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Norouzi M, Cabuk R, Balci GA, As H, Ozkaya O. Assessing Acute Responses to Exercises Performed Within and at the Upper Boundary of Severe Exercise Domain. Res Q Exerc Sport 2023; 94:1094-1100. [PMID: 36149826 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2117268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2 m a x ) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both V ˙ O 2 m a x and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The V ˙ O 2 m a x , corresponding power output (POVO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the V ˙ O 2 m a x (IHIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4-6 × 3-min at 95% of POVO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16-18 × 1-min at 105% of POVO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4-7 × 1-2-min at the IHIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at V ˙ O 2 m a x was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 ± 127 and 208 ± 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (~26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (~16 mmol·L-1) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol·L-1, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at IHIGH was successful to provide time spent at V ˙ O 2 m a x with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hakan As
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University
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Khazaei L, Parnow A, Amani-Shalamzari S. Comparing the effects of traditional resistance training and functional training on the bio-motor capacities of female elite taekwondo athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:139. [PMID: 37864229 PMCID: PMC10589965 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capabilities of the biomotors are essential to the success of the taekwondo athlete. This study aimed to compare eight weeks of functional training and traditional resistance on the bio-motor capacities of elite female taekwondo athletes. METHODOLOGY Seventeen elite taekwondo athletes (mean age = 21.7 years, mean height = 167.2 cm and mean weight = 60.8 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups: functional training (FT) and traditional resistance training (TRT). Participants trained for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, for 75-90 min. Aerobic power, anaerobic power, speed, reaction time, agility, muscle power, dynamic balance, flexibility, upper and lower body muscle strength, core and upper body muscle endurance, and blood lactate level were measured before and after training programs. RESULTS Non-significant differences were observed in all indicators between the FT and TRT groups (P > 0.05). Both groups showed significant improvement in time-related outcomes except for fatigue and flexibility (P > 0.05). There was significant progress in both groups in aerobic power, muscle power, speed, agility, reaction time, lower body strength, upper body strength, dynamic balance of the right leg, and dynamic balance of the left leg indices from pre to post-tests. The FT group displayed significant improvement in peak power (P = 0.006) and mean power (P = 0.015) from pre- to post-test. CONCLUSION Both interventions improved most biomotor abilities in elite female taekwondo athletes. It should be noted that since muscle power is vital for taekwondo, therefore, it is recommended to include FT in the taekwondo workout program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khazaei
- Sport-Biosciences Department, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Razi University, University Street, Kermanshah, 6414414874, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Parnow
- Sport-Biosciences Department, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Razi University, University Street, Kermanshah, 6414414874, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari
- Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Krause A, Walser N, Centner C, Memmert D, da Mota de Moreia I, Ritzmann R. Running with whole-body electromyostimulation improves physiological determinants of endurance performance - a randomized control trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:126. [PMID: 37794506 PMCID: PMC10548652 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and metabolic adaptations to an eight-week running intervention with whole-body electromyostimulation (wbEMS) compared to running without wbEMS. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), 59 healthy participants (32 female/ 27 male, 41 ± 7 years, rel.V̇O2max 40.2 ± 7.4 ml/min/kg) ran twice weekly à 20 min for eight weeks either with a wbEMS suit (EG) or without wbEMS (control group, CG). Before and after the intervention, (i) rel.V̇O2max, heart rate and time to exhaustion were recorded with an incremental step test with an incremental rate of 1.20 km/h every 3 min. They were interpreted at aerobic and (indirect) anaerobic lactate thresholds as well as at maximum performance. (ii) Resting metabolic rate (RQ) as well as (iii) body composition (%fat) were assessed. RESULTS Following the intervention, V̇O2max was significantly enhanced for both groups (EG ∆13 ± 3%, CG ∆9 ± 3%). Velocity was elevated at lactate thresholds and maximum running speed (EG ∆3 ± 1%, CG ∆2 ± 1%); HRmax was slightly reduced by -1 beat/min. No significant changes were observed for time until exhaustion and lactate. RQ was significantly enhanced following both trainings by + 7%. %fat was reduced for both groups (EG ∆-11 ± 3%, CG ∆-16 ± 5%), without any changes in body mass. Results did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS Both interventions had a positive impact on aerobic power. The rightward shift of the time-velocity graph points towards improved endurance performance. The effects of wbEMS are comparable to those after high-intensity training and might offer a time-efficient alternative to affect physiological and metabolic effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, ID DRKS00026827, date 10/26/21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krause
- Institute of Training and Computer Science, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Centner
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Training and Computer Science, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ivo da Mota de Moreia
- Institute of Training and Computer Science, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ramona Ritzmann
- Institute of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Mihailescu L, Chiriac PB, Mihailescu LE, Manolachi V, Potop V. Determining the capacity for effort and recovery of the elite soccer players specialized in different playing positions. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15477. [PMID: 37273546 PMCID: PMC10234270 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The capacity for effort and recovery in performance sports can be increased by means of modern methodological strategies. This capacity to recover after intense matches and training helps to determine the performance in soccer. Using the Yumeiho technique will accelerate the exercise capacity recovery of the soccer players specialized in central zone positions. Methods The research was conducted with the C.S. Internațional Bălești team, formed of 16 players, aged 19-37 years, divided into two groups: experimental group A, n = 8 with central area players and control group B, n = 8 with players from side zones. Measurement and assessment tests: determining lactic acid level (LAC) in blood; 60 m sprinting speed motor test (ST); anaerobic lactic exercise; Gacon Test for evaluating the aerobic power; VO2max test; Dorgo Test for determining the individual recovery capacity; Sleep Quality and Efficiency Index (PSQI) and sleep duration. Means used in the recovery strategy: easy running, static stretching, cryotherapy; Yumeiho therapy was applied only to group A to accelerate the recovery. Results The anaerobic lactic capacity was evaluated by 60 m sprint test at the beginning and the end of the research. The results highlight the increase of the sprinting speed by 0.08 s in group A (p < 0.001). The aerobic capacity evaluated by means of Gacon Test in both groups shows the value 23.7%, namely a well-prepared level (p < 0.001). VO2max value in the soccer players of group A shows 87.5% good aerobic power, while the players of group B have 50% good aerobic power (p < 0.001). The concentration of LAC after exercise has a higher value in group A (p > 0.05). The level of recovery after exercise is improved in both groups, with larger differences in group A (very good level, p < 0.001). The PSQI grew by 20.37% in group A and by 11% in group B. The sleep duration increased in both groups (p < 0.001). The results of the correlation analysis in the soccer players of group A highlight strong connections of 14.8% while in group B the value is 12.5%. Conclusion The assessment of effort capacity in soccer players specialized in different playing positions at the beginning and the end of the research highlights the increase of the anaerobic lactic effort and aerobic effort. This assessment also shows the improvement of the individual recovery capacity. A higher PSQI and the increase of sleep duration in both groups, with greater differences of group A were found, which determined their level of capacity for effort and recovery. The use of the Yumeiho technique in the program of post-exercise recovery accelerates the aerobic and anaerobic lactic effort capacity of the soccer players specialized in the central zone positions. It positively influences exercise capacity recovery in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Mihailescu
- Doctoral School of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
| | | | | | - Veaceslav Manolachi
- State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
- “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Vladimir Potop
- Doctoral School of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
- State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
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Daryanoosh F, Alishavandi H, Nemati J, Basereh A, Jowhari A, Asad-Manesh E, Oliveira R, Brito JP, Prieto-González P, García-Calvo T, Khoramipour K, Nobari H. Effect of interval and continuous small-sided games training on the bio-motor abilities of young soccer players: a comparative study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:51. [PMID: 37016403 PMCID: PMC10071664 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study compared the effects of two different small-sided game (SSG) training methods, interval (ISSG) and continuous (CSSG) on the bio-motor abilities of young soccer players. METHODS Sixteen young soccer players (age: 19.5 ± 0.5 years; height: 177 ± 4.72 cm) were ranked based on the result of a running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) and randomly divided into two groups: CSSG (n = 8) and ISSG (n = 8). The training protocols were performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Participants were assessed twice (pre- and post-intervention) to estimate their anaerobic capacity with the RAST, aerobic capacity with Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, body fat percentage with a bioimpedance analysis, speed with a 30-meter run test, and agility with the Illinois agility test. During the training session, the rating of the perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (mean and maximum) were recorded to assess the training load. RESULTS In general, aerobic and anaerobic capacities improved after ISSG (p < 0.05, for all). The between-group analysis with repeated measures ANOVA revealed higher values for ISSG than CSSG groups post-intervention in anaerobic power (p = 0.042, ηp2 = 0.264). In addition, the independent t-test results indicated that ISSG presented lower values of mean heart rate (p = 0.023, effect size [ES] = 0.85) and RPE (p < 0.05, ES = 0.88) than CSSG. Moreover, higher values for maximum heart rate were revealed for ISSG than for the CSSG group (p = 0.004, ES = 0.85). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the findings of this study suggests that ISSG can lead to better improvements in anaerobic power and aerobic capacity than CSSG. Additionally, the ISSG led to a lower mean heart rate and RPE than the CSSG. Therefore, coaches and trainers may want to consider incorporating ISSG into their training programs for young soccer players to enhance their bio-motor abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Daryanoosh
- Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Department of Sports Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Alishavandi
- Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Department of Sports Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Nemati
- Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Department of Sports Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aref Basereh
- Department exercise physiology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Jowhari
- Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Department of Sports Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Enayatollah Asad-Manesh
- Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Department of Sports Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior - Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, 2040-413, Portugal.
- Life Quality Research Centre, Rio Maior, 2040-413, Portugal.
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior - Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, 2040-413, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Rio Maior, 2040-413, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Pablo Prieto-González
- Sport Sciences and Diagnostics Research Group, GSD-HPE Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tomás García-Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain
| | - Kayvan Khoramipour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
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Balci GA, As H, Ozkaya O, Colakoglu M. Development potentials of commonly used high-intensity training strategies on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 302:103910. [PMID: 35405332 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reveal the development potentials of five high-intensity training models on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Following VO2max determination, maximal cardiac output (Qmax), maximal stroke volume (SVmax), and maximal arteriovenous O2 difference (a-vO2diff_max) were analysed. Short-interval- (short-HIIT), long-interval (long-HIIT), alternating work-rate continuous (alter-HIT), constant work-rate continuous (const-HIT), and sprint interval (SIT) sessions were performed on separate days with iso-effort and iso-time methods. Time spent (tspent) at > 95% of VO2max was the highest in long-HIIT (p < 0.05). The tspent at > 90% of Qmax was higher in alter-HIT than long-HIIT and SIT (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for tspent at > 90% of SVmax amongst high-intensity trainings. The tspent at > 90% of a-vO2diff_max was higher in short-HIIT and long-HIIT than other modalities (p < 0.05). It can be said that continuous modalities seem to have a higher potential to improve central part of VO2max, while interval modalities may be better to develop peripheral component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Aybars Balci
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Hakan As
- Department of Sports Health Sciences, Institution of Health Sciences, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ozkaya
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Colakoglu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Turkey.
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Teodoro JL, Izquierdo M, da Silva LXN, Baroni BM, Grazioli R, Lopez P, Fritsch CG, Radaelli R, Saez de Asteasu ML, Bottaro M, Farinha JB, Pinto RS, Cadore EL. Effects of long-term concurrent training to failure or not in muscle power output, muscle quality and cardiometabolic risk factors in older men: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Exp Gerontol 2020; 139:111023. [PMID: 32697957 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of concurrent training performed either with repetitions to failure or not to failure in muscle power, muscle quality (MQ), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and visceral fat in older men. This is an ancillary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. 36 older men (mean age ± SD; 67.1 ± 5.1 years) were randomized into three groups: one performing repetitions to failure (RFG, n = 13), another performing repetitions not to failure and 50% of the repetitions of the RFG (NFG, n = 12), and third performing repetitions not to failure with equal training volume of the RFG (ENFG, n = 11). The training was performed twice a week for 20 weeks at intensities ranging from 65 to 80% of maximal strength. In each session, the individuals started with strengthening exercises and then performed aerobic exercise (i.e., walking) on a treadmill. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to post-20 wk of absolute and relative muscle power output during squat and countermovement jump, ultrasound measurements for MQ using quadriceps echo intensity, and visceral fat thickness, as well as their VO2peak through a maximal incremental test on a treadmill. All training groups improved similarly and significantly jump height (ranging from 9 to 16%) and all their muscle power outcomes (mean change ranging from 2 to 7%) (P < .001). In addition, all groups significantly decreased visceral fat thickness (ranging from -11 to -21%) (P < .001), and significantly increased VO2peak (ranging from 4 to 8%) (P < .01), with no differences between groups. No changes were observed in the MQ outcomes. Concurrent training performed using repetitions to failure or not to failure promoted similar gains in the muscle power output, aerobic capacity, and visceral fat in healthy older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L Teodoro
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Larissa X N da Silva
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Baroni
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Grazioli
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Lopez
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina G Fritsch
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Régis Radaelli
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mikel L Saez de Asteasu
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Juliano Boufleur Farinha
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Balci GA, As H, Ozkaya O. Sigmoidal VO 2 on-kinetics: A new pattern in VO 2 responses at the lower district of extreme exercise domain. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 281:103507. [PMID: 32726644 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyse the VO2 on-kinetics belonging to the work rates within the lower district of extreme exercise domain. Maximal O2 utilisation and peak power outputs of eight well-trained cyclists were revealed by multisession trails. Critical threshold (CT) as the lower boundary of severe domain and aerobic limit power (ALP) as the upper boundary of severe domain were determined by multisession constant-load exercises. VO2 on-kinetics over time were best fitted by multicomponent exponential models described by an initial concave-up response known as cardio-dynamic phase (τ = 18.2 ± 2.88 s; a = 1.56 ± 0.39 L·min-1) before a primary concave-up phase (τ = 35.4 ± 12.4 s; a = 1.53 ± 0.36 L·min-1), and then a slow component in two of the participants (τ = 80.8 ± 37 s; a = 0.47 ± 0.05 L·min-1) or without a slow component in six of the participants during exercises performed at 50 W above the CT (R2≥0.96; SEE ≤ 0.24; p < 0.001). However, VO2 on-kinetics over time belonging to exercises performed at 50 W above the ALP were best fitted by sigmoidal model (R2≥0.98; SEE ≤ 0.14; p < 0.001) in comparison with linear (R2 = 0.37-0.66; SEE = 0.46-0.64; p < 0.01), or exponential functions (p> 0.05). Indeed, during those exercises, a short period of convex-up response (τ = 16.8 ± 3.1 s; a = 1.72 ± 0.39 L·min-1) was determined just before a concave-up primary phase in VO2 over time (τ = 24.6 ± 5.86 s; a = 1.31 ± 0.20 L·min-1). It was shown that multicomponent exponential trend in VO2 transformed into a sigmoidal shape, once the work rate exceeded the upper boundary of severe exercise domain.
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Aandstad A, Hageberg R. Reliability and Validity of a Maximal Treadmill Test for Predicting Aerobic Fitness in Norwegian Prospective Soldiers. Mil Med 2020; 184:e245-e252. [PMID: 30137599 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Norwegian armed forces reintroduced physical fitness testing of prospective conscript soldiers in 2011. Since then, a customized maximal treadmill test (MILMAX) has been used to screen aerobic fitness in 15-20,000 young Norwegian men and women annually. The aim of the current study was to investigate reliability and validity of the MILMAX test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-seven young Army recruits (including 11 women) participated in this method comparison study. The subjects completed the MILMAX test twice (test-retest), consisting of walking and running at increasing speed and inclination until voluntarily exhaustion. Performance was registered as exercise tolerance time (ETT). Later, the subjects performed a treadmill test of direct maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). All tests were conducted within 15 days. The study protocol was submitted to the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics for review, prior to study initiation. The Committee considered the study to be exempted from notification. The study was carried out according to the guidelines in the Declaration of Helsinki. RESULTS There was no significant mean difference in MILMAX ETT between test and retest. Test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.95 (0.91, 0.97), while 95% limits of agreement was ± 60 seconds. Regression analyses showed that MILMAX ETT and gender explained 78% of the variance in directly measured V̇O2max, and a prediction equation with these two independent variables was generated. The Pearson correlation coefficient between predicted and directly measured V̇O2max was 0.89 (0.83, 0.93), while limits of agreement was ± 5.6 mL·kg-1·min-1. CONCLUSIONS The MILMAX is equally reliable and valid compared with well-known maximal indirect tests like the 2-mile run and the 20-m shuttle run test, and may serve as an alternative indoor test of aerobic fitness in the military, in other potentially physically strenuous occupations, or in healthy civilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aandstad
- Section for Military Sport and Training, Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Norwegian Defence University College, Sentrum, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Hageberg
- Section for Military Sport and Training, Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Norwegian Defence University College, Sentrum, Oslo, Norway
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Amani-Shalamzari S, Khoshghadam E, Donyaei A, Parnow A, Bayati M, Clemente FM. Generic vs. small-sided game training in futsal: Effects on aerobic capacity, an aerobic power and agility. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:347-54. [PMID: 30894306 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare a 6-week conditioning training program based on Small Sided and conditioning game (SSG) and based on traditional and generic fitness the aerobic capacity, anaerobic power and agility of young futsal players. It was also aim of this study to compare the variations on the internal load markers (heart rate and perceived exertion) between both training programs. Twenty youth players (age: 18.6 ± 0.5 years old) were randomly assigned to SSG (n = 12) and generic fitness training (GFT) group (n = 8). Each group performed workouts with equal duration and intensities. Participants completed a VO2max treadmill test, the Wingate test and an agility test pre and post training period. Training heart rate and Rate Perceived Exertion (RPE) were used as internal load markers during the training program. There was a significant difference in training load (RPE) between two groups in all types of training but not in the heart rate. Despite significant improvements (p < .05) from pre to post tests in all measured indicators except minimum power, there was no significant changes between groups for agility, anaerobic, and aerobic parameters (p > .05). SSG-based program provided a similar heart rate stimulus on players comparing to GFT program and both programs meaningfully improved the fitness parameters of the young futsal players. Moreover, SSG-based program also resulted in better technical performance, thus representing an effective alternative to generic fitness training for the development of aerobic capacity and anaerobic power in futsal.
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Paglietti A. Limit to steady-state aerobic power of skeletal muscles. J Biol Phys 2018; 44:619-646. [PMID: 30280281 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-018-9510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Like any other kind of cell, muscle cells produce energy by oxidizing the fuel substrate that they absorb together with the needed oxygen from the surroundings. Oxidation occurs entirely within the cell. It means that the reactants and products of reaction must at some time be dissolved in the cell's cytosol. If a cell operates at steady state, its cytosol composition remains constant. Therefore, the cytosol in a muscle that produces work at steady state must contain a constant amount of fuel, oxygen, and product of reaction dissolved in it. The greater the power produced, the higher the concentration of these solutes. There is a limit, however, to the maximum amount of solutes that the cytosol can contain without damaging the cell. General thermodynamic arguments, which are reviewed in this paper, help relate this limit to the dehydration and overhydration limits of the cell. The present analysis shows that the same limits entail a limit to the maximum power that a muscle can produce at steady state. This limit depends on the composition of the fuel mixture used by the muscle. The analysis also determines the number of fuel carbon atoms that must be oxidized in parallel within a cell to produce a given power. It may well happen that a muscle cannot reach the maximum attainable power because it cannot activate all the parallel oxidation paths that are needed to produce it. This may be due to a series of reasons ranging from health issues to a lack of training. The paper shows how the methods of indirect calorimetry can provide all the experimental data needed to determine the actual number of parallel oxidation paths that at steady state must be active in a muscle in a given exercise. A diagram relating muscle power to the number of parallel oxidation paths and fuel composition is finally presented. It provides a means to assess the power capacity of animal muscles and can be applied to evaluate their fitness, stamina, margins for improvement, and athletic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paglietti
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123, Cagliari, Italy.
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Baumgart JK, Gürtler L, Ettema G, Sandbakk Ø. Comparison of peak oxygen uptake and exercise efficiency between upper-body poling and arm crank ergometry in trained paraplegic and able-bodied participants. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1857-1867. [PMID: 29936549 PMCID: PMC6105255 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and exercise efficiency between upper-body poling (UBP) and arm crank ergometry (ACE) in able-bodied (AB) and paraplegic participants (PARA). Methods Seven PARA and eleven AB upper-body trained participants performed four 5-min submaximal stages, and an incremental test to exhaustion in UBP and ACE. VO2peak was the highest 30-s average during the incremental test. Metabolic rate (joule/second = watt) at fixed power outputs of 40, 60, and 80 W was estimated using linear regression analysis on the original power-output-metabolic-rate data and used to compare exercise efficiency between exercise modes and groups. Results VO2peak did not significantly differ between UBP and ACE (p = 0.101), although peak power output was 19% lower in UBP (p < 0.001). Metabolic rate at fixed power outputs was 24% higher in UBP compared to ACE (p < 0.001), i.e., exercise efficiency was lower in UBP. PARA had 24% lower VO2peak compared to AB (p = 0.010), although there were no significant differences in peak power output between PARA and AB (p = 0.209). Conclusions In upper-body-trained PARA and AB participants, VO2peak did not differ between UBP and ACE, indicating that these two test modes tax the cardiovascular system similarly when the upper body is restricted. As such, the 19% lower peak power output in UBP compared to ACE may be explained by the coinciding lower efficiency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-018-3912-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kathrin Baumgart
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Smistadgrenda 11, 7026, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Laura Gürtler
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Smistadgrenda 11, 7026, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Smistadgrenda 11, 7026, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Smistadgrenda 11, 7026, Trondheim, Norway
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Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is an objective assessment of exercise capacity. It has become increasingly popular in clinical, research, and athletic performance settings. CPET allows for investigation of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and skeletal muscle systems during exercise-induced stress. The main variable of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) reflects the gold standard measure of exercise capacity. This chapter will describe the method of performing a graded maximal CPET with the Vmax 229 Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Instrument and CardioSoft program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Tran
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Dinardi RR, de Andrade CR, da Cunha Ibiapina C. Effect of the external nasal dilator on adolescent athleteswith and without allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 97:127-134. [PMID: 28483221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability to effectively breathe through the nose is an important component of physical exercise. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of the external nasal dilator (END) on healthy adolescent athletes and those with allergic rhinitis. METHODS Clinical trial, double-blind, crossover, in which we evaluated healthy adolescent athletes with allergic rhinitis, using experimental and placebo ENDs, submitted to a maximum cardio-respiratory test in randomized order. Predicted values for peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF%) and nasal resistance (NR) were obtained, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also assessed after the race test. RESULTS 65 adolescents participated in the study, 30 of whom had allergic rhinitis. The use of experimental ENDs demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in peak nasal inspiratory flow values (predicted %), nasal resistance, maximal oxygen uptake value (VO2Max.) and rating of perceived exertion, both in the healthy group and the one with allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSION Results suggested that END reduces nasal resistance, improves maximal oxygen uptake and rating of perceived exertion after a maximum cardio-respiratory test on healthy adolescents and those with allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Reis Dinardi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro de Andrade
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cássio da Cunha Ibiapina
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Maciejczyk M, Araźny A, Opyrchał M. Changes in aerobic performance, body composition, and physical activity in polar explorers during a year-long stay at the polar station in the Arctic. Int J Biometeorol 2017; 61:669-675. [PMID: 27624162 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in physical activity, aerobic performance, and body composition in polar explorers during a 1-year stay at the polar station. The study group consisted of 10 people, including 8 men and 2 women. Aerobic performance (maximal oxygen uptake), physical activity, body mass, and composition were evaluated for the polar explores of the Polish Polar Station prior to departure, and then during their stay at the station for a period of 1 year. The measurements were performed every 3 months. Compared to the measurements taken before going to the polar station, aerobic performance significantly (p = 0.02) increased in the first 3 months of residing at the polar station and then remained relatively stable for the following duration of the stay. In the first 3 months of the stay, we also observed the highest level of physical activity in participants. In the polar explorers, no significant (p > 0.05) body fatness changes were noted. Nonetheless, lean body mass, body mass, and BMI significantly increased compared to the measurements taken before departure to the polar station. The greatest changes in aerobic performance, physical activity, and body composition were observed during the first 3 months after arrival to the Arctic and then, despite changing biometeorological conditions, they remained stable for the next months of the stay. We recommend the introduction of a physical preparation program before departing to the polar station to improve explorers' physical fitness, so that they can meet the physical challenges they are faced with immediately after arrival to the polar station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Araźny
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Opyrchał
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
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Amano T, Fujii N, Louie JC, Meade RD, Kenny GP. Individual variations in nitric oxide synthase-dependent sweating in young and older males during exercise in the heat: role of aerobic power. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/6/e13208. [PMID: 28325791 PMCID: PMC5371569 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the association between aerobic power (defined by peak oxygen consumption; VO2peak) and the contribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to the sweating response in young and older individuals during exercise in the heat. Data from 44 young (24 ± 1 years) and 48 older (61 ± 2 years) males with mean VO2peak of 47.8 ± 2.4 (range, 28.0–62.3) and 39.1 ± 2.3 (range, 26.4–55.7) mLO2 kg−1 min−1, respectively, were compiled from our prior studies. Participants performed two 15‐ to 30‐min bouts of exercise at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production of 400 or 500 W, each separated by 15–20 min recovery in the heat (35°C, relative humidity of 20%). Forearm sweat rate (ventilated capsule technique) was measured at two skin sites that were continuously and simultaneously administered with lactated Ringers solution (Control) or 10 mmol/L NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME, nonselective NOS inhibitor) via intradermal microdialysis. Sweat rate during the final 5 min of each exercise bout was lower with L‐NAME compared to the Control in both groups (all P < 0.05). The magnitude of the attenuation in sweat rate induced by L‐NAME compared to the Control was not correlated with VO2peak (all P ≥ 0.46) while this attenuation was negatively correlated with the sweat rate at the Control in both groups and in both exercise bouts (all P < 0.01, R ≤ −0.43). These results suggest that NOS‐dependent sweating is not associated with aerobic power per se, while it becomes evident in individuals who produce larger sweat rates during exercise irrespective of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Amano
- Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Jeffrey C Louie
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert D Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Kalva-Filho CA, Campos EZ, Andrade VL, Silva A, Zagatto AM, Lima M, Papoti M. Relationship of aerobic and anaerobic parameters with 400 m front crawl swimming performance. Biol Sport 2015; 32:333-337. [PMID: 28479663 PMCID: PMC5394852 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1188611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to investigate the relationship of aerobic and anaerobic parameters with 400 m performance, and establish which variable better explains long distance performance in swimming. Twenty-two swimmers (19.1±1.5 years, height 173.9±10.0 cm, body mass 71.2±10.2 kg; 76.6±5.3% of 400 m world record) underwent a lactate minimum test to determine lactate minimum speed (LMS) (i.e., aerobic capacity index). Moreover, the swimmers performed a 400 m maximal effort to determine mean speed (S400m), peak oxygen uptake (V.O2PEAK) and total anaerobic contribution (CANA). The CANA was assumed as the sum of alactic and lactic contributions. Physiological parameters of 400 m were determined using the backward extrapolation technique (V.O2PEAK and alactic contributions of CANA) and blood lactate concentration analysis (lactic anaerobic contributions of CANA). The Pearson correlation test and backward multiple regression analysis were used to verify the possible correlations between the physiological indices (predictor factors) and S400m (independent variable) (p < 0.05). Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Significant correlations were observed between S400m (1.4±0.1 m·s-1) and LMS (1.3±0.1 m·s-1; r = 0.80), V.O2PEAK (4.5±3.9 L·min-1; r = 0.72) and CANA (4.7±1.5 L·O2; r= 0.44). The best model constructed using multiple regression analysis demonstrated that LMS and V.O2PEAK explained 85% of the 400 m performance variance. When backward multiple regression analysis was performed, CANA lost significance. Thus, the results demonstrated that both aerobic parameters (capacity and power) can be used to predict 400 m swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kalva-Filho
- Department of Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - E Z Campos
- Institute of Biosciences, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - V L Andrade
- Department of Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Asr Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A M Zagatto
- Departament of Physical Education, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - McS Lima
- Institute of Biosciences, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - M Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Limonta E, Rampichini S, Riboli A, Venturelli M, Cè E, Esposito F. Influence of acute passive stretching on the oxygen uptake vs work rate slope during an incremental cycle test. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2583-92. [PMID: 26433598 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of acute passive stretching on O2 uptake (VO2) vs work rate slope during a continuous incremental ramp exercise. METHODS On two different occasions, eight participants (age 23 ± 3 years; stature 1.71 ± 0.10 m; body mass 68 ± 8 kg; mean ± SD) performed two maximum incremental ramp tests on a cycle ergometer (25 W/min), with and without pre-exercise stretching. During tests, we measured VO2 and other metabolic and cardiorespiratory parameters on a breath-by-breath basis. The VO2 vs work rate slopes were calculated below (S 1) and above (S 2) the first ventilatory threshold (VET1). RESULTS With stretching: (1) peak VO2 did not change, while peak work rate decreased (P < 0.05, ES = -0.41; CI -1.40/-0.58); (2) in spite of a similar S 1, S 2 was steeper by about 11 % (P < 0.05; ES = 0.62; CI -0.38/-1.62). CONCLUSIONS Stretching reduced peak work rate and altered the [Formula: see text] vs work rate relationship above VET1 (S 2), without affecting peak VO2. The present findings have practical implications, questioning the use of stretching manoeuvres especially when peak work rate plays a key role in exercise performance.
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Das P, Chatterjee P. Aerobic capacity and hematological response to exercise: A study on school-going regularly exercising boys in two different air pollution zones. J Exerc Sci Fit 2015. [PMID: 29541106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise on aerobic power and hematological profile among trained school-going boys in an environment with similar climatic characteristics but different concentrations of air pollutants. Methods This trial comprised 40 school-going trained boys (age range 14-16 years) from West Bengal, India. Two places with similar climatic conditions (altitude, temperature, and humidity), but low and high concentrations of air pollutants were selected. Height and weight of all the participants were measured. Participants underwent a shuttle run test for assessment of aerobic capacity (VO2max) in both areas after a 1-week gap. Venous blood sample was drawn from the cubital vein immediately after completion of the shuttle run test and red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined by standard methods. Measured parameters were compared between the two areas. Results Compared with the area having low pollution levels, we obtained significantly lower value in mean VO2max, RBC count, Hb, PCV, and MCHC, but significantly higher value in WBC count and MCV in the area with high pollution levels. Performing exercise in high-polluted air may lead to a significant reduction in the performance level of school-going trained boys. Conclusion The study findings suggest that air pollution could have negative effects on the hematological profile of boys and longitudinal studies may be carried out for assessing its clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi Das
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Pinaki Chatterjee
- Office of the Secretary, Faculty Councils for Postgraduate Studies, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
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Ludyga S, Gronwald T, Hottenrott K. Effects of high vs. low cadence training on cyclists' brain cortical activity during exercise. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 19:342-7. [PMID: 25912908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As brain cortical activity depends on cadence, exercise at different pedaling frequencies could provide efficient stimuli for functional adaptations of the brain. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of cadence-specific training on brain cortical activity as well as endurance performance. DESIGN Randomized, controlled experimental trial in a repeated measure design. METHODS Male (n=24) and female (n=12) cyclists were randomly assigned to either a high cadence group (HCT), a low cadence group (LCT) or a control group (CON) for a 4 week intervention period. All groups performed 4h of basic endurance training per week. Additionally, HCT and LCT completed four cadence-specific 60min sessions weekly. At baseline and after 4 weeks subjects performed an incremental test with spirometry as well as an interval session (constant load; varying cadences) with continuous recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms. RESULTS In contrast to CON, HCT and LCT elicited similar improvements of maximal oxygen uptake and power at the individual anaerobic threshold. Additionally, there was a reduction of alpha-, beta- and overall-power spectral density in HCT, which was more pronounced at high cadences. Improvements of endurance performance were correlated with reductions of EEG spectral power at 90 and 120rpm. CONCLUSIONS Whereas high and low cadence training elicit similar improvements in endurance performance, brain cortical activity is especially sensitive to high cadence training. Its reduction can be interpreted in the sense of the neural efficiency hypothesis and might as well influence the sensation of central fatigue positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; Department of Sport Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; Department of Sport Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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Sawczyn S, Mishchenko V, Moska W, Sawczyn M, Jagiełło M, Kuehne T, Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Nowak R, Cięszczyk P. Strength and aerobic training in overweight females in Gdansk, Poland. Open Med (Wars) 2015; 10:152-162. [PMID: 28352690 PMCID: PMC5152975 DOI: 10.1515/med-2015-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of 16-week-training on rest metabolic rate, aerobic power, and body fat, and the post-exercise effects upon rest oxygen uptake and respiratory exchange ratio in overweight middle-aged females. Twenty nine overweight women (BMI 29.9 ± 1.2 kg*m-2) participated in training (3 days a week). The subjects were divided onto groups of aerobic (AT) and strength (ST) training. The results showed that the total body mass decrease and VO2 max increase did not differ in both groups. Decrease in waist circumference after 16 weeks was higher in the ST group. In the ST group fat-free mass increased during the first 8 weeks. Rest metabolic rate was increased significantly at 16th week compared to initial value in ST group only. Significant increase in post-exercise resting VO2 and respiratory exchange ratio at 12 and 36 h was observed after the strength training session only. Increase in rest metabolic rate and post-exercise rest energy expenditure occurred after strength training but not after aerobic training despite the similar increase in aerobic power. The effect of 8-16 weeks of strength training on body mass decrease was higher in comparison to aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Sawczyn
- Department of Sports Theory, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Viktor Mishchenko
- Department of Sports Theory, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Waldemar Moska
- Department of Sports Theory, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Sawczyn
- Department of Sports Theory, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marina Jagiełło
- Department of Sports Theory, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, 40 B Piastów Al., 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Nowak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paweł Cięszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland. Department of Health Promotion, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether greater and sustainable stroke volume (SV) responses may be obtained by exercise intensities corresponding to peak SV (SVpeak) vs. maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), and short vs. long intervals (SI vs. LI). Nine moderate- to well-trained male athletes competing at regional level specialists of cyclist, track and field volunteered to take part in the study (VO2max: 59.7 ± 7.4 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)). Following familiarisation sessions, VO2max was determined, and then SVpeak was evaluated using exercise intensities at 40%-100% of VO2max by nitrous-oxide rebreathing (N2ORB) method. Then each separate participant exercised wattages corresponding to individual VO2max and SVpeak during both SI (SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak)) and LI (LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak)) workouts on a cycle ergometer. Main results showed that both SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak) yielded greater SV responses than LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak) (p ≤ 0.05). Mean SV responses were greater in LI(SVpeak) than in LIVO2max (p ≤ 0.05), but there was no statistical difference between SI(SVpeak) and SIVO2max. However, there was significantly less physiological stress based on VO2, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and rate of perceived exhaustion in SVpeak than in [Formula: see text] intensities (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, SV responses at exercise phases increased in the early stages and remain stable until the end of SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak) workouts (p > 0.05), while they were gradually decreasing in LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak) sessions (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, if the aim of a training session is to improve SVpeak with less physiological stress, SI(SVpeak) seems a better alternative than other modalities tested in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Colakoglu
- a School of Physical Education and Sports, Coaching Education Department , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ozkaya
- a School of Physical Education and Sports, Coaching Education Department , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Gorkem Aybars Balci
- a School of Physical Education and Sports, Coaching Education Department , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Bulent Yapicioglu
- a School of Physical Education and Sports, Coaching Education Department , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
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Perroni F, Cignitti L, Cortis C, Capranica L. Physical fitness profile of professional Italian firefighters: differences among age groups. Appl Ergon 2014; 45:456-461. [PMID: 23849328 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters perform many tasks which require a high level of fitness and their personal safety may be compromised by the physiological aging process. The aim of the study was to evaluate strength (bench-press), power (countermovement jump), sprint (20 m) and endurance (with and without Self Contained Breathing Apparatus - S.C.B.A.) of 161 Italian firefighters recruits in relation to age groups (<25 yr; 26-30 yr; 31-35 yr; 36-40 yr; 41-42 yr). Descriptive statistics and an ANOVA were calculated to provide the physical fitness profile for each parameter and to assess differences (p < 0.05) among age groups. Anthropometric values showed an age-effect for height and BMI, while performances values showed statistical differences for strength, power, sprint tests and endurance test with S.C.B.A. Wearing the S.C.B.A., 14% of all recruits failed to complete the endurance test. We propose that the firefighters should participate in an assessment of work capacity and specific fitness programs aimed to maintain an optimal fitness level for all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Perroni
- School of Exercise and Sport Sciences (SUISM), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Piazza Bernini 12, Turin, Italy.
| | | | - Cristina Cortis
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Italy
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy
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24
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Hottenrott K, Ludyga S, Schulze S. Effects of high intensity training and continuous endurance training on aerobic capacity and body composition in recreationally active runners. J Sports Sci Med 2012; 11:483-488. [PMID: 24149357 PMCID: PMC3737930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of two different training programs (high-intensity-training vs. continuous endurance training) on aerobic power and body composition in recreationally active men and women and to test whether or not participants were able to complete a half marathon after the intervention period. Thirty-four recreational endurance runners were randomly assigned either to a Weekend-Group (WE, n = 17) or an After-Work- Group (AW, n = 17) for a 12 week-intervention period. WE weekly completed 2 h 30 min of continuous endurance running composed of 2 sessions on the weekend. In contrast, AW performed 4 30 min sessions of high intensity training and an additional 30 min endurance run weekly, always after work. During an exhaustive treadmill test aerobic power was measured and heart rate was continuously recorded. Body composition was assessed using bio-impedance. Following the intervention period all subjects took part in a half-marathon. AW significantly improved peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) from 36.8 ± 4.5 to 43.6 ± 6.5 [mL.min(-1).kg(-1)], velocity at lactate threshold (VLT) from 9.7 ± 2.2 to 11.7 ± 1.8 [km.h(-1)] and visceral fat from 5.6 ± 2.2 to 4.7 ± 1.9 In WE VO2 peak signifi-cantly increased from 38.8 ± 5.0 to 41.5 ± 6.0 [mL.min(-1).kg(-1)], VLT from 9.9 ± 1.3 to 11.2 ± 1.7 [km.h(-1)] and visceral fat was reduced from 5.7 ± 2.1 to 5.4 ± 1.9 (p < 0.01). Only the improvements of VO2 peak were significantly greater in AW compared with WE (pre/post group interaction: F=15.4, p = 0.01, η(2) = 0.36). Both groups completed a half marathon with no significant differences in performance (p = 0.63). Short, intensive endurance training sessions of about 30 min are effective in improving aerobic fitness in recreationally active runners. Key pointsContinuous endurance training and high intensity training lead to significant improvements of aerobic capacity and body compositionBoth training methods enable recreationally active runners to finish a half-marathonHigh intensity training is favorable to improve VO2 peak.
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Kargarfard M, Poursafa P, Rezanejad S, Mousavinasab F. Effects of exercise in polluted air on the aerobic power, serum lactate level and cell blood count of active individuals. Int J Prev Med 2011; 2:145-50. [PMID: 21811656 PMCID: PMC3143527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exercise on the aerobic power, serum lactate level, and cell blood count among active individuals in the environments with similar climatic characteristics differing in their level of air pollution. METHODS This trial comprised 20 volunteer students of Physical education in The University of Isfahan, Iran. Two places with the same climate (altitude, temperature, and humidity), but low and high level of air pollutants air were selected in Isfahan, Iran. Participants underwent a field Cooper test with a 12-minute run for fitness assessment. Then the aerobic power, serum lactate, and cell blood counts were measured and compared between the two areas. RESULTS The study participants had a mean (SD) age of 21.70 (2.10) years and body mass index (BMI) of 24.44 (2.32) Kg/m2. We found a significant decrease in mean Vo2 max, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, as well as significant increase in mean lactate level, white blood cell count and mean corpuscular volume in the higher-polluted than in the lower-polluted area. No significant difference was documented for other parameters as platelet counts or maximum heart rate. CONCLUSIONS Exercise in high-polluted air resulted in a significant reduction in the performance at submaximal levels of physical exertion. Therefore, the acute exposure to polluted air may cause a significant reduction in the performance of active individuals. The clinical importance of these findings should be assessed in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kargarfard
- Associate Professor, Department of Sport Physiology, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parinaz Poursafa
- Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Correspondence to: Parinaz Poursafa, MSc of Environmental Engineering, Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran & Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saber Rezanejad
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Mousavinasab
- Child Health Promotion Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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26
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Lamina S, Musa DI. Ergogenic effect of varied doses of coffee-caffeine on maximal aerobic power of young African subjects. Afr Health Sci 2009; 9:270-4. [PMID: 21503180 PMCID: PMC3074398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine one of the readily available stimulants consumed daily by more than 80% of the world's population, making it the most widely consumed drug in history. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different doses (5, 10 &15 mg.kg(-1)) of caffeine per kilogram body weight on maximal aerobic power of normal young black African (Nigerian) male adults. METHOD Twenty apparently healthy young male adults volunteers, participated. A repeated measure four randomized crossover (counter balanced) double blind design was used in data collection. Subjects engaged in 20 meter shuttle run test (20 MST) one hour post caffeine (5, 10 & 15 mg.kg(-1)) and placebo doses ingestion. Endurance performance index (VO(2) max, run time & number of exercise laps) were measured and recorded. RESULT Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the level of significant difference between caffeine doses and placebo dose in VO(2) max, run time and number of exercise laps. The result showed no significant effect of caffeine doses over placebo dose. CONCLUSION It was concluded that caffeine dose of up to 15mg/kg seems not to have any ergogenic effect on maximum aerobic power of young black African male adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikiru Lamina
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria.
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Clark NA, Edwards AM, Morton RH, Butterly RJ. Season-to-Season Variations of Physiological Fitness Within a Squad of Professional Male Soccer Players. J Sports Sci Med 2008; 7:157-65. [PMID: 24150149 PMCID: PMC3763342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine season-to-season variations in physiological fitness parameters among a 1(st) team squad of professional adult male soccer players for the confirmatory purposes of identifying normative responses (immediately prior to pre-season training (PPS), mid-season (MID), and end-of-season (EOS)). Test-retest data were collected from a student population on the primary dependent variables of anaerobic threshold (AT) and maximal aerobic power (VO2 max) to define meaningful measurement change in excess of test-retest technical error between test-to-test performances. Participants from a pool of 42 professional soccer players were tested over a set sequence of tests during the 3-year period: 1) basic anthropometry, 2) countermovement jump (CMJ) tests 3) a combined AT and VO2 max test. Over the 3-year period there were no test-to-test changes in mean VO2 max performance exceeding pre-defined limits of test agreement (mean of eight measures: 61.6 ± 0.6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)). In contrast, VO2 at AT was significantly higher at the MID test occasion in seasons 2 (+4.8%; p = 0.04, p < 0.05) and 3 (+6.8%; p = 0.03, p < 0.05). The CMJ tests showed a test-to-test improvement of 6.3% (best of 3 jumps) (p = 0.03, p < 0.05) and 10.3% (20-s sustained jumping test) (p = 0.007, p < 0.01) between PPS2 and MID2 and thereafter remained stable. Anthropometrics were unaffected. In summary, despite some personnel changes in the elite cohort between test-to-test occasions, VO2 max values did not vary significantly over the study which supports previous short-term observations suggesting a general 'elite' threshold of 60 ml·kg(-1) min. Interestingly, AT significantly varied where VO2 max was stable and these variations also coincided with on- and off-seasons suggesting that AT is a better indication of acute training state than VO2 max. Key pointsMaximal aerobic power remains fairly stable across inter- and intra-season measurements.Anaerobic threshold appears more sensitive of training state confirming our earlier observations.The professional players tended to attain optimal performances at the mid-season interval over the 3 seasons, presumably prior to the development of accumulative fatigue.
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