L, De Bellis E, Postorino M, Sconocchia G, Del Poeta G, Sanguinetti M, Amadori S, Pagano L, Venditti A. A cluster of Geotrichum clavatum (Saprochaete clavata) infection in haematological patients: a first Italian report and review of literature. Mycoses 2016; 59:594-601. [PMID: 27061932 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections, usually Aspergillus and Candida, represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with malignant haematological diseases, but in the last years rare fungal infections have more frequently been reported. Here, we report the clinical history of three patients affected with haematological malignancies who developed an infection caused by Geotrichum (G.) clavatum. Two out of three patients were affected by acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and one by mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). All patients received cytarabine-based chemotherapeutic regimens and developed G. clavatum infection within 3 weeks from therapy initiation. In all cases, G. clavatum was isolated from central venous catheter and peripheral blood cultures. In vitro susceptibility test confirmed an intrinsic resistance to echinocandins and, in all cases, visceral localisations (spleen, liver and lung) were documented by total body computed tomography (CT) scan. A prolonged antifungal therapy with high doses liposomal amphotericin-B was necessary to obtain fever resolution. Only the patient with MCL died while the other two AML recovered, and one of them after received an allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We consecutively reviewed all published cases of infection caused by G. clavatum. Our experience and literature review indicate that G. clavatum can cause invasive infection in haematological patients, mainly in those with acute leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ilaria Del Principe
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italia
| | - Mariagiovanna Cefalo
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
| | - Carla Fontana
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italia
| | - Giovanna De Santis
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
| | - Francesco Buccisano
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
| | - Luca Maurillo
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
| | - Eleonora De Bellis
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
| | - Massimiliano Postorino
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Sconocchia
- Istituto di Farmacologia Translazionale, Dipartimento di Medicina, CNR, Roma, Italia
| | - Giovanni Del Poeta
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
| | | | - Sergio Amadori
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
| | - Livio Pagano
- Istituto di Ematologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Adriano Venditti
- Cattedra di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italia
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Leelahavanichkul A, Pongpirul K, Thongbor N, Worasilchai N, Petphuak K, Thongsawang B, Towannang P, Lorvinitnun P, Sukhontasing K, Katavetin P, Praditpornsilpa K, Eiam-Ong S, Chindamporn A, Kanjanabuch T. (1→3)-β-d-Glucan and Galactomannan for Differentiating Chemical "Black Particles" and Fungal Particles Inside Peritoneal Dialysis Tubing. Perit Dial Int 2015; 36:402-9. [PMID: 26526048 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2014.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED ♦ BACKGROUND Aseptic, sheet-like foreign bodies observed inside Tenckhoff (TK) catheter lumens (referred to as "black particles") are, on gross morphology, hardly distinguishable from fungal colonization because these contaminants adhere tightly to the catheter. Detection of fungal cell wall components using (1→3)-β-d-glucan (BG) and galactomannan index (GMI) might be an alternative method for differentiating the particles. ♦ METHODS Foreign particles retrieved from TK catheters in 19 peritoneal dialysis patients were examined microscopically and cultured for fungi and bacteria. Simultaneously, a Fungitell test (Associates of Cape Cod, Falmouth, MA, USA) and a Platelia Aspergillus ELISA assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes-La-Coquette, France) were used to test the spent dialysate for BG and GMI respectively. ♦ RESULTS Of the 19 patients, 9 had aseptic black particles and 10 had fungal particles in their tubing. The fungal particles looked grainy, were tightly bound to the catheter, and appeared more "colorful" than the black particles, which looked sheet-like and could easily be removed by milking the tubing. Compared with effluent from patients having aseptic particles, effluent from patients with fungal particles had significantly higher levels of BG (501 ± 70 pg/mL vs. 46 ± 10 pg/mL) and GMI (10.98 ± 2.17 vs. 0.25 ± 0.05). Most of the fungi that formed colonies inside the catheter lumen were molds not usually found in clinical practice, but likely from water or soil, suggesting environmental contamination. Interestingly, in all 10 patients with fungal colonization, visualization of black particles preceded a peritonitis episode and TK catheter removal by approximately 1-3 weeks; in patients with aseptic particles, a 17-week onset to peritonitis was observed. ♦ CONCLUSIONS In all patients with particle-coated peritoneal dialysis tubing, spent dialysate should be screened for BG and GMI. Manipulation of the TK catheter by squeezing, hard flushing, or even brushing to dislodge black particles should be avoided. Replacement of the TK catheter should be suspended until a cause for the particles is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krit Pongpirul
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Navaporn Worasilchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanta Petphuak
- Kidney and Metabolic Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
| | - Bussakorn Thongsawang
- Kidney and Metabolic Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
| | - Piyaporn Towannang
- Peritoneal Dialysis Excellent Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok
| | | | - Kanya Sukhontasing
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pisut Katavetin
- Peritoneal Dialysis Excellent Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kearkiat Praditpornsilpa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Eiam-Ong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Talerngsak Kanjanabuch
- Kidney and Metabolic Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok Peritoneal Dialysis Excellent Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chen X, Siu KC, Cheung YC, Wu JY. Structure and properties of a (1→3)-β-D-glucan from ultrasound-degraded exopolysaccharides of a medicinal fungus. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:270-5. [PMID: 24721078 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A high molecular weight (MW) exopolysaccaride (EPS) fraction EPS1 was isolated from the fermentation broth of a medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1 and partially degraded by high-intensity ultrasound (US) into a lower MW fraction EPS1U. EPS1U exhibited a single, symmetric peak on size exclusion chromatography with an average MW of 730kDa by light scattering analysis. It had a much lower intrinsic viscosity (1.7 versus 15.6dL/g) but a much higher solubility in water (77.5 versus 5.1g/L) than EPS1. Based on methylation analysis and NMR spectrometry, the structure of EPS1U was deduced as a (1→3)-β-d-glucan with glucose side chains attached to O-6 position at the branching points. EPS1U showed a high moisture absorption capability comparable to chitosan and urea, suggesting its potential as a moisturizing agent for food and cosmeceutical application. This is the first report on a high MW (1→3)-β-d-glucan isolated from EPS produced by Cordyceps sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology in Shenzhen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Chai Siu
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology in Shenzhen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yi-Ching Cheung
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology in Shenzhen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology in Shenzhen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Lee SA, Liao CH. Size-selective assessment of agricultural workers' personal exposure to airborne fungi and fungal fragments. Sci Total Environ 2014; 466-467:725-732. [PMID: 23973538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous agents that cause human respiratory diseases. Very few studies have size-selectively assessed farmers' exposure to fungi and fungal fragments in agricultural settings. In this study, a two-stage bio-aerosol cyclone personal sampler was employed to collect airborne fungi and fungal fragments size-selectively at corn, swine, poultry, and mushroom farms. The collected air samples were analyzed for culturable fungi, fungal spores, viable fungi and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan. The results show that the median concentrations ranged from 3.2 × 10(5) to 1.3 × 10(8)spores/m(3) for total fungal spores, from 1.3 × 10(5) to 5.1 × 10(7)spores/m(3) for total viable fungi, from 1.9 × 10(3) to 1.5 × 10(7)CFU/m(3) for total culturable fungi, and from 4.3 × 10(3) to 2.4 × 10(6)pg/m(3) for total (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan. The aerodynamic sizes of most of the collected fungal contaminants were larger than 1.8 μm. Total (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan significantly correlated with total fungal spores (r = 0.65, p < 0.001), total viable fungi (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and total culturable fungi (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). Total (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan significantly correlated with Aspergillus/Penicillium, Alternaria, and Cladosporium. Alternaria and Botrytis were also found to highly correlate with (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan at the size <1 μm, which was less than the expected spore sizes (the mean measured aerodynamic sizes were 18.5 μm for Alternaria and 6.1 μm for Botrytis); therefore, Alternaria and Botrytis might release small fragments that could enter the deep lung and cause respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-An Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, No. 100, Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan, ROC.
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