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Rajkonwar J, Shende V, Maji AK, Pandey A, Sharma PK, Gunasekaran K, Subbarao SK, Bhattacharyya DR, Raghavendra K, Pebam R, Mayakrishnan V, Gogoi P, Senapati S, Sarkar P, Biswas S, Debbarma D, Nirmolia T, Jena SR, Bayan B, Talukder P, Sihag AK, Bharali HS, Verma A, Mahanta K, Sumer G, Karmakar R, Patgiri SJ, Chaudhuri S, Ganguli S, Kaur H, Bhattacharyya TK, Joshi PL, Goswami B, Baruah K, Pati S, Narain K, Bhowmick IP. First Report of Anopheles annularis s.l., An. maculatus s.s., and An. culicifacies s.l. as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for An. pseudowillmori and An. sawadwongporni in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, India. Microorganisms 2024; 12:95. [PMID: 38257922 PMCID: PMC10818895 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive entomological survey was undertaken in Alipurduar District, West Bengal, from 2018 to 2020 and in 2022. This study was prompted by reported malaria cases and conducted across nine villages, seven Sub-Centres, and three Primary Health Centres (PHCs). Mosquitoes were hand-collected with aspirators and flashlights from human dwellings and cattle sheds during the daytime. Both morphological and molecular techniques were used for species identification. Additionally, mosquitoes were tested for Plasmodium parasites and human blood presence. Mosquito species such as An. barbirostris s.l., An. hyrcanus s.l., An. splendidus, and An. vagus were morphologically identified. For species like An. annularis s.l., An. minimus s.s., An. culicifacies s.l., and An. maculatus s.s., a combination of morphological and molecular techniques was essential. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene subunit 1 (CO1) was sequenced for An. annularis s.l., An. maculatus s.s., An. culicifacies s.l., An. vagus, and some damaged samples, revealing the presence of An. pseudowillmori and An. fluviatilis. The major Anopheles species were An. annularis s.l., An. culicifacies s.l., and An. maculatus s.s., especially in Kumargram and Turturi PHCs. Plasmodium positivity was notably high in An. annularis s.l. and An. maculatus s.s. with significant human blood meal positivity across most species. Morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses are crucial, especially for archived samples, to accurately identify the mosquito fauna of a region. Notably, this study confirms the first occurrence of An. pseudowillmori and An. sawadwongporni in West Bengal and implicates An. maculatus s.s., An. culicifacies s.l., and An. annularis s.l. as significant vectors in the Alipurduar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Rajkonwar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Varun Shende
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Ananta Kumar Maji
- District Health & Family Welfare Samiti, Alipurduar 736121, India; (A.K.M.); (S.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Apoorva Pandey
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Puran K. Sharma
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of West Bengal, Alipurduar 736121, India;
| | | | - Sarala K. Subbarao
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India;
| | - Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Kamaraju Raghavendra
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India;
| | - Rocky Pebam
- NorthEast Space Application Centre (NESAC), Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (R.P.); (D.D.)
| | - Vijay Mayakrishnan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Phiroz Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Susmita Senapati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Pallabi Sarkar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Saurav Biswas
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Daniel Debbarma
- NorthEast Space Application Centre (NESAC), Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (R.P.); (D.D.)
| | | | - Sasmita Rani Jena
- Regional Office of Health and Family Welfare, Kolkata 700106, India; (S.R.J.); (T.K.B.)
| | - Bahniman Bayan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Pinki Talukder
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Ashwarya Kumari Sihag
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Himadri Sankar Bharali
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Anisha Verma
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Kongkon Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Gonsalo Sumer
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Ranjan Karmakar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Saurav Jyoti Patgiri
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Supriya Chaudhuri
- District Health & Family Welfare Samiti, Alipurduar 736121, India; (A.K.M.); (S.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Sumit Ganguli
- District Health & Family Welfare Samiti, Alipurduar 736121, India; (A.K.M.); (S.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.)
| | | | - Pyare Laal Joshi
- Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi 110054, India; (P.L.J.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Kalpana Baruah
- Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi 110054, India; (P.L.J.); (K.B.)
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Ipsita Pal Bhowmick
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
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Das MK, Rahi M, Dhiman RC, Raghavendra K. Insecticide susceptibility status of malaria vectors, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles fluviatilis and Anopheles minimus in the tribal districts of Jharkhand state of India. J Vector Borne Dis 2021; 58:374-382. [PMID: 35381828 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.325641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has been a major challenge to vector control programs and updated information to the commonly used insecticides is essential for planning appropriate vector control measures. Anopheles culicifacies and An. fluviatilis are the two main vectors prevalent in Jharkhand state of India and role of An. minimus is contemplated in the transmission of malaria in this state. All the districts in the state are predominantly inhabited by the tribal population and are endemic for malaria. A study was undertaken in 12 districts of Jharkhand state to determine the insecticide susceptibility status of the 3 prevalent primary vector species, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. minimus. METHODS Wild-caught adult female An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. minimus, mosquitoes were collected from stratified ecotypes from different localities of 12 tribal districts of Jharkhand state during 2018 and 2019. Susceptibility tube tests were conducted following the WHO method using test kits. Mosquitoes were exposed to WHO impregnated papers with the prescribed discriminatory dosages of DDT - 4%, malathion - 5%, deltamethrin - 0.05%, permethrin - 0.75%, cyfluthrin - 0.15% and lambda cyhalothrin - 0.05%. RESULTS Results indicated that An. culicifacies has developed multiple insecticide resistance in all the 12 districts of Jharkhand state. An. fluviatilis was reported resistant for the first time to DDT in all the districts but was susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin whereas in one district it showed possible resistance to malathion. An. minimus was studied in Noamundi CHC of West Singhbhum district, showed possible resistance against DDT but was susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The development of multiple insecticide resistance in An. culicifacies including to pyrethroids, has been a concern for malaria control programmes for effective vector management but a report of resistance to DDT for the first time in An. fluviatlis in all the districts in the state is alarming, An. minimus was found in possible resistance category to DDT in one district and both the species were reported susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin. The result of the present study indicates a need for regular monitoring to assess the insecticide susceptibility to formulate effective vector control measures and resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Das
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - R C Dhiman
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - K Raghavendra
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
An. culicifacies is the major vector of malaria in tribal community and tribal dominated areas in India. Development of resistance to insecticides is the major challenge to curb the transmission. Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) is a tribal district in central India where incidence of malaria increased from 2012 to 2015 despite indoor space spray with synthetic pyrethroids. To determine the susceptibility status of An. culicifacies against commonly used insecticides in public health program in Gadchiroli. standard WHO method and test kit were used. The insecticide impregnated papers were procured from vector control unit Malaysia. An. culicifacies found resistance to three major groups of pesticides i.e. organochlorine (DDT 4%), organophosphorous (Malathion 5%) and pyrethroids (Cyfluthrin 0.15%, Deltametherin 0.05% and Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%). The susceptibility status in Permethrin 0.75% needs further confirmation. Development of resistance to different insecticides of varied groups is an adverse finding for the elimination of malaria, explaining the recent increase in malaria incidence in Gadchiroli. The phenomenon further needs to be studied in different locations and the susceptibility needs to test against other insecticides. The findings may have significant implications to the choice of insecticides in the malaria control program in tribal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Chand
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , Jabalpur , India
| | - Priyamadhaba Behera
- b Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health , Gadchiroli , India
| | - Abhay Bang
- b Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health , Gadchiroli , India
| | - Neeru Singh
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , Jabalpur , India
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Djadid ND, Forouzesh F, Karimi M, Raeisi A, Hassan-Zehi A, Zakeri S. Monitoring pyrethroid insecticide resistance in major malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies: comparison of molecular tools and conventional susceptibility test. Iran Biomed J 2007; 11:169-176. [PMID: 18051777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles culicifacies is a main malaria vector in southeastern part of Iran, bordring Afghanistan and Pakistan. So far, resistance to DDT, dieldrin, malathion and partial tolerance to pyrethroids has been reported in An. stephensi, but nothing confirmed on resistance status of An. culicifacies in Iran. METHODS In current study, along with WHO routine susceptibility test with DDT (4%), dieldrin (0.4%), malathion (5%), permethrin (0.25%), lambadacyhalothrin (0.1%), and deltamethrin 0.025, we cloned and sequenced segment VI of domain II (SII6) in voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene of An. culicifacies specimens collected in Sistan and Baluchistan province (Iran). RESULTS A 221-bp amplified fragment showed 91% and 93% similarity with exon I and exon II of An. gambiae. The size of intron II in An. culicifacies is 62 bp, while in An. gambiae is 57 bp. The major difference within An. culicifacies specimens and also with An. gambiae is in position 29 of exon I, which led to substitution of Leu to His amino acid. CONCLUSION This data will act as first report on partial sequence of vgsc gene and its polymorphism in An. culicifacies. A Leu to His amino acid substitution detected upstream the formerly known knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation site could be an indication for other possible mutations related to insecticide resistance. However, the result of WHO susceptibility test carried out in Baluchistan of Iran revealed a level of tolerance to DDT and dieldrin, but almost complete susceptibility to pyrethroids in An. culicifacies. We postulate that the molecular diagnostic tool developed for detection and identification of kdr-related mutations in An. culicifacies, could be useful in monitoring insecticide resistance in Iran and neighbouring countries such as Pakistan and Afghanistan. A phylogenetic tree also constructed based on the sequence of exon I and II, which readily separated An. culicifacies populations from An. stephensi, An. fluviatilis and An. gambiae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flora Forouzesh
- Biotechnology Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Dept., Khatam University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karimi
- Biotechnology Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Malaria Control Program, Center for Diseases Management and Contro(CDMC), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Biotechnology Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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