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Andreyev AY, Yang H, Doulias PT, Dolatabadi N, Zhang X, Luevanos M, Blanco M, Baal C, Putra I, Nakamura T, Ischiropoulos H, Tannenbaum SR, Lipton SA. Metabolic Bypass Rescues Aberrant S-nitrosylation-Induced TCA Cycle Inhibition and Synapse Loss in Alzheimer's Disease Human Neurons. Advanced Science 2024; 11:e2306469. [PMID: 38235614 PMCID: PMC10966553 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism is associated with synaptic loss, the major pathological correlate of cognitive decline. Mechanistic insight for this relationship, however, is still lacking. Here, comparing isogenic wild-type and AD mutant human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cerebrocortical neurons (hiN), evidence is found for compromised mitochondrial energy in AD using the Seahorse platform to analyze glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Isotope-labeled metabolic flux experiments revealed a major block in activity in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (αKGDH)/succinyl coenzyme-A synthetase step, metabolizing α-ketoglutarate to succinate. Associated with this block, aberrant protein S-nitrosylation of αKGDH subunits inhibited their enzyme function. This aberrant S-nitrosylation is documented not only in AD-hiN but also in postmortem human AD brains versus controls, as assessed by two separate unbiased mass spectrometry platforms using both SNOTRAP identification of S-nitrosothiols and chemoselective-enrichment of S-nitrosoproteins. Treatment with dimethyl succinate, a cell-permeable derivative of a TCA substrate downstream to the block, resulted in partial rescue of mitochondrial bioenergetic function as well as reversal of synapse loss in AD-hiN. These findings have therapeutic implications that rescue of mitochondrial energy metabolism can ameliorate synaptic loss in hiPSC-based models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Andreyev
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Northeast Asia Institute of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Paschalis-Thomas Doulias
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Nima Dolatabadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Melissa Luevanos
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mayra Blanco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christine Baal
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ivan Putra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Northeast Asia Institute of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Chaves JCS, Dando SJ, White AR, Oikari LE. Blood-brain barrier transporters: An overview of function, dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and strategies for treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166967. [PMID: 38008230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain-barrier (BBB) has a major function in maintaining brain homeostasis by regulating the entry of molecules from the blood to the brain. Key players in BBB function are BBB transporters which are highly expressed in brain endothelial cells (BECs) and critical in mediating the exchange of nutrients and waste products. BBB transporters can also influence drug delivery into the brain by inhibiting or facilitating the entry of brain targeting therapeutics for the treatment of brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have shown that AD is associated with a disrupted BBB and transporter dysfunction, although their roles in the development in AD are not fully understand. Modulation of BBB transporter activity may pose a novel approach to enhance the delivery of drugs to the brain for enhanced treatment of AD. In this review, we will give an overview of key functions of BBB transporters and known changes in AD. In addition, we will discuss current strategies for transporter modulation for enhanced drug delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C S Chaves
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lotta E Oikari
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Wang L, Lu Y, Liu J, Wang S, Fei Z, Zhang K, Zhang D, Jin X. Gegen Qinlian tablets delay Alzheimer's disease progression via inhibiting glial neuroinflammation and remodeling gut microbiota homeostasis. Phytomedicine 2024; 128:155394. [PMID: 38569294 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current therapeutic agents for AD have limited efficacy and often induce undesirable side effects. Gegen Qinlian tablets (GGQLT) are a well-known clearingheat formula used in clinical treatment of inflammatory diseases. Based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, the strategy of clearing-heat is then compatible with the treatment of AD. However, it remains unknown whether GGQLT can exert neuroprotective effects and alleviate neuroinflammation in AD. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the anti-AD effects of GGQLT and to decipher its intricate mechanism using integrative analyses of network pharmacology, transcriptomic RNA sequencing, and gut microbiota. METHODS The ingredients of GGQLT were analyzed using HPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS. The AD model was established by bilateral injection of Aβ1-42 into the intracerebroventricular space of rats. The Morris water maze was used to evaluate the cognitive function of the AD rats. The long-term toxicity of GGQLT in rats was assessed by monitoring their body weights and pathological alterations in the liver and kidney. Reactive astrocytes and microglia were assessed by immunohistochemistry by labeling GFAP and Iba-1. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus were evaluated using ELISA kits, RT-PCR, and Western blot, respectively. The potential anti-AD mechanism was predicted by analyses of RNA-sequencing and network pharmacology. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were utilized to detect the phosphorylation levels of IκBα, NF-κB p65, p38, ERK and JNK. The richness and composition of gut bacterial and fungal microflora were investigated via 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. RESULTS Typical ingredients of GGQLT were identified using HPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS. GGQLT significantly improved the cognitive function of AD rats by suppressing the activation of microglia and astrocytes, improving glial morphology, and reducing the neuroinflammatory reactions in the hippocampus. RNA-sequencing, network and experimental pharmacological studies demonstrated that GGQLT inhibited the activation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways in the hippocampus. GGQLT could also restore abnormal gut bacterial and fungal homeostasis and no longer-term toxicity of GGQLT was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, for the first time, demonstrate GGQLT exhibit anti-AD effects and is worthy of further exploration and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 of Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ye Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 of Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jiamei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- The 1st Clinical Department, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zepeng Fei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 of Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 of Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 of Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 of Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Alqahtani T, Deore SL, Kide AA, Shende BA, Sharma R, Chakole RD, Nemade LS, Kale NK, Borah S, Deokar SS, Behera A, Dhawal Bhandari D, Gaikwad N, Azad AK, Ghosh A. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -An updated review. Mitochondrion 2023:S1567-7249(23)00051-X. [PMID: 37269968 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Misfolded proteins in the central nervous system can induce oxidative damage, which can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases in the mitochondria. Neurodegenerative patients face early mitochondrial dysfunction, impacting energy utilization. Amyloid-ß and tau problems both have an effect on mitochondria, which leads to mitochondrial malfunction and, ultimately, the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Cellular oxygen interaction yields reactive oxygen species within mitochondria, initiating oxidative damage to mitochondrial constituents. Parkinson's disease, linked to oxidative stress, α-synuclein aggregation, and inflammation, results from reduced brain mitochondria activity. Mitochondrial dynamics profoundly influence cellular apoptosis via distinct causative mechanisms. The condition known as Huntington's disease is characterized by an expansion of polyglutamine, primarily impactingthe cerebral cortex and striatum. Research has identified mitochondrial failure as an early pathogenic mechanism contributing to HD's selective neurodegeneration. The mitochondria are organelles that exhibit dynamism by undergoing fragmentation and fusion processes to attain optimal bioenergetic efficiency. They can also be transported along microtubules and regulateintracellular calcium homeostasis through their interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, the mitochondria produce free radicals. The functions of eukaryotic cells, particularly in neurons, have significantly deviated from the traditionally assigned role of cellular energy production. Most of them areimpaired in HD, which may lead to neuronal dysfunction before symptoms manifest. This article summarises the most important changes in mitochondrial dynamics that come from neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Finally, we discussed about novel techniques that can potentially treat mitochondrial malfunction and oxidative stress in four most dominating neuro disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | - Ritika Sharma
- University institute of pharma sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab.
| | - Rita Dadarao Chakole
- Government College of Pharmacy Vidyanagar Karad Dist Satara Maharashtra Pin 415124.
| | - Lalita S Nemade
- Govindrao Nikam College of Pharmacy Sawarde Maharashtra 415606.
| | | | - Sudarshana Borah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya Technocity, Ri-Bhoi District Meghalaya.
| | | | - Ashok Behera
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun,Uttarakhand.
| | - Divya Dhawal Bhandari
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014. India.
| | - Nikita Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, P.E.S. Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi, Pune-411044.
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Faculty of Pharmacy MAHSA University Bandar Saujana putra, 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
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Siddiqui A, Abidin SAZ, Shah ZA, Othman I, Kumari Y. Behavioural, genomics and proteomic approach to examine Alzheimer's disease in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 271:109636. [PMID: 37100105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Globally around 24 million elderly population are dealing with dementia, and this pathological characteristic is commonly seen in people suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite having multiple treatment options that can mitigate AD symptoms, there is an imperative call to advance our understanding of the disease pathogenesis to unfold disease-modifying treatments/therapies. To explore the driving mechanisms of AD development, we stretch out further to study time-dependant changes after Okadaic acid (OKA)-induced AD-like conditions in zebrafish. We evaluated the pharmacodynamics of OKA at two-time points, i.e., after 4-days and 10-days exposure to zebrafish. T-Maze was utilized to observe the learning and cognitive behaviour, and inflammatory gene expressions such as 5-Lox, Gfap, Actin, APP, and Mapt were performed in zebrafish brains. To scoop everything out from the brain tissue, protein profiling was performed using LCMS/MS. Both time course OKA-induced AD models have shown significant memory impairment, as evident from T-Maze. Gene expression studies of both groups have reported an overexpression of 5-Lox, GFAP, Actin, APP, and OKA 10D group has shown remarkable upregulation of Mapt in zebrafish brains. In the case of protein expression, the heatmap suggested an important role of some common proteins identified in both groups, which can be explored further to investigate their mechanism in OKA-induced AD pathology. Presently, the preclinical models available to understand AD-like conditions are not completely understood. Hence, utilizing OKA in the zebrafish model can be of great importance in understanding the pathology of AD progression and as a screening tool for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Siddiqui
- Neurological disorder and aging research group (NDA), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 43614, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neurological disorder and aging research group (NDA), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Kaumbekova S, Amouei Torkmahalleh M, Umezawa M, Wang Y, Shah D. Effect of carbonaceous ultrafine particles on the structure and oligomerization of Aβ 42 peptide. Environ Pollut 2023; 323:121273. [PMID: 36780974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pervasive air pollutants on human health is a growing concern in scientific communities. Among different air pollutants, ultrafine particles (UFPs; with aerodynamic diameter <100 nm) might pass through biological barriers and have a severe impact on human health, including early progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A significant fraction of UFPs consists of carbonaceous compounds, composed of elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC). While in-vivo experimental studies showed the neurotoxicity of typical OC and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the molecular interactions involved in the progression of AD remain unclear. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the impact of carbonaceous UFPs on the structure of the Aβ42 monomer and the oligomerization of four Aβ42 peptides, associated with the development of AD. For the simulations, a fullerene (C60) was used for the modeling of EC, while benzo [a]pyrene (B[a]P) was used for the modeling of OC. The results revealed that the presence of C60 accelerated the tetramerization of Aβ42 peptides by 2.5 times, while C60/B[a]P promoted the unfolding of the peptide monomer showing the strongest interactions with the Aβ42 monomer. Similarly, C60/4B[a]P decreased the number of helices in the secondary structure of the peptide monomer by 60%. The simplified UFP models in this study, promoted the early aggregation of peptides to dimers, suggesting the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samal Kaumbekova
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Dhawal Shah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
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Batra S, Jahan S, Ashraf A, Alharby B, Jawaid T, Islam A, Hassan I. A review on cyclin-dependent kinase 5: An emerging drug target for neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123259. [PMID: 36641018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is the serine/threonine-directed kinase mainly found in the brain and plays a significant role in developing the central nervous system. Recent evidence suggests that CDK5 is activated by specific cyclins regulating its expression and activity. P35 and p39 activate CDK5, and their proteolytic degradation produces p25 and p29, which are stable products involved in the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, a significant hallmark of various neurological diseases. Numerous high-affinity inhibitors of CDK5 have been designed, and some are marketed drugs. Roscovitine, like other drugs, is being used to minimize neurological symptoms. Here, we performed an extensive literature analysis to highlight the role of CDK5 in neurons, synaptic plasticity, DNA damage repair, cell cycle, etc. We have investigated the structural features of CDK5, and their binding mode with the designed inhibitors is discussed in detail to develop attractive strategies in the therapeutic targeting of CDK5 for neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides deeper mechanistic insights into the therapeutic potential of CDK5 inhibitors and their implications in the clinical management of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Xu Y, Wang S, Zhu P. Advances in the Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 18:154-162. [PMID: 35473516 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220426114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cells induced by somatic cells. It was found that differentiated cells could be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by the expression of the four transcription factors such as Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4. This technology can be applied to reprogramme the patient cells into iPSCs, which further be induced into research-required cells or tissues. Nowadays, a great number of reprogramming methods and various types of somatic cells can be used to produce iPSCs. The advancement of this technology provides a promising pathway to disease models building, drug development, and the corresponding cell-based therapy. Alzheimer's diseases (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) are complex diseases affected by many factors, including genetic and environmental factors. Until now, there are no effective treatments to reverse these diseases because the pathogenesis of these complex diseases is still not well understood. One important reason is that the existing disease model cannot fully recapitulate the pathologies of these multifactorial associated diseases and iPSCs have the potential to resolve this difficulty. In this review, we discuss the application progress of iPSCs in AD and PD, including disease modeling, drug development, and cellbased therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
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Michalowsky B, Hoffmann W, Mohr W, Rädke A, Xie F. Comparing the psychometric properties of EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L proxy ratings by informal caregivers and a health professional for people with dementia. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2022; 20:140. [PMID: 36199138 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-022-02049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among persons with dementia poses several challenges due to cognitive decline and limited perception. As a result, proxy ratings by family members or health professionals are used. The EQ-5D is the most commonly used generic and preference-based HRQoL instrument. Methodological drawbacks of the three-level version (EQ-5D-3L) prompted the development of the five-level version (EQ-5D-5L) by expanding the range in the domains. However, no comparison of the psychometric properties of both versions and different proxy ratings exist so far. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L by application of different proxy ratings in dementia. Methods The EQ-5D-3L and -5L were completed by n = 52 family caregivers and one care manager at baseline and three and six months later. In total, 106 caregiver and 133 care manager proxy ratings were completed. The EQ-5D-3L and 5L were evaluated in terms of acceptability (missing values), agreement, ceiling effects, redistribution properties and inconsistency, and informativity (Shannon, H', and Shannon Evenness, J', indices) as well as convergent and discriminative validity. Results Mean proxy index scores were higher for the 5L than the 3L. Missing values occurred less frequently in both proxy ratings and versions (< 1%). Agreement between both measures was high but higher in caregiver than care-manager ratings (ICC 0.885 vs. 0.840). The relative ceiling effect decreased from the 3L to the 5L, more intensively in the care-manager (75%) than the caregiver rating (56%). Inconsistency between both versions was low. Informativity increased from the 3L to the 5L version, nearly equally in both proxy ratings. The 5L also demonstrated a better discriminative ability and convergent validity than the 3L, especially in the caregiver rating. Conclusion Compared to the EQ-5D-3L, the EQ-5D-5L had higher feasibility and acceptability and was slightly superior by a reduction of ceiling effects and an improvement in informativity, discriminative ability and convergent validity. Proxy ratings by informal caregivers overall demonstrated better psychometric properties than professional care-manager ratings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12955-022-02049-y.
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Chen Z, Yuan Z, Yang S, Zhu Y, Xue M, Zhang J, Leng L. Brain Energy Metabolism: Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:24-36. [PMID: 36193573 PMCID: PMC9804080 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the brain. They have many important functions in the central nervous system (CNS), including the maintenance of glutamate and ion homeostasis, the elimination of oxidative stress, energy storage in glycogen, tissue repair, regulating synaptic activity by releasing neurotransmitters, and participating in synaptic formation. Astrocytes have special highly ramified structure. Their branches contact with synapses of neurons inwardly, with fine structure and wrapping synapses; their feet contact with blood vessels of brain parenchyma outward, almost wrapping the whole brain. The adjacent astrocytes rarely overlap and communicate with each other through gap junction channels. The ideal location of astrocytes enables them to sense the weak changes of their surroundings and provide the structural basis for the energy supply of neurons. Neurons and astrocytes are closely coupled units of energy metabolism in the brain. Neurons consume a lot of ATPs in the process of neurotransmission. Astrocytes provide metabolic substrates for neurons, maintain high activity of neuron, and facilitate information transmission of neurons. This article reviews the characteristics of glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism of astrocytes. The metabolic interactions between astrocytes and neurons, astrocytes and microglia were also detailed discussed. Finally, we classified analyzed the role of metabolic disorder of astrocytes in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlei Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Ziqi Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Shangchen Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Yufei Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Maoqiang Xue
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Lige Leng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
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Li J, Zhao L, Ding X, Cui X, Qi L, Chen Y. Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson disease: A Mendelian randomization study OSA, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson disease. Sleep Med 2022; 97:55-63. [PMID: 35724440 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether these associations are causal are still unsettled. In our study, we investigated the causal effects of genetically-predicted OSA on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS We implemented two-sample Mendelian randomization to judge causation using summary statistics from three independent and large genome-wide association studies on OSA (cases n = 16,761, controls n = 201,194), AD (cases n = 71,880, controls n = 383,378) and PD (cases n = 33,774, controls n = 449,056). Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with genome-wide significance associated with OSA served as instrumental variables. We prioritized the inverse variance weighted method when generating unconfounded estimates. Besides, MR-Egger regression, weighted mode, and weighted median methods were adopted as a supplement to the inverse variance weighted method. RESULTS We found no evidence supporting significant causal relationships between OSA and AD or PD among European population. The risk ratio of AD was 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.92,1.08]) and that of PD was 0.82 (95%CI [0.47, 1.40]). Results from alternative approaches were generally consistent with that of the inverse variance weighted method. CONCLUSION The present study found no evidence for causal associations between OSA and the risk of AD or PD in individuals of European ancestry.
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12
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Zhang X, Lin L, Li H, Xia W, Liu Q, Zhou X, Dong L, Fu X. Update on new trend and progress of the mechanism of polysaccharides in the intervention of Alzheimer's disease, based on the new understanding of relevant theories: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:720-738. [PMID: 35902016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset and progressive progression, is the main type of dementia. Currently, there is no specific cure for the disease. At the same time, a series of drug developments based on the classic theory, the Aβ cascade hypothesis, have not completed phase III clinical trials, challenging the hypothesis. Polysaccharides obtained from natural products can be used in the treatment of AD, which has attracted academic attention due to its advantages of multi-target, multi-channel, no or modest side effects. The TCM syndrome type of AD is mainly "qi and blood deficiency, kidney essence deficiency", and the medicine is mainly used to replenish qi and blood, kidney and bone marrow. Thus, there has been extensive and in-depth research on polysaccharides obtained from tonic Chinese herbal medicine in China. Based on this background, this paper evaluated the effects and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides on AD by combing and screening English and related literature in recent 5 years and summarized the extraction process and structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lizhen Lin
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hang Li
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Wenxin Xia
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Qiansong Liu
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xirong Zhou
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Aykac A, Sehirli AÖ. The Function and Expression of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters Proteins in the Alzheimer's Disease. Glob Med Genet 2021; 8:149-155. [PMID: 34877572 PMCID: PMC8635834 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite many years of research, radical treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has still not been found. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. AD is characterized by three main changes occurring in the central nervous system: (1) Aβ plaque accumulation that prevents synaptic communication, (2) the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins that inhibit the transport of molecules inside neurons, and (3) neuronal cell loss of the limbic system. Mechanisms leading to Aβ accumulation in AD are excessive Aβ production as a result of mutations in amyloid precursor protein or genes, and impairment of clearance of Aβ due to changes in Aβ aggregation properties and/or Aβ removal processes. Human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are expressed in astrocyte, microglia, neuron, brain capillary endothelial cell, choroid plexus, choroid plexus epithelial cell, and ventricular ependymal cell. ABC transporters have essential detoxification and neuroprotective roles in the brain. The expression and functional changes in ABC transporters contribute to the accumulation of Aβ peptide. In conclusion, the review was aimed to summarize and highlight accumulated evidence in the literature focusing on the changing functions of human ABC transporter members, in AD pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Aykac
- Department of Biophysics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ahmet Özer Sehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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14
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Lin E, Kuo PH, Lin WY, Liu YL, Yang AC, Tsai SJ. An association study in the Taiwan Biobank elicits three novel candidates for cognitive aging in old adults: NCAM1, TTC12 and ZBTB20. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18769-88. [PMID: 34285142 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine receptor-related loci have been suggested to be associated with cognitive functions and neurodegenerative diseases. It is unknown whether genetic variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the dopamine receptor-related loci could contribute to cognitive aging independently as well as by virtue of complicated interplays in the elder population. To assess whether SNPs in the dopamine receptor-related loci are associated with cognitive aging in the elder population, we evaluated SNPs in the DRD1, NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2, DRD3-LOC107986115-ZNF80-TIGIT-MIR568-ZBTB20, DRD4, and DRD5-SLC2A9 loci from 25,195 older Taiwanese individuals from the Taiwan Biobank. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was scrutinized for all participants, where MMSE scores were employed to evaluate cognitive functions. From our analysis, we identified three novel genes for cognitive aging that have not previously been reported: ZBTB20 on chromosome 3 and NCAM1 and TTC12 on chromosome 11. NCAM1 and ZBTB20 are strong candidates for having a role in cognitive aging with mutations in ZBTB20 resulting in intellectual disability, and NCAM1 previously found to be associated with associative memory in humans. Additionally, we found the effects of interplays between physical activity and these three novel genes. Our study suggests that genetic variants in the dopamine receptor-related loci may influence cognitive aging individually and by means of gene-physical activity interactions.
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15
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Küpeli Akkol E, Tatlı Çankaya I, Şeker Karatoprak G, Carpar E, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Capasso R. Natural Compounds as Medical Strategies in the Prevention and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders Seen in Neurological Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:669638. [PMID: 34054540 PMCID: PMC8155682 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.669638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are frequently encountered in many neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson diseases along with epilepsy, migraine, essential tremors, and stroke. The most common comorbid diagnoses in neurological diseases are depression and anxiety disorders along with cognitive impairment. Whether the underlying reason is due to common neurochemical mechanisms or loss of previous functioning level, comorbidities are often overlooked. Various treatment options are available, such as pharmacological treatments, cognitive-behavioral therapy, somatic interventions, or electroconvulsive therapy. However oral antidepressant therapy may have some disadvantages, such as interaction with other medications, low tolerability due to side effects, and low efficiency. Natural compounds of plant origin are extensively researched to find a better and safer alternative treatment. Experimental studies have shown that phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids as well as lipids have significant potential in in vitro and in vivo models of psychiatric disorders. In this review, various efficacy of natural products in in vitro and in vivo studies on neuroprotective and their roles in psychiatric disorders are examined and their neuro-therapeutic potentials are shed light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irem Tatlı Çankaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Elif Carpar
- Department of Psychiatry, Private French La Paix Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Potici, Italy
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16
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Wang R, Qiu C, Dintica CS, Shang Y, Calderón Larrañaga A, Wang HX, Xu W. Shared risk and protective factors between Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke: A population-based longitudinal study. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:191-204. [PMID: 33527694 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke, especially ischemic stroke's (IS) link with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. METHODS This prospective cohort study included 2459 AD- and cerebrovascular disease-free older adults at baseline (mean age 71.9 ± 10.3 years, Stockholm, Sweden). Using Cox regressions, shared risk factors (SRFs) and shared protective factors (SPFs) between AD and IS were recognized when their hazard ratios in both AD and IS models were significant and in the same direction. RESULTS During the follow-up period of up to 15 years, 132 AD and 260 IS mutually exclusive cases were identified. SRFs were low education, sedentary lifestyle, and heart diseases. High levels of psychological well-being, actively engaging in leisure activities, and a rich social network were SPFs. Having ≥1 SPF reduced 47% of AD and 28% of IS risk among people with a low risk profile (<2 SRFs), and 38% of AD and 31% of IS risk with a high risk profile (≥2 SRFs). In total, 57.8% of AD/IS cases could be prevented if individuals have ≥1 SPF and no SRF. DISCUSSION AD and IS share risk/protective profiles, and SPFs seem to counteract the adverse effects of SRFs on both AD and IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine and Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chengxuan Qiu
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina S Dintica
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ying Shang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amaia Calderón Larrañaga
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui-Xin Wang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weili Xu
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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17
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Hu W, Pan D, Wang Y, Bao W, Zuo C, Guan Y, Hua F, Yang M, Zhao J. PET Imaging for Dynamically Monitoring Neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 Mouse Model Using [ 18F]DPA714. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:810. [PMID: 33132817 PMCID: PMC7550671 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia play an increasingly important role. Molecular imaging of neuroinflammatory targeting microglia activation and the high expression of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) has become a hot topic of research in recent years. Dynamic monitoring neuroinflammation is crucial for discovering the best time point of anti-inflammatory therapy. Motivated by this, Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in an APP/PS1 mouse model of AD, using 18F-labeled DPA-714 to monitor microglia activation and neuroinflammation, were performed in this paper. Methods: We prepared [18F]DPA714 and tested the biological characteristics of the molecular probe in normal mice. To obtain a higher radiochemical yield, we improved the [18F]-fluorination conditions in the precursor dosage, reaction temperature, and synthesis time. We performed [18F]DPA714 PET scanning on APP/PS1 mice at 6-7, 9-10, 12-13, and 15-16 months of age, respectively. The same experiments were conducted in Wild-type (Wt) mice as a control. Referring to the [18F]DPA714 concentrated situation in the brain, we performed blocking experiments with PK11195 (1 mg/kg) in 12-13-months-old APP/PS1 mice to confirm the specificity of [18F]DPA714 for TSPO in the APP/PS1 mice. Reconstructed brain PET images, fused with the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) template atlas, and the volumes of interests (VOIs) of the hippocampus and cortex were determined. The distribution of [18F]DPA714 in the brain tissues of 15-16-months-old APP/PS1 and Wt mice were studied by immunofluorescence staining. Results: Through the reaction of 18F, with 2 mg precursor dissolved in 300 ul acetonitrile at 105°C for 10 min, we obtained the optimal radiochemical yield of 42.3 ± 5.1% (non-decay correction). Quantitative analysis of brain PET images showed that the [18F]DPA714 uptake in the cortex and hippocampus of 12-13-months-old APP/PS1 mice was higher than that of the control mice of the same age (cortex/muscle: 2.77 ± 0.13 vs. 1.93 ± 0.32, p = 0.0014; hippocampus/muscle: 3.33 ± 0.10 vs. 2.10 ± 0.35, p = 0.0008). The same significant difference was found between 15- and 16-months-old APP/PS1 mice (cortex/muscle: 2.64 ± 0.14 vs. 1.86 ± 0.52, p=0.0159; hippocampus/muscle: 2.89 ± 0.53 vs. 1.77 ± 0.48, p = 0.0050). Immunofluorescence staining showed that the activation of microglia and the level of TSPO expression in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than Wt mice. Conclusion: [18F]DPA714, a molecular probe for targeting TSPO, showed great potential in monitoring microglia activation and neuroinflammation, which can be helpful in discovering the best time point for anti-inflammatory therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, China
| | - Yalin Wang
- State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Bao
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuantao Zuo
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengchun Hua
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Adefegha SA, Okeke BM, Oboh G. Antioxidant properties of eugenol, butylated hydroxylanisole, and butylated hydroxyl toluene with key biomolecules relevant to Alzheimer's diseases-In vitro. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13276. [PMID: 32458455 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This research work examined and likened effect of eugenol a natural phenolic compound with butylated hydroxylanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) synthetic phenolic compounds with key biomolecules [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and monoamine oxidase (MAO)] relevant to Alzheimer's diseases (AD) in vitro. Ten millimolar each sample was prepared in a mixture of ethanol and water (1:1 v/v), and the interactions with AChE, BChE, and MAO were evaluated. Still, ferric reducing antioxidant property, ABTS radicals scavenging ability and lipid peroxidation were carried out. The results revealed eugenol, BHT, and BHA inhibited AChE, BChE, and MAO activities dose-dependently. Though, eugenol had greater inhibitory effect against AChE and BChE activities. Also, eugenol demonstrated higher antioxidant potential compared to BHT and BHA. The potent enzymatic inhibitory and antioxidant effects of eugenol indicate eugenol could be promising as an alternative food additive and neuromodulator in AD management. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: BHT and BHA are synthetic antioxidant employed industrially as food preservative. BHT and BHA are employed in food packaging, drugs, and cosmetics. Although BHT and BHA are widely in use but have been found were associated with alteration in sleeping, induced changes in brain serotonin and norepinephrine levels with increased cholinesterase activity. Endocrine disrupting effects, reproductive disorder is more side effects associated with the use of BHT and BHA. However, eugenol a natural compound found in plants compares favorably with BHT and BHA as antioxidant with many more health promoting benefits such as neuroprotective effects, antiapoptotic effects, and prevent aluminum toxicity. Eugenol being a natural antioxidant with no side effects showing more promising effects over the synthetic phenolic compounds and could be an alternative for the BHT and BHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Adefegha
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Bathlomew M Okeke
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
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Sharma A, Weber D, Raupbach J, Dakal TC, Fließbach K, Ramirez A, Grune T, Wüllner U. Advanced glycation end products and protein carbonyl levels in plasma reveal sex-specific differences in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101546. [PMID: 32460130 PMCID: PMC7251371 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are distinct clinical entities, however, the aggregation of key neuronal proteins, presumably leading to neuronal demise appears to represent a common mechanism. It has become evident, that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) trigger the accumulation of such modified proteins, which eventually contributes to pathological aspect of NDDs. Increased levels of AGEs are found in amyloid plaques in AD brains and in both advanced and early PD (incidental Lewy body disease). The molecular mechanisms by which AGE dependent modifications may modulate the susceptibility towards NDDs, however, remain enigmatic and it is unclear, whether AGEs may serve as biomarker of NDD. In the present study, we examined AGEs (CML: Carboxymethyllysine and CEL: Carboxyethyllysine), markers of oxidative stress and micronutrients in the plasma of PD and AD patients and controls. As compared to healthy controls, AD females displayed lower levels of CEL while higher levels of CML were found in AD and PD patients. A somewhat similar pattern was observed for protein carbonyls (PC), revealing lower values exclusively in AD females, whereas AD males displayed significantly higher values compared to healthy controls and PD. Sex-specific differences were also observed for other relevant markers such as malondialdehyde, 3-nitrotyrosine, γ -tocopherols, retinol, plasma proteins and α-carotene, while α-tocopherols, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene showed no relevant association. Taken together, our study suggests yet unappreciated differences of the distribution of AGEs among the sexes in NDD. We therefore suggest to make a clear distinction between sexes when analyzing oxidative (AGEs)-related stress and carbonyl-related stress and vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam, Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jana Raupbach
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam, Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Rajasthan, India
| | - Klaus Fließbach
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam, Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Lin E, Kuo PH, Liu YL, Yang AC, Tsai SJ. Association and Interaction Effects of Interleukin-12 Related Genes and Physical Activity on Cognitive Aging in Old Adults in the Taiwanese Population. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1065. [PMID: 31649612 PMCID: PMC6795278 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the neuro-inflammation mechanisms associated with interleukin-12 (IL-12) may be linked to Alzheimer's diseases and cognitive aging. In this study, we speculate that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-12-associated genes, such as IL12A, IL12B, IL12RB1, and IL12RB2 genes, could be associated with cognitive aging individually and/or via complicated interactions in the elder Taiwanese population. There were totally 3,730 Taiwanese individuals with age ≥60 years from the Taiwan Biobank. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was analyzed for all participants. We employed MMSE scores to assess cognitive functions. Our analysis revealed that the IL12A gene (including rs116910715, rs78902931, and rs78569420), the IL12B gene (including rs730691), and the IL12RB2 gene (including rs3790558, rs4655538, rs75699623, and rs1874396) were associated with cognitive aging. Among these SNPs, the association with the IL12RB2 rs3790558 SNP remained significant after performing Bonferroni correction (P = 6.87 × 10−4). Additionally, we found that interactions between the IL12A and IL12RB2 genes influenced cognitive aging (P = 0.022). Finally, we pinpointed the effects of interactions between IL12A, IL12B, and IL12RB2 with physical activity (P < 0.001, = 0.002, and < 0.001, respectively). Our study suggests that the IL-12-associated genes may contribute to susceptibility to cognitive aging independently as well as through gene-gene and gene-physical activity interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Albert C Yang
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Psychiatry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Coskuner O, Uversky VN. Intrinsically disordered proteins in various hypotheses on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2019; 166:145-223. [PMID: 31521231 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein (αS) are two intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) at the centers of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively. Different hypotheses have been proposed for explanation of the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of these two diseases, with these two IDPs being involved in many of these hypotheses. Currently, we do not know, which of these hypothesis is more accurate. Experiments face challenges due to the rapid conformational changes, fast aggregation processes, solvent and paramagnetic effects in studying these two IDPs in detail. Furthermore, pathological modifications impact their structures and energetics. Theoretical studies using computational chemistry and computational biology have been utilized to understand the structures and energetics of Aβ and αS. In this chapter, we introduce Aβ and αS in light of various hypotheses, and discuss different experimental and theoretical techniques that are used to study these two proteins along with their weaknesses and strengths. We suggest that a promising solution for studying Aβ and αS at the center of varying hypotheses could be provided by developing new techniques that link quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, bioinformatics to machine learning. Such new developments could also lead to development in experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkid Coskuner
- Turkish-German University, Molecular Biotechnology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Ogunleye AJ, Olanrewaju AJ, Arowosegbe M, Omotuyi OI. Molecular docking based screening analysis of GSK3B. Bioinformation 2019; 15:201-208. [PMID: 31354196 PMCID: PMC6637402 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK3B has been an interesting drug target in the pharmaceutical industry. Its dysfunctional expression has prognostic significance in the top 3 cause of death associated with non-communicable diseases (cancer, Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes). Previous studies have shown clearly that inhibiting GSK3B has proven therapeutic significance in Alzheimer's disease, but its contribution to various cancers has not been clearly resolved. In this study we report the contribution and prognostic significance of GSK3B to two breast cancer subtypes; ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) using the Oncomine platform. We performed high throughput screening using molecular docking. We identified BT-000775, a compound that was subjected to further computational hit optimization protocols. Through computational predictions, BT-000775 is a highly selective GSK3B inhibitor, with superior binding affinity and robust ADME profiles suitable for the patho-physiological presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale J Ogunleye
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Discovery, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria
- BIOTRUST BIOTRUST Scientific, Nigeria, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Olaposi I Omotuyi
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Discovery, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria
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Toccaceli G, Barbagallo G, Peschillo S. Low-intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of brain diseases: safety and feasibility. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:537-539. [PMID: 30809291 PMCID: PMC6376189 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of focused ultrasound (FUS) as a tool for blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeabilization is opening new ways for the treatment of several pathologies, in particular brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases. However, even if there are promising results in these fields, the efficacy and safety of this technique is unknown in long-term follow-up. The study of Blackmore et al. [Theranostics 2018; 8(22):6233-6247. doi:10.7150/thno.27941] evaluated the long-term effects of FUS on brain parenchyma in aged mice with Alzheimer's disease. This is the first study which applied a multimodal analysis to demonstrate the safety of FUS in aged brain in view of a potential introduction of this technique in common clinical practice in the future.
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Yang YW, Liou SH, Hsueh YM, Lyu WS, Liu CS, Liu HJ, Chung MC, Hung PH, Chung CJ. Risk of Alzheimer's disease with metal concentrations in whole blood and urine: A case-control study using propensity score matching. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 356:8-14. [PMID: 30025849 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to heavy metals is suspected to result in neuropathology damage and cognitive impairment. We aimed to explore the association of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk with the internal dose of heavy metals by constructing a hospital-based case-control study and using propensity-score-matching methods. We investigated 170 patients with AD and 264 controls from the Department of Neurology and Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital in Taiwan. All patients with AD received clinical neuropsychological examination and cognitive-function assessments, including the mini-mental status examination and clinical dementia rating scale. We also constructed a propensity-score-matched population of 82 patients with AD and 82 controls by matching age, gender, education, and AD-related comorbidity. Blood levels with cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, and urinary arsenic profile were measured. Logistic regression models and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to estimate AD risk. After stratification by respective quartile cutoffs of heavy metals, the AD risk of study participants with high urinary inorganic arsenic (InAs%) or low dimethylarsinic acid (DMA%) significantly increased (p < 0.05), as similarly found in the propensity-score-matched population. In addition, people with a low median level of selenium and high median level of InAs%, or/and a low median level of DMA% had approximately two- to threefold significant AD risk. Urinary arsenic profiles may be associated with increased AD risk. Repeat measurements of heavy metals with large sample size and the surveying of potential exposure sources are recommended in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wan Yang
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Hsueh
- Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Sin Lyu
- Department of Health Risk Management, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ju Liu
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Chi Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peir-Haur Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Department of Applied Life Science and Health, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jung Chung
- Department of Health Risk Management, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Bangde P, Atale S, Dey A, Pandit A, Dandekar P, Jain R. Potential Gene Therapy Towards Treating Neurodegenerative Disea ses Employing Polymeric Nanosystems. Curr Gene Ther 2018; 17:170-183. [PMID: 28494742 DOI: 10.2174/1566523217666170510153845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent integrated approaches involving nanotechnology and gene therapy have accelerated development of efficient drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Neurodegenerative disorders are closely associated with genetic inheritance and mutation. MATERIALS Nanotechnology has allowed effective engineering of various such polymeric structures. Moreover, availability of a wide array of polymeric materials has enabled fabrication of biocompatible and biodegradable delivery vehicles. Our manuscript focuses on the ideal features and properties of polymeric nanoparticles that have enabled successful gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the challenges that are posing difficulties in their practical application. We have highlighted these aspects through examples of polymeric nanoparticles that have exhibited therapeutic promise in the treatment of neurological disorders and mutations. METHODS Complete cure of these diseases is a challenging task and gene therapy appears as a realistic approach for their treatment. Gene therapy allows effective replacement or suppression of faulty genes, thereby increasing chances for neuron survival and repair. However, successful delivery of naked genetic material to CNS faces severe obstacles due to possible degradation and restricted transportation of these biological entities across the blood brain barrier (BBB). Structurally, the BBB is composed of several tight junctions, making the membrane highly selective towards the entry of molecules. CONCLUSION In order to target BBB for treating neurodegenerative diseases, it is essential to develop a tailor-made system that may not only cross this barrier, but also effectively modulate the expression of disease-causing genes. Stabilization of therapeutic genes and their effective, targeted delivery may be possible using polymeric nanoparticles as carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Bangde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019. India
| | - Sonal Atale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019. India
| | - Anomitra Dey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019. India
| | - Ashish Pandit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019. India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019. India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019. India
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Abstract
Genetic factors are central to the etiology of neurodegeneration, both as monogenic causes of heritable disease and as modifiers of susceptibility to complex, sporadic disorders. Over the last two decades, the identification of disease genes and risk loci has led to some of the greatest advances in medicine and invaluable insights into pathogenic mechanisms and disease pathways. Large-scale research efforts, novel study designs, and advances in methodology are rapidly expanding our understanding of the genome and the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review major developments in the field to date, highlighting overarching historic trends and general insights. Monogenic neurodegenerative diseases are discussed from the perspectives of both rare Mendelian forms of common disorders, such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, and heterogeneous heritable conditions, including ataxias and spastic paraplegias. Next, we summarize the experiences from investigations of complex neurodegenerative disorders, including genomewide association studies. In the final section, we reflect upon the limitations of current findings and outline important future directions. Genetics plays an essential role in translational research, ultimately aiming to develop novel disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. We anticipate that individual genetic profiling will also be increasingly relevant in a clinical context, with implications for patient care in line with the proposed ideal of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henry Houlden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
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Jung YY, Kim KC, Park MH, Seo Y, Park H, Park MH, Chang J, Hwang DY, Han SB, Kim S, Son DJ, Hong JT. Atherosclerosis is exacerbated by chitinase-3-like-1 in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:749-766. [PMID: 29344304 PMCID: PMC5771091 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the important role of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in vascular diseases associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been demonstrated, the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences are unclear. We aimed to evaluate vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in Swedish mutant of human APP transgenic (APPsw-Tg) and ApoE-/-/APPsw-Tg mice. We also aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying any changes observed in these mice compared with non-Tg controls. Methods: The transgenic and non-Tg mouse strains were subjected to partial ligation of the left carotid artery to induce atherosclerotic changes, which were measured using histological approaches, immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and gene expression microarrays. Results: Our results showed increased vascular inflammation, arterial wall thickness, and atherosclerosis in APPsw-Tg and ApoE-/-/APPsw-Tg mice. We further found that the expression of chitinase-3-like-1 (Chi3l1) is increased in the APPsw-Tg mouse artery and Chi3l1 mediates endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation, which in turn exacerbates atherosclerosis. In addition, using two publicly available microarray datasets from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of people with AD and unaffected controls as well as inflamed human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we found that Chi3l1 and associated inflammatory gene were significantly associated with AD, evaluated by co-expression network analysis and functional annotation. Knockdown of Chi3l1 in the arterial endothelium in vivo suppressed the development of atherosclerosis. We also show that microRNA 342-3p (miR-342-3p) inhibits EC inflammation and VSMC activation through directly targeting Chi3l1, and that APPsw increased Chi3l1 expression by reducing miR-342-3p expression in the arterial endothelium, promoting atherosclerosis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that targeting Chi3l1 might provide new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases in patients with AD.
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Wegmann S, Bennett RE, Amaral AS, Hyman BT. Studying tau protein propagation and pathology in the mouse brain using adeno-associated viruses. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 141:307-322. [PMID: 28882310 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The progressive spread of pathological brain lesions containing aggregated tau protein is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. In AD, this process follows a distinct pattern along neuronal connections from the entorhinal cortex to hippocampal areas and further on through the limbic system. In other tauopathies, the spread of tau appears less hierarchical throughout the brain, and also nonpathological tau is reported to cross-synaptic connections in the brain. To be able to study the process of cell-to-cell transport of tau and the associated neurotoxicity in the brain in vivo, adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of tau can be used to express different forms of tau in distinct brain areas in rodent models. As an example, we describe how the expression of FTD-mutant human tauP301L in the entorhinal cortex of wild-type mice can be used to study the propagation of tau to connected neurons and to determine pathological consequences such as tau hyperphosphorylation, misfolding, and gliosis. The approach described can easily be translated to study other aggregating and/or propagating proteins in the brain such as synuclein, Abeta, or SOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wegmann
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mass. Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Rachel E Bennett
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mass. Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana S Amaral
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mass. Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mass. Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Boston, MA, United States
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Kaushik A, Jayant RD, Tiwari S, Vashist A, Nair M. Nano-biosensors to detect beta-amyloid for Alzheimer's disease management. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:273-287. [PMID: 26851586 PMCID: PMC4786026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (β-A) peptides are potential biomarkers to monitor Alzheimer's diseases (AD) for diagnostic purposes. Increased β-A level is neurotoxic and induces oxidative stress in brain resulting in neurodegeneration and causes dementia. As of now, no sensitive and inexpensive method is available for β-A detection under physiological and pathological conditions. Although, available methods such as neuroimaging, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detect β-A, but they are not yet extended at point-of-care (POC) due to sophisticated equipments, need of high expertize, complicated operations, and challenge of low detection limit. Recently, β-A antibody based electrochemical immuno-sensing approach has been explored to detect β-A at pM levels within 30-40 min compared to 6-8h of ELISA test. The introduction of nano-enabling electrochemical sensing technology could enable rapid detection of β-A at POC and may facilitate fast personalized health care delivery. This review explores recent advancements in nano-enabling electrochemical β-A sensing technologies towards POC application to AD management. These analytical tools can serve as an analytical tool for AD management program to obtain bio-informatics needed to optimize therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases diagnosis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kaushik
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuro immune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuro immune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sneham Tiwari
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuro immune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Arti Vashist
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuro immune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuro immune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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Boopathi S, Kolandaivel P. Fe(2+) binding on amyloid β-peptide promotes aggregation. Proteins 2016; 84:1257-74. [PMID: 27214008 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The metal ions Zn(2+) , Cu(2+) , and Fe(2+) play a significant role in the aggregation mechanism of Aβ peptides. However, the nature of binding between metal and peptide has remained elusive; the detailed information on this from the experimental study is very difficult. Density functional theory (dft) (M06-2X/6-311++G (2df,2pd) +LANL2DZ) has employed to determine the force field resulting due to metal and histidine interaction. We performed 200 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on Aβ1-42 -Zn(2+) , Aβ1-42 -Cu(2+) , and Aβ1-42 -Fe(2+) systems in explicit water with different combination of coordinating residues including the three Histidine residues in the N-terminal. The present investigation, the Aβ1-42 -Zn(2+) system possess three turn conformations separated by coil structure. Zn(2+) binding caused the loss of the helical structure of N-terminal residues which transformed into the S-shaped conformation. Zn(2+) has reduced the coil and increases the turn content of the peptide compared with experimental study. On the other hand, the Cu(2+) binds with peptide, β sheet formation is observed at the N-terminal residues of the peptide. Fe(2+) binding is to promote the formation of Glu22-Lys28 salt-bridge which stabilized the turn conformation in the Phe19-Gly25 residues, subsequently β sheets were observed at His13-Lys18 and Gly29-Gly37 residues. The turn conformation facilitates the β sheets are arranged in parallel by enhancing the hydrophobic contact between Gly25 and Met35, Lys16 and Met35, Leu17 and Leu34, Val18 and Leu34 residues. The Fe(2+) binding reduced the helix structure and increases the β sheet content in the peptide, which suggested, Fe(2+) promotes the oligomerization by enhancing the peptide-peptide interaction. Proteins 2016; 84:1257-1274. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Kumar S. Dual inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes by allicin. Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 47:444-6. [PMID: 26288480 PMCID: PMC4527070 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.161274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The brain of mammals contains two major form of cholinesterase enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The dual inhibition of these enzymes is considered as a promising strategy for the treatment of neurological disorder such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), senile dementia, ataxia, and myasthenia gravis. The present study was undertaken to explore the anticholinesterase inhibition property of allicin. MATERIALS AND METHODS An assessment of cholinesterase inhibition was carried out by Ellman's assay. RESULTS The present study demonstrates allicin, a major ingredient of crushed garlic (Allium sativum L.) inhibited both AChE and BuChE enzymes in a concentration-dependent manner. For allicin, the IC₅₀ concentration was 0.01 mg/mL (61.62 μM) for AChE and 0.05 ± 0.018 mg/mL (308.12 μM) for BuChE enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Allicin shows a potential to ameliorate the decline of cognitive function and memory loss associated with AD by inhibiting cholinesterase enzymes and upregulate the levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain. It can be used as a new lead to target AChE and BuChE to upregulate the level of ACh which will be useful in alleviating the symptoms associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are produced via cyclooxygenases, which are enzymes that play a major role in neuroinflammation. Epidemiological studies show that chronic treatment with low levels of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) lowers the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) by as much as 50%. Unfortunately, inhibiting cyclooxygenases with NSAIDs blocks the synthesis of downstream neuroprotective and neurotoxic PGs, thus producing adverse side effects. We focus on prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) because it is highly neurotoxic compared to PGA1, D2, and E2. Unlike other PGs, PGJ2 and its metabolites have a cyclopentenone ring with reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups that form covalent Michael adducts with key cysteines in proteins and GSH. Cysteine-binding electrophiles such as PGJ2 are considered to play an important role in determining whether neurons will live or die. We discuss in vitro and in vivo studies showing that PGJ2 induces pathological processes relevant to neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and PD. Further, we discuss our work showing that increasing intracellular cAMP with the lipophilic peptide PACAP27 counteracts some of the PGJ2-induced detrimental effects. New therapeutic strategies that neutralize the effects of specific neurotoxic PGs downstream from cyclooxygenases could have a significant impact on the treatment of chronic neurodegenerative disorders with fewer adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuhyon Corwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York
| | - John Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Zemek F, Drtinova L, Nepovimova E, Sepsova V, Korabecny J, Klimes J, Kuca K. Outcomes of Alzheimer's disease therapy with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 13:759-74. [PMID: 24845946 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2014.914168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a world-wide health problem with implications for an increasing number of people and countries. Populations suffering from AD financially strain the healthcare budgets of rich and poor countries alike. Moreover, no effective treatment is available and current drugs merely slow the progression of cognitive function deterioration and overall health status toward an inevitable end point. An increasing number of novel approaches have been tested in numerous clinical trials, but none of them has proved safe and effective for treating AD. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes all currently available compounds (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine) for the management of AD, concentrating on clinical aspects such as the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical trials. This review also considers the mechanisms and side effects to provide perspective on current treatment options. EXPERT OPINION Novel approaches in the treatment of AD are being intensively tested, but so far without any major success. Patients diagnosed with AD still mostly benefit from four compounds to significantly improve cognition functions and overall health and help manage other symptoms or even prolong the symptom-free period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Zemek
- University of Defence, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
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Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, Bawaskar PH. RBC acetyl cholinesterase: A poor man's early diagnostic biomarker for familial alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease dementia. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2015; 6:33-8. [PMID: 25552849 PMCID: PMC4244785 DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.143187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Analysis of red blood cell acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) in a familial Alzheimer's diseases (AD) Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and their first generation. Setting: General hospital, Mahad district, Raigad. Patients and Methods: Clinically diagnosed patients of AD and PDD and their asymptomatic relatives. Their blood was collected in EDTA tube and transferred to laboratory at Mumbai. Result: Median red blood cell (RBC) cholinesterase levels amongst PDD, their first generation asymptomatic relatives, familial AD, asymptomatic relatives of AD, healthy controls, farmers exposed to pesticides (positive control) and other neurological condition without dementia (hypertension with TIA 1, sub-dural hematoma 2, hypothyroid 1, non-familial unilateral parkinsonism without dementia 3, writers cramps 2, hyponitremia 1 and cerebral palsy with non-fluent aphasia 1). Median values of RBC AChE were 19086.78 U/L, 15666.05 U/L, 9013.11 U/L, 7806.19 U/L, 14334.57 U/L, 9785.05 U/L and 13162.60 U/L, respectively. As compared to controls, RBC AChE levels were statistically significant among PDD (P = 0.004) and significantly lowered among familial AD patients (P = 0.010), relatives of patients (P = 0.010). Interpretations: Below the normal RBC AChE level is a potential biomarker in asymptomatic relatives of familial AD patients. RBC AChE is raised than normal level in patients suffering from PDD, where AChE inhibitors are helpful. However, RBC AChE level below the normal where AChE inhibitor may not be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himmatrao Saluba Bawaskar
- Department of General Medicine, Bawaskar Hospital and Clinical Research Center, Mahad, Maharashtra, India
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Kao TT, Chu CY, Lee GH, Hsiao TH, Cheng NW, Chang NS, Chen BH, Fu TF. Folate deficiency-induced oxidative stress contributes to neuropathy in young and aged zebrafish--implication in neural tube defects and Alzheimer's diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:234-44. [PMID: 25131448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate is a nutrient essential for the development, function and regeneration of nervous systems. Folate deficiency has been linked to many neurological disorders including neural tube defects in fetus and Alzheimer's diseases in the elderly. However, the etiology underlying these folate deficiency-associated diseases is not completely understood. In this study, zebrafish transgenic lines with timing and duration-controllable folate deficiency were developed by ectopically overexpressing a recombinant EGFP-γ-glutamyl hydrolase (γGH). Impeded neural crest cell migration was observed in the transgenic embryos when folate deficiency was induced in early stages, leading to defective neural tube closure and hematopoiesis. Adding reduced folate or N-acetylcysteine reversed the phenotypic anomalies, supporting the causal link between the increased oxidative stress and the folate deficiency-induced abnormalities. When folate deficiency was induced in aged fish accumulation of beta-amyloid and phosphorylated Tau protein were found in the fish brain cryo-sections. Increased autophagy and accumulation of acidic autolysosome were apparent in folate deficient neuroblastoma cells, which were reversed by reduced folate or N-acetylcysteine supplementation. Decreased expression of cathepsin B, a lysosomal protease, was also observed in cells and tissue with folate deficiency. We concluded that folate deficiency-induced oxidative stress contributed to the folate deficiency-associated neuropathogenesis in both early and late stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tseng-Ting Kao
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gang-Hui Lee
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Hsien Hsiao
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wei Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fun Fu
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Ghavami S, Shojaei S, Yeganeh B, Ande SR, Jangamreddy JR, Mehrpour M, Christoffersson J, Chaabane W, Moghadam AR, Kashani HH, Hashemi M, Owji AA, Łos MJ. Autophagy and apoptosis dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 112:24-49. [PMID: 24211851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are basic physiologic processes contributing to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy encompasses pathways that target long-lived cytosolic proteins and damaged organelles. It involves a sequential set of events including double membrane formation, elongation, vesicle maturation and finally delivery of the targeted materials to the lysosome. Apoptotic cell death is best described through its morphology. It is characterized by cell rounding, membrane blebbing, cytoskeletal collapse, cytoplasmic condensation, and fragmentation, nuclear pyknosis, chromatin condensation/fragmentation, and formation of membrane-enveloped apoptotic bodies, that are rapidly phagocytosed by macrophages or neighboring cells. Neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in the Western societies, with larger percentage of members living to an older age. They have to be seen not only as a health problem, but since they are care-intensive, they also carry a significant economic burden. Deregulation of autophagy plays a pivotal role in the etiology and/or progress of many of these diseases. Herein, we briefly review the latest findings that indicate the involvement of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. We provide a brief introduction to autophagy and apoptosis pathways focusing on the role of mitochondria and lysosomes. We then briefly highlight pathophysiology of common neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Then, we describe functions of autophagy and apoptosis in brain homeostasis, especially in the context of the aforementioned disorders. Finally, we discuss different ways that autophagy and apoptosis modulation may be employed for therapeutic intervention during the maintenance of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sudharsana R Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Maryam Mehrpour
- INSERM U845, Research Center "Growth & Signaling" Paris Descartes University Medical School, France
| | - Jonas Christoffersson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Wiem Chaabane
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Hessam H Kashani
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ali A Owji
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
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