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Hameed S, Khan KM, Taslimi P, Salar U, Taskin-Tok T, Kisa D, Saleem F, Solangi M, Ahmed MHU, Rani K. Evaluation of synthetic 2-aryl quinoxaline derivatives as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:653-668. [PMID: 35568155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Variety of 2-aryl quinoxaline derivatives 1-23 were synthesized in good yields, by reacting 1,2-phenylenediamine with varyingly substituted phenacyl bromides in the presence of pyridine catalyst. All molecules 1-23 were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for their diverse biological potential against α-amylase (α-AMY), α-glucosidase (α-GLU), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Synthetic derivatives possess enhanced inhibitory potential against all enzymes at nanomolar concentrations. In particular, compound 14 was found much superior with IC50 = 294.35, 198.21, 17.04, and 21.46 nM against α-AMY, α-GLU, AChE, and BChE, respectively, as compared to standard inhibitors. Furthermore, selected potent compounds, including 3, 4, 8, 14, 15, 17, and 18, were subjected to molecular docking studies to decipher the binding energies and interactions of ligands (synthetic molecules) with all four target enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehryar Hameed
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Parham Taslimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Bartin University, 74100 Bartin, Turkey
| | - Uzma Salar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Tugba Taskin-Tok
- Gaziantep University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Gaziantep, Turkey; Gaziantep University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Dursun Kisa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bartin University, 74100 Bartin, Turkey
| | - Faiza Saleem
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Solangi
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassaan Uddin Ahmed
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Rani
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Shaha CM, Pandit RS. Biochemical and molecular changes mediated by plasticizer diethyl phthalate in Chironomus circumdatus (bloodworms). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 228:108650. [PMID: 31669664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasticizers are used as additives in making plastics. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is one of the majorly used plasticizers in various products. When plastic materials are dumped in an aquatic system, there is an increase in chances of DEP leaching out and getting deposited in water. Thus the current work focuses on studying the effect of DEP on the larval stages of Chironomus circumdatus. In this study it was found that there was an increase in lipid peroxidation levels indicating imposition of oxidative stress on these larvae due to the exposure of DEP. Changes in the levels of carbohydrates and lipids were also seen. To reduce these effects antioxidant defense system may get activated. Thus investigations showed an increase in enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and acetylcholinesterases (AchE) and decrease in the activity of glutathione reductase (GR). Nonenzymatic antioxidant glutathione levels were also increased during the post-recovery exposure period. Thus this indicates that both enzymatic, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants, play a certain role in reducing the stress mediated by DEP. Up-regulation of gene expression of heat shock protein70 (hsp70) was observed, which is one of the conserved protein produced during stress response in many dipterans. Changes in the level of expression of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene were also seen in DEP exposed larvae. Thus the insights give us a preliminary indication that physiological and developmental adaptations may take place in these organisms to persist in the DEP contaminated environment. CAPSULE: DEP mediated stress imposes changes in the metabolites and thus activation of antioxidant defense system in aquatic midges of Chironomus circumdatus. Changes in the expression of heat shock protein70 and ecdysone receptor was also seen indicating that DEP mediated stress affects at the molecular level also of the organism. These changes may help them to tolerate and live in DEP polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali M Shaha
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Radhakrishna S Pandit
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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Pereira BVR, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Costa MJ, Dos Santos ACA, do Carmo JB, Nunes B. Cholinesterases characterization of three tropical fish species, and their sensitivity towards specific contaminants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 173:482-493. [PMID: 30802737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterases are frequent targets for toxic effects, namely by insecticides derived from phosphoric and carbamic acids. This effects allows the use of cholinesterase inhibition as a biomarker for contamination of aquatic environments by these specific chemical agents. However, cholinesterases are differently responsive to environmental contaminants, according to their different forms and locations. In addition, cholinesterases seem also to be inhibited by metals, so their use as an environmental criterion requires the prior characterization of their specific forms in each species and tissues, and the study of their sensitivity. The objective of this study was to characterize the cholinesterase isoenzymes present in the brain and dorsal muscle of three tropical fish species, namely Phalloceros harpagos (Lucinda, 2008), Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855) and Astyanax altiparanae (Garutti and Britski, 2000). In vitro assays were conducted to quantify the effect of pesticides (dimethoate and carbaryl) and metals (lead and copper) on cholinesterases activity. Although acetylcholinesterase seems to be the most prevalent and abundant form, as commonly described in vertebrates, the here-obtained results showed that three cholinesterase isoenzymes occur in tissues of the three fish species. In addition, the pesticide carbaryl caused a stronger inhibition than dimethoate. Copper caused a significantly higher cholinesterasic inhibition than lead, which is also in line with most results concerning the anticholinesterasic effects by these metals. The here obtained results allowed to conclude that acetylcholinesterase is the predominant form in all tissues from the three analyzed species. In addition, cholinesterases of these three fish were responsive to common environmental contaminants, namely metals and pesticides, similarly to what was already described for fish of temperate areas. This allows using the here proposed fish species in environmental studies for the assessment of the presence of neurotoxicants under neotropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz V R Pereira
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine C M Silva-Zacarin
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica Jones Costa
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - André Cordeiro Alves Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Janaina Braga do Carmo
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Awan DA, Ahmad F, Saleem MA, Shakoori AR. Synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide and emamectin benzoate on enzymatic activities in resistant populations of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:14200-14213. [PMID: 30864036 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to grain protectants in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is a serious threat to international grain trade. Frequent and overdose application of chemical insecticides is becoming a serious health hazard and cause environmental pollution. Resistance management approaches by using various synergists along with novel compounds has become more imperative to increase efficacy of environmentally safe insecticides. We have evaluated piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and emamectin benzoate mixtures for management of resistant field populations of T. castaneum. The collected strains had demonstrated 50 to 200% resistance already developed against emamectin benzoate as compared with deltamethrin susceptible reference strain. The inclusion of PBO along with emamectin significantly reduced this resistance by at least 28% and the LC50 were lowered from 5.12 to 1.9 μg/ml with the highest synergism ration of 2.7 in resistant strain. Enzymatic assays clearly demonstrated that the specific activities of catalase and acetylcholinesterases were significantly decreased at an average of 80% and 60%, respectively, when PBO was included as a synergist at 1:2 ratio with emamectin benzoate. The results highlight the mechanism that renders the field population resistant to emamectin benzoate and suggests the synergistic role of piperonyl butoxide as a potent additive in grain protectants for resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud Ahmad Awan
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Mushtaq A Saleem
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rauf Shakoori
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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Nunes B, Resende ST. Cholinesterase characterization of two autochthonous species of Ria de Aveiro (Diopatra neapolitana and Solen marginatus) and comparison of sensitivities towards a series of common contaminants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:12155-12167. [PMID: 28353098 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of chemical contamination requires the use of well-established and validated tools, including biochemical markers that can be potentially affected by exposure to important environmental toxicants. Cholinesterases (ChEs) are present in a large number of species and have been successfully used for decades to discriminate the environmental presence of specific groups of pollutants. The success of cholinesterase inhibition has been due to their usefulness as a biomarker to address the presence of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides. However, its use in ecotoxicology has not been limited to such chemicals, and several other putative classes of contaminants have been implicated in cholinesterasic impairment. Nevertheless, the use of cholinesterases as a monitoring tool requires its full characterization in species to be used as test organisms. This study analyzed and differentiated the various cholinesterase forms present in two autochthonous organisms from the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) area, namely the polychaete Diopatra neapolitana and the bivalve Solen marginatus, to be used in subsequent monitoring studies. In addition, this study also validated the putative use of the now characterized cholinesterasic forms by analyzing the in vitro effects of common anthropogenic contaminants, such as detergents, pesticides, and metals. The predominant cholinesterasic form found in tissues of D. neapolitana was acetylcholinesterase, while homogenates of S. marginatus were shown to possess an atypical cholinesterasic form, with a marked preference for propionylthiocholine. Cholinesterases from D. neapolitana were generally non-responsive towards the majority of the selected chemicals. On the contrary, strong inhibitory effects were reported for ChEs of S. marginatus following exposure to the selected pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sara Teixeira Resende
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Abstract
Dementia is a broad term used to describe several chronic progressive neurological disorders that adversely affect higher mental functions including memory, language, behaviour, abstract thinking, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity and judgement. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia but other neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular disease and chronic infections such as syphilis can also lead to the clinical syndrome of dementia. Initial investigations should always focus on finding any treatable cause for dementia such as HIV, structural lesions such as subdural haematomas or specific nutritional deficiency states such as that due to vitamin B12 and treated appropriately. Where no treatable or reversible aetiology is found, a referral to a specialist should be considered who may initiate further investigations including magnetic resonance imaging or perfusion single-photon emission computerised tomography scans of the brain, and sometimes cerebrospinal fluid examination or an electroencephalogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Malek
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Greene
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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