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Zhang H, Liu D, Duan Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Bai N, Zhou Q, Xu Z, Li L, Liu H. Alpha 2-Macroglobulin Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Based on 62 Studies. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:1351-1370. [PMID: 38143774 PMCID: PMC10741958 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between alpha 2-macroglobulin (A2M) gene and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been widely studied across populations; however, the results are inconsistent. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the association of A2M gene with AD by the application of meta-analysis. Methods Relevant studies were identified by comprehensive searches. The quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Allele and genotype frequencies were extracted from each of the included studies. Odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated using a random-effects or fixed-effects model. The Cochran Q statistic and I2 metric was used to evaluate heterogeneity, and Egger's test and Funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. Results A total of 62 studies were identified and included in the current meta-analysis. The G allele of rs226380 reduced AD risk (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.47-0.87, pFDR = 0.012), but carrier with the TT genotype was more likely to develop AD in Asian populations (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.12-2.19, pFDR = 0.0135). The V allele of the A2M-I/V (rs669) increased susceptibility to AD in female population (OR, 95% CI: 2.15, 1.38-3.35, pFDR = 0.0024); however, the II genotype could be a protective factor in these populations (OR, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.26-0.73, pFDR = 0.003). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the reliability of the original results. Conclusions Existing evidence indicate that A2M single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be associated with AD risk in sub-populations. Future studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Da Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Duan
- Department of Neurology, the People’s Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Bai
- Department of Neurology, the Sixth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyao Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Medical College of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linyan Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Criscitiello MF, Kraev I, Lange S. Deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and plasma of nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) - Novel insights into shark immunity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 92:249-255. [PMID: 31200072 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are phylogenetically conserved calcium-dependent enzymes which post-translationally convert arginine into citrulline in target proteins in an irreversible manner, causing functional and structural changes in target proteins. Protein deimination causes generation of neo-epitopes, affects gene regulation and also allows for protein moonlighting. Extracellular vesicles are found in most body fluids and participate in cellular communication via transfer of cargo proteins and genetic material. In this study, post-translationally deiminated proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are described for the first time in shark plasma. We report a poly-dispersed population of shark plasma EVs, positive for phylogenetically conserved EV-specific markers and characterised by TEM. In plasma, 6 deiminated proteins, including complement and immunoglobulin, were identified, whereof 3 proteins were found to be exported in plasma-derived EVs. A PAD homologue was identified in shark plasma by Western blotting and detected an expected 70 kDa size. Deiminated histone H3, a marker of neutrophil extracellular trap formation, was also detected in nurse shark plasma. This is the first report of deiminated proteins in plasma and EVs, highlighting a hitherto unrecognized post-translational modification in key immune proteins of innate and adaptive immunity in shark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Igor Kraev
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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Suzuki Y, Hashimoto K, Hoshi K, Ito H, Kariya Y, Miyazaki K, Sato M, Kawasaki Y, Yoshida M, Honda T, Hashimoto Y, Hosoya M. Ratio of Alpha 2-Macroglobulin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum: An Expression of Neuroinflammation in Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 98:61-67. [PMID: 31248670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy are life-threatening diseases in children. However, no laboratory examinations are performed for their early diagnosis and treatment. Alpha 2-macroglobulin (α2M) is a blood glycoprotein that increases during the early stages of inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the role of α2M levels in acute encephalitis and encephalopathy. METHODS We analyzed the cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, infection-related acute encephalopathy, febrile status epilepticus, and febrile seizure simplex type. Samples were collected from the pediatric department of hospitals throughout the Fukushima Prefecture between January 1, 1999, and May 31, 2012. RESULTS α2M levels in the cerebrospinal fluid were 4.7 (3.8-8.4) μg/mL for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 2.1 (1.1-2.3) μg/mL for infection-related acute encephalopathy, 1.1 (0.9-6.4) μg/mL for febrile status epilepticus, and 1.0 (0.8-1.1) μg/mL for febrile seizure simplex type. α2M levels in patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis were significantly higher than those in patients with infection-related acute encephalopathy and febrile seizure simplex type (P = 0.019 and P = 0.002, respectively). The ratio of α2M level in the cerebrospinal fluid to that in the serum in patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis was significantly higher than the ratio in patients with febrile status epilepticus (P = 0.04). In patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, α2M levels in the cerebrospinal fluid decreased with treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that α2M levels in the cerebrospinal fluid reflect the neuroinflammatory status of patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kyoka Hoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kariya
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kyohei Miyazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masatoki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kawasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Department of Human Life Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Nursing, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Doenhoff MJ, Modha J, Walker AJ. Failure of in vitro-cultured schistosomes to produce eggs: how does the parasite meet its needs for host-derived cytokines such as TGF-β? Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:747-757. [PMID: 31348959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
When adult schistosome worm pairs are transferred from experimental hosts to in vitro culture they cease producing viable eggs within a few days. Female worms in unisexual infections fail to mature, and when mature adult females are separated from male partners they regress sexually. Worms cultured from the larval stage are also permanently reproductively defective. The cytokine transforming growth factor beta derived from the mammalian host is considered important in stimulating schistosome female worm maturation and maintenance of fecundity. The means by which schistosomes acquire TGF-β have not been elucidated, but direct uptake in vivo seems unlikely as the concentration of free, biologically active cytokine in host blood is very low. Here we review the complexities of schistosome development and male-female interactions, and we speculate about two possibilities on how worms obtain the TGF-β they are assumed to need: (i) worms may have mechanisms to free active cytokine from the latency-inducing complex of proteins in which it is associated, and/or (ii) they may obtain the cytokine from alpha 2-macroglobulin, a blood-borne protease inhibitor to which TGF-β can bind. These ideas are experimentally testable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Doenhoff
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Jay Modha
- Modha Biomedical Ltd, 9B St Cuthberts Avenue, Great Glen, Leicester LE8 9EJ, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
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