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Fang Y, Yuan XD, Liu HH, Xiang L, Chen LM, Fan YC, Gao S, Wang K. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine may enhance the frequency of T regulatory cells from CD4 + naïve T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with chronic HBV infection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:177-185. [PMID: 33353450 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1866987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methylation pattern of gene modification is essential for the differentiation of T regulatory cells (Tregs) and 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine is a common inhibitor of methylation. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of Treg polarizing conditions and 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment in the differentiation of naïve T cells during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS The frequency of Tregs in peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry from patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (n = 51), liver cirrhosis (LC) (n = 47), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (n = 40) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 17). Gene expression were detected by qRT-PCR and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) Activity was also determined. RESULTS The frequency of Tregs and Foxp3 expression in peripheral blood from 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-treated groups were higher than that with acetic acid treatment as a control. Foxp3 mRNA and the frequency of Tregs derived from naïve CD4+T cells from peripheral blood of patients with HCC or LC were more pronounced compared with HCs. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine may have induced a more pronounced upward trend of PD-1 expression in HBV patients. CONCLUSIONS 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine mediated demethylation has potential effects on enhancing the differentiation of naïve T cells to Tregs in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yuan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui-Hui Liu
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - La-Mei Chen
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Chen Fan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Che F, Chen J, Dai J, Liu X. Inhibition of Multiple Myeloma Using 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine and Bortezomib-Loaded Self-Assembling Nanoparticles. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6969-6976. [PMID: 32848460 PMCID: PMC7425094 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s255682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to explore the use of self-assembling nanoparticles loaded with two chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Materials and Methods Nanoparticle systems were developed based on amine polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (NH2-PEG-PCL) to encapsulate 5-Aza-2ʹ-deoxycytidine and Bortezomib using the self-assemble method. Morphological changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the size, drug release, long-term stability, and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the effects of drug-loaded nanoparticles (PEG-PCL-DAC-BTZ) in inhibiting the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells (U266 and LP-1), and the TUNEL assay and Western blotting were used to measure the induction of cell apoptosis. Results Based on the diameter of NH2-PEG-PCL and PEG-PCL-DAC-BTZ, the drug-loaded nanoparticles were successfully prepared. TEM revealed that PEG-PCL-DAC-BTZ was spherically shaped. More than 90% of the drugs were released after 72 h, and PEG-PCL-DAC-BTZ maintained a good stability. U266 and LP-1 cells treated with PEG-PCL-DAC-BTZ showed the highest growth inhibition, release of ROS, and cell apoptosis compared to those treated with unloaded nanoparticles and chemotherapy drugs alone. Conclusion The drug-loaded nanoparticles are a good foundation for the treatment of multiple myeloma as they showed a slow release profile, good stability, and superior anti-cancer effects in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Che
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingying Dai
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchao Liu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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Tran DDH, Koch A, Allister A, Saran S, Ewald F, Koch M, Nashan B, Tamura T. Treatment with MAPKAP2 (MK2) inhibitor and DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-aza dC, synergistically triggers apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via tristetraprolin (TTP). Cell Signal 2016; 28:1872-1880. [PMID: 27619201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over 100 putative driver genes that are associated with multiple recurrently altered pathways were detected in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), suggesting that multiple pathways will need to be inhibited for any therapeutic method to be effective. In this context, functional modification of the RNA regulating protein, tristetraprolin (TTP) that regulates approximately 2500 genes represents a promising strategy in HCC therapy. Since overexpression of TTP induces cell death in all cell types, it would be useful to target the regulator of TTP. In this study, we applied an inhibitor to MAPKAP2 (MK2) that suppresses TTP function. Importantly, cBIOportal for HCC genomics shows that expression level of the MK2 gene correlates with clinical outcome of HCC. We show that upon treatment with MK2 inhibitor, all 5 HCC cell lines, namely HepG2, Huh7, Hep3B, HLE and HLF, reduced cell growth, especially HepG2 and Hep3B cells underwent apoptosis. Simultaneously, TTP target genes such as c-Myc, IER3 or AKT-1 were downregulated. Depletion of the TTP gene rescued cells from apoptosis and restored the TTP-target mRNA expression in the presence of MK2 inhibitor. Furthermore, MK2 was activated in primary HCC that express TTP at high level. The TTP gene was induced upon treatment with DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-aza dC or interferon in three other cell lines, Huh7, HLE or HLF. Upon treatment with MK2 inhibitor and 5-aza dC or interferon these cells underwent apoptosis. The depletion of TTP in these cells partially rescued them from apoptosis, suggesting that the MK2/TTP pathway plays a role in proliferation and maintenance of HCCs. Notably, under the same conditions human hepatocyte cells (THLE-2) did not undergo apoptosis. These data also suggest that MK2 inhibitor with 5-aza dC or interferon may be a useful tool for therapy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Duy Hai Tran
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Koch
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aldrige Allister
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Shashank Saran
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Ewald
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20256 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Koch
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20256 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Nashan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20256 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teruko Tamura
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
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