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Lee SY, Kim TY, Hong JY, Kim GJ, Oh JB, Kim MJ, Apostolidis E, Lee JY, Kwon YI. Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Administration of Arginyl-Fructose-Enriched Jeju Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Extract in C57BL/6 Mice and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 35630735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported that arginyl-fructose (AF), one of the Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs) produced by the heat processing of Korean ginseng can reduce carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. This reduced absorption of carbohydrate might be helpful to control body weight gain due to excessive carbohydrate consumption and support induced calorie restriction. However, the weight management effect, except for the effect due to anti-hyperglycemic action, along with the potential mechanism of action have not yet been determined. Therefore, the efforts of this study are to investigate and understand the possible weight management effect and mechanism action of AF-enriched barley extracts (BEE). More specifically, the effect of BEE on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression, body weight gain, body weight, plasma lipids, body fat mass, and lipid deposition were evaluated using C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes models. The formation of lipid droplets in the 3T3-L1 treated with BEE (500 and 750 µg/mL) was significantly blocked (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (30% fat) for 8 weeks with BEE (0.3 g/kg-body weight). Compared to the high fat diet control (HFD) group, the cells treated with BEE significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α), the mRNA expression of downstream lipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Supplementation of BEE effectively lowered the body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, and plasma lipid concentrations. Compared to the HFD group, BEE significantly suppressed body weight gain (16.06 ± 2.44 g vs. 9.40 ± 1.39 g, p < 0.01) and increased serum adiponectin levels, significantly, 1.6-folder higher than the control group. These results indicate that AF-enriched barley extracts may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.
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Yu JA, Lee JY, Kim TY, Kang H, Lee SY, Mitiku H, Park J, Lee YH, Chang HB, Lee BH, Lee K, Apostolidis E, Kwon YI. Immune Modulatory Activities of Arginyl-Fructose (AF) and AF-Enriched Natural Products in In-Vitro and In-Vivo Animal Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082251. [PMID: 33924652 PMCID: PMC8070598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in maintaining body homeostasis. Recent studies on the immune-enhancing effects of ginseng saponins have revealed more diverse mechanisms of action. Maillard reaction that occurs during the manufacturing processes of red ginseng produces a large amount of Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs), such as arginyl-fructose (AF). The antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects of AF have been reported. However, the possible immune enhancing effects of non-saponin ginseng compounds, such as AF, have not been investigated. In this study the effects of AF and AF-enriched natural product (Ginofos, GF) on proliferation of normal mouse splenocytes were evaluated in vitro and male BALB/c mice models. The proliferation of splenocytes treated with mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide) were further increased by addition of AF (p < 0.01) or GF (p < 0.01), in a dose dependent manner. After the 10 days of oral administration of compounds, changes in weights of spleen and thymus, serum immunoglobulin, and expression of cytokines were measured as biomarkers of immune-enhancing potential in male BALB/c mice model. The AF or GF treated groups had higher weights of the thymus (0.94 ± 0.25 and 0.86 ± 0.18, p < 0.05, respectively) than that of cyclophosphamide treated group (0.59 ± 0.18). This result indicates that AF or AF-enriched extract (GF) increased humoral immunity against CY-induced immunosuppression. In addition, immunoglobulin contents and expression of cytokines including IgM (p < 0.01), IgG (p < 0.05), IL-2 (p < 0.01), IL-4 (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01), and IFN-γ (p < 0.05) were also significantly increased by supplementation of AF or GF. These results indicate that AF has immune enhancing effects by activation of adaptive immunity via increase of expression of immunoglobulins and cytokines such as IgM, IgG, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and thereby proliferating the weight of thymus. Our findings provide a pharmacological rationale for AF-enriched natural products such as ginseng and red ginseng that can possibly have immune-enhancement potential and should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-A Yu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-A.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Jung-Yun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-A.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Tae Yang Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-A.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Hanna Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-A.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Su-Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-A.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Haimanot Mitiku
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-A.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Joonheum Park
- Institute of Functional Foods, EVERIT Co. Ltd., Daejeon 63010, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.H.L.)
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Institute of Functional Foods, EVERIT Co. Ltd., Daejeon 63010, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.H.L.)
| | - Hung-Bae Chang
- Department of Bio Quality Control, Korea Bio Polytechnic, Chungnam 32943, Korea;
| | - Byung Ha Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Emmanouil Apostolidis
- Department of Chemistry and Food Science, Framingham State University, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (Y.-I.K.); Tel.: +1-508-626-4777 (E.A.); +82-42-629-8790 (Y.-I.K.)
| | - Young-In Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-A.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (Y.-I.K.); Tel.: +1-508-626-4777 (E.A.); +82-42-629-8790 (Y.-I.K.)
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Kang YR, Choi HY, Lee JY, Jang SI, Kang H, Oh JB, Jang HD, Kwon YI. Calorie Restriction Effect of Heat-Processed Onion Extract (ONI) Using In Vitro and In Vivo Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E874. [PMID: 29543768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is widely consumed as food or medicinal plant due to its well-defined health benefits. The antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of onion and its extracts have been reported well. However, very limited information on anti-hyperglycemic effect is available in processed onion extracts. In our previous study, we reported that Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs) produced by heat-processing in Korean ginseng can reduce carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. To prove the enhancement of anti-hyperglycemic effect and ARCs content by heat-processing in onion extract, a correlation between the anti-hyperglycemic activity and the total content of ARCs of heat-processed onion extract (ONI) was investigated. ONI has a high content of ARCs and had high rat small intestinal sucrase inhibitory activity (0.34 ± 0.03 mg/mL, IC50) relevant for the potential management of postprandial hyperglycemia. The effect of ONI on the postprandial blood glucose increase was investigated in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed on sucrose or starch meals. The maximum blood glucose levels (Cmax) of heat-processed onion extract were significantly decreased by about 8.7% (from 188.60 ± 5.37 to 172.27 ± 3.96, p < 0.001) and 14.2% (from 204.04 ± 8.73 to 175.13 ± 14.09, p < 0.01) in sucrose and starch loading tests, respectively. These results indicate that ARCs in onion extract produced by heat-processing have anti-diabetic effect by suppressing carbohydrate absorption via inhibition of intestinal sucrase, thereby reducing the postprandial increase of blood glucose. Therefore, enhancement of ARCs in onion by heat-processing might be a good strategy for the development of the new product on the management of hyperglycemia.
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