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Glousman BN, Cragon R, Steinberg JS, Evans KK, Attinger CE, Kiguchi MM, Tefera E, Akbari CM. Presence of a patent pedal arch is the primary predictor of transmetatarsal amputation healing and limb salvage. J Vasc Surg 2023; 77:1487-1494. [PMID: 36717038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2023.01.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) is a durable and important functional limb salvage option. We have presented our results in identifying the angiographic predictors of TMA healing using single-institution retrospective data. METHODS Consecutive patients within our institution who had undergone TMA and lower extremity arteriography from 2012 to 2020 were included. Patients whose TMA had healed were compared with those whose TMA had not healed. Using pre- and perioperative patient factors, in addition to the Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) and evaluation of the tibial runoff vessels, multivariate analysis was used to define the predictors of TMA healing at 30 days and 1 year. For those patients who had undergone an intervention after TMA, including repeat interventions, the postintervention GLASS stage was calculated. All patients were followed up by the vascular surgeon using standard ultrasound surveillance and clinical examinations. Once the predictors had been identified, an analysis was performed to correlate the 30-day and 1-year limb salvage rates. RESULTS A total of 89 patients had met the inclusion criteria for the study period. No difference was found in the GLASS femoropopliteal or infrapopliteal stages for those with a healed TMA and those without. After multivariate regression analysis, the presence of a patent pedal arch vs a nonintact arch had a 5.5 greater odds of TMA healing at 30 days but not at 1 year. Additionally, the presence of a patent arch was strongly associated with limb salvage at both 30 days (86% vs 49%; P < .01) and 1 year (79% vs 49%; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS In the present series of patients who had undergone TMA and arteriography, with appropriate GLASS staging, we found patency of the pedal arch was a significant predictor of healing and limb salvage. The GLASS femoropopliteal and infrapopliteal stages did not predict for TMA healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N Glousman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC.
| | - Robert Cragon
- Department of Vascular Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - John S Steinberg
- Department of Vascular Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Karen K Evans
- Department of Vascular Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | | | - Misaki M Kiguchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Eshetu Tefera
- Department of Vascular Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Cameron M Akbari
- Department of Vascular Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
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Rossmann T, Reissig LF, Pfisterer WK, Grisold W, Weninger WJ, Meng S. Angiosomes of the Ulnar Nerve at the Elbow: A Cadaver Trial Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2021; 47:3393-3402. [PMID: 34479732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three major arteries supplying the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel are commonly known. However, their vascular territories (angiosomes) have not been described yet. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound was used to identify the angiosomes of posterior ulnar recurrent artery, inferior ulnar collateral artery and superior ulnar collateral artery in 20 fresh, non-frozen human body donors. The arteries were cannulated, and physiologic blood flow was simulated. Contrast agent was applied in each vessel in a randomized sequence, and the length of the contrast-enhancing ulnar nerve segment was measured by a radiologist blinded to the sequence. The angiosome of the posterior ulnar recurrent artery overlaps both other angiosomes. It fully covers the cubital tunnel in 63.6% of specimens. In addition, collateral flow via nerve and muscle branches of the arterial anastomotic network around the elbow (rete articulare cubiti) partly maintains the intra-neural blood flow in the absence of a vascular pedicle. The posterior ulnar recurrent artery is the dominant nutrient vessel of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. A potential watershed zone exists proximal to the Osborne ligament. Knowledge of these angiosomes may advance surgery of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rossmann
- Division of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery, Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Lukas F Reissig
- Division of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Grisold
- Neurology Consultancy Unit, Division of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Meng
- Division of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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Kim KG, Meshkin DH, Tirrell AR, Bekeny JC, Tefera EA, Fan KL, Akbari CM, Evans KK. A systematic review and meta-analysis of endovascular angiosomal revascularization in the setting of collateral vessels. J Vasc Surg 2021; 74:1406-1416.e3. [PMID: 33940077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endovascular procedures for targeted treatment of lower extremity wounds can be subdivided as direct revascularization (DR), indirect revascularization (IR), and IR via collateral flow (IRc). Although previous systematic reviews assert superiority of DR when compared with IR, the role of collateral vessels in clinical outcomes remains to be defined. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to define the usefulness of DR, IR, and IRc in treatment of lower extremity wounds with respect to (1) wound healing, (2) major amputation, (3) reintervention, and (4) all-cause mortality. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Ovid MEDLINE was queried for records pertaining to the study question using appropriate Medical Subject Heading terms. Studies were limited to those using DR, IR, or IRc as a primary intervention and reporting information on at least one of the primary outcomes of interest. No limitation was placed on year of publication, country of origin, or study size. Studies were assessed for validity using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Study characteristics and patient demographics were collected. Data representing the primary outcomes-wound healing, major amputation, reintervention, and all-cause mortality-were collected for time points ranging from one month to four years following intervention. A meta-analysis on sample size-weighted data assuming a random effects model was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the four primary outcomes at various time points. RESULTS We identified 21 studies for a total of 4252 limbs (DR, 2231; IR, 1647; IRC, 270). Overall wound healing rates were significantly superior for DR (OR, 2.45; P = .001) and IRc (OR, 8.46; P < .00001) compared with, IR with no significant difference between DR and IRc (OR, 1.25; P = .23). The overall major amputation rates were significantly superior for DR (OR, 0.48; P < .00001) and IRc (OR, 0.44; P = .006) compared with IR, with DR exhibiting significantly improved rates compared with IRc (OR, 0.51; P = .01). The overall mortality rates showed no significant differences between DR (OR, 0.89; P = .37) and IRc (OR, 1.12; P = .78) compared with IR, with no significant difference between DR and IRc (OR, 0.54; P = .18). The overall reintervention rates showed no significant difference between DR and IR (OR, 1.05; P = .81), with no studies reporting reintervention outcomes for IRc. CONCLUSIONS Both DR and IRc offer significantly improved wound healing rates and major amputation rates compared with IR when used to treat critical limb ischemia. Although DR should be the preferred method of revascularization, IRc can offer comparable outcomes when DR is not possible. This analysis was limited by a small sample size of IRc limbs, a predominance of retrospective studies, and variability in outcome definitions between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Dean H Meshkin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Abigail R Tirrell
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Jenna C Bekeny
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Eshetu A Tefera
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD
| | - Kenneth L Fan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Cameron M Akbari
- Department of Vascular Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Karen K Evans
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Revascularization according to the angiosome concept is of proven importance for limb salvage in chronic limb threatening ischaemia but it is not always practicable. Bifurcated bypasses could be considered as an option when an endovascular approach is not feasible or has already failed and a single bypass would not allow direct revascularization of the ischaemic area. Bifurcated bypasses are characterized by landing on two different arteries, the main artery (in direct continuity with the foot vessels) and the secondary one (perfusing the angiosome district). The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of bifurcated bypass in chronic limb threatening ischaemia. METHODS Thirty-five patients were consecutively treated with a bifurcated bypass for chronic limb threatening ischaemia from January 2014 to December 2019 in a single vascular surgery centre. Data from clinical records and operative registers were collected prospectively in an electronic database and retrospectively analysed. Primary and primary assisted bypass patency, amputation-free survival, morbidity and mortality rates at 12 and 24 months were analysed. RESULTS Mean follow-up period was 25.1 months (range 2-72 months). Thirty-six bifurcated bypasses were performed on 35 patients (age 75.3 ± 7.2 years; 69.4% were male). According to Wound, Ischemia, foot Infection classification 22.2% belonged to stage 3 and 77.8% to stage 4 and the mean Rutherford's class was 5.1 ± 0.7. Immediate technical success was 100%. Early mortality and morbidity rates were respectively 5.5%, and 33.3%; foot surgery was performed in 50% of cases with wound healing in all patients. Primary patency and primary assisted bypass patency were 96.7% and 100% at 6 months; 85.2% and 92% at 12 months, 59.9% and 73.4% at 24 months, respectively. Amputation-free survival at 12 and 24 months was, respectively, 95.6% and 78.8%. Overall survival rates at 12 and 24 months were respectively 94.4% and 91.6%. CONCLUSIONS Bifurcates bypass can provide good results in patients with chronic limb threatening ischaemia without endovascular option, especially in diabetic ones. Bifurcated bypass is a complex surgical solution, both to be planned and performed, and it is quite invasive for frail patients that should be accurately selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Adami
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Marconi
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Piaggesi
- Diabetic Foot Section, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide M Mocellin
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaella N Berchiolli
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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de Sá CMD. Effect of 660/850 nm LED on the microcirculation of the foot: neurovascular biphasic reflex. Lasers Med Sci 2021. [PMID: 33398615 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy (LED) can be used to stimulate the healing of chronic ulcers of the lower limb, as it affects healing cells and neurons. In this way, this study has sought to know if the heat stimulus of the 660-/850-nm contact LED is sufficient to trigger the response in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system of normal volunteers. The LED was applied on the right foot of forty-two normal volunteers followed by serial infrared images. After the stimulus, a biphasic hyperthermia curve was observed synchronously in both feet, in the right and left halluxes, while hyperthermia was attributed to the redistribution of postural blood flow in the plantar region, which may indicate independent neurovascular mechanisms. Thus, periodic thermographic analysis can be used in the evolution of the LED treatment.
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Gstoettner C, Mayer JA, Aman M, Salminger S, Bürger H, Hirtler L, Weninger W, Aszmann OC. Cutaneous angiosome of the chimeric SLGA perforator flap: Anatomical study and clinical considerations. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2019; 72:1142-1149. [PMID: 30898505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The superior lateral genicular artery (SLGA) is the basis for a chimeric perforator flap in the lateral knee region, which may include bone, cartilage, fascia, and/or skin. To the best of our knowledge, a detailed description of the corresponding perforator-based skin area is missing in the literature. The aim of this study was to describe the extent and possible variations of the cutaneous angiosome of the SLGA. METHODS In an anatomical study on 21 fresh frozen lower limbs, the SLGA was injected with toluidine blue. The anatomy of the vessel and its perforators was explored, and the skin containing the cutaneous angiosome was harvested and photo-documented. Evaluation of the images was performed using ImageJ software. In addition, the versatility of the SLGA perforator flap is illustrated as both a pedicled local and a free tissue transfer. RESULTS For each vessel, there were 1.75 ± 0.9 (range 1-3) perforators at an average position of 47.3 ± 21.3 mm lateral to the superolateral patella and 42.5 ± 18.7 mm proximal to the knee joint. The angiosome area was 222.8 ± 57.6 cm2 with a length of 20.9 ± 3.0 cm and a width of 15.4 ± 3.0 cm. At the longitudinal axis of the highest perforator density, the proximal end and the distal end of perfusion averaged 13.4 ± 4.1 cm proximal and 2.5 ± 2.0 cm distal to the knee joint, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results show that the SLGA supplies a constant angiosome over the anterolateral proximal knee joint. Its description and visualization will guide surgeons in preoperative planning and further extend the use of this versatile chimeric perforator flap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Gstoettner
- CD Laboratory for the Restoration of Extremity Function, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Mayer
- CD Laboratory for the Restoration of Extremity Function, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Hand, Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Aman
- CD Laboratory for the Restoration of Extremity Function, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Salminger
- CD Laboratory for the Restoration of Extremity Function, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Bürger
- Private Hospital Maria Hilf, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Lena Hirtler
- Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar C Aszmann
- CD Laboratory for the Restoration of Extremity Function, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
The goals of treatment for critical limb ischemia (CLI) are alleviation of ischemic rest pain, healing of arterial insufficiency ulcers, and improving quality of life, thereby preventing limb loss and CLI-related mortality. Arterial revascularization is the foundation of a contemporary approach to promote amputation-free survival. Angiosome-directed revascularization has become a popular theory of reperfusion, whereby anatomically directed arterial flow is restored straight to the wound bed. Innovations in endovascular revascularization combined with a multidisciplinary strategy of wound care accelerate progress in CLI management. This article highlights advances in CLI management, including the clinical relevance of angiosome-directed revascularization, and provides considerations for future treatment of CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Bunte
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, St Luke's Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 4401 Wornall Road, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA
| | - Mehdi H Shishehbor
- Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Weaver ML, Hicks CW, Canner JK, Sherman RL, Hines KF, Mathioudakis N, Abularrage CJ. The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system predicts wound healing better than direct angiosome perfusion in diabetic foot wounds. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:1473-81. [PMID: 29803684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies show conflicting results in wound healing outcomes based on angiosome direct perfusion (DP), but few have adjusted for wound characteristics in their analyses. We have previously shown that the Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification correlates with wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) treated by a multidisciplinary team. The aim of this study was to compare WIfI classification vs DP and pedal arch patency as predictors of wound healing in patients presenting with DFU and peripheral arterial disease. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of all patients with peripheral arterial disease presenting to our multidisciplinary DFU clinic who underwent angiography. An angiosome was considered directly perfused if the artery feeding the angiosome was revascularized or was completely patent. Wound healing time at 1 year was compared on the basis of DP vs indirect perfusion, Rutherford pedal arch grade, and WIfI classification using univariable statistics and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Angiography was performed on 225 wounds in 99 patients (mean age, 63.3 ± 1.2 years; 62.6% male; 53.5% black) during the entire study period. There were 33 WIfI stage 1, 33 stage 2, 51 stage 3, and 108 stage 4 wounds. DP was achieved in 154 wounds (68.4%) and indirect perfusion in 71 wounds (31.6%). On univariable analysis, WIfI classification was significantly associated with improved wound healing (57.2% for WIfI 3/4 vs 77.3% for WIfI 1/2; P = .02), whereas DP and pedal arch patency were not (both, P ≥ .08). After adjusting for baseline patient and wound characteristics, WIfI stage remained independently predictive of wound healing (WIfI 3/4: hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-0.88), whereas DP (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.55-1.21) and pedal arch grade (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.70-1.03) were not. CONCLUSIONS In our population of patients treated by a multidisciplinary diabetic foot service, the Society for Vascular Surgery WIfI classification system was a stronger predictor of diabetic foot wound healing than DP or pedal arch patency. Our results suggest that a measure of wound severity should be included in all future studies assessing wound healing as an outcome, as differences in patients' wound characteristics may be a strong contributor to the variation of angiosome-directed perfusion results previously observed.
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Rother U, Lang W, Horch RE, Ludolph I, Meyer A, Gefeller O, Regus S. Pilot Assessment of the Angiosome Concept by Intra-operative Fluorescence Angiography After Tibial Bypass Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 55:215-221. [PMID: 29305093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The "angiosome" concept as a model for decision making in revascularisation of patients with critical limb ischaemia (CLI) has been subject to lively discussion in recent years. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to use intra-operative fluorescence angiography to provide further data on the angiosome concept on the level of microcirculation after tibial bypass surgery. DESIGN, MATERIALS, AND METHODS This was a prospective analysis of 40 patients presenting with CLI Rutherford stage IV to VI before and after tibial bypass surgery. The macrocirculation was measured by the ankle brachial index. Skin microcirculation was assessed by intra-operative fluorescence angiography. The alteration of microcirculation was compared in direct and indirect revascularised angiosomes. Clinical follow-up investigations were performed and the wound healing rate was compared between the different revascularisation methods. RESULTS Cumulated microcirculation parameters showed a significant improvement after surgery (ingress, ingress rate p<.001). Likewise, general microcirculatory improvement was observed in each foot angiosome after revascularisation, regardless of the tibial artery revascularised. Furthermore, a comparison of the direct (DR) and the indirect revascularised (IR) angiosomes did not show a significant difference concerning the improvement of microcirculation (difference DR-IR, ingress: 1.69, 95% CI 71.73-75.11; ingress rate: 0.08, 95% CI -12.91 to 13.07). The wound healing rate was similar in both groups, although the time to wound healing was faster by on average 2.5 months in the DR group (p=.083). CONCLUSION Microcirculatory improvement was seen over the whole foot after tibial bypass. Therefore, fluorescence angiography is a promising tool to evaluate the angiosome concept in future larger studies. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03012750.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Rother
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Werner Lang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Ludolph
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Meyer
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Regus
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
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Sidon E, Shemesh S, Rosenthal Y, Heller S, Velkes S, Burg A. Medial forefoot fillet flap for primary closure of transmetatarsal amputation: A series of four cases. Foot (Edinb) 2017; 33:53-56. [PMID: 29126044 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Amputation of the forefoot is a salvage procedure for several forefoot acute or chronic infection. A good, sensate and durable skin cover is important for quicker and better rehabilitation. The use of filleted flaps (or "spare parts technique") has been published in the past as a creative technique. The purpose of this article is to introduce a reproducible, pre-planned, technique that requires less creativity for the use of the "spare parts". The authors describe a case series of 4 patients with deep infection and osteomyelitis of the forefoot, without involvement of the medial skin that underwent two staged procedure for transmetatarsal amputation with medial forefoot fillet flap. The first procedure was amputation of the 4 lesser metatarsal and the wound was left open. After a few days the second operation was done with amputation of the first metatarsal bone and using the filleted medial skin and subcutaneous tissue for closure of the wound. In conclusion the medial fillet flap is an effective method of covering large wounds after partial, lateral forefoot amputation. This method shortens the healing time of the patient, and in hospital stay. The authors recommend using the staged method when dealing with diabetic patients with partial, central and lateral forefoot deep infection and/or necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Sidon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, 39th Jabutinski St. Petach Tikva 49100, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Shai Shemesh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, 39th Jabutinski St. Petach Tikva 49100, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Yoav Rosenthal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, 39th Jabutinski St. Petach Tikva 49100, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Snir Heller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, 39th Jabutinski St. Petach Tikva 49100, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Steven Velkes
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, 39th Jabutinski St. Petach Tikva 49100, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Alon Burg
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, 39th Jabutinski St. Petach Tikva 49100, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Khor BYC, Price P. The comparative efficacy of angiosome-directed and indirect revascularisation strategies to aid healing of chronic foot wounds in patients with co-morbid diabetes mellitus and critical limb ischaemia: a literature review. J Foot Ankle Res 2017; 10:26. [PMID: 28670345 PMCID: PMC5490238 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-017-0206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischaemic ulcerations have been reported to persist and/or deteriorate despite technically successful revascularisations; a higher incidence of which affects patients with diabetes and critical limb ischaemia. In the context of wound healing, it is unclear if applications of the angiosome concept in 'direct revascularisation' (DR) would be able to aid the healing of chronic foot ulcerations better than the current 'best vessel' or 'indirect revascularisation' (IR) strategy in patients with co-morbid diabetes and critical limb ischaemia. METHODS A literature search was conducted in eight electronic databases, namely AMED, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, ProQuest Health & Medicine Complete, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source, PubMed, ScienceDirect and TRIP database. Articles were initially screened against a pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria to determine eligibility and subsequently appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Five retrospective studies of varying methodological quality were eligible for inclusion in this review. Critical analysis of an aggregated population (n = 280) from methodologically stronger studies indicates better wound healing outcomes in subjects who had undergone DR as compared to IR (p < 0.001; p = 0.04). DR also appears to result in a nearly twofold increase in probability of wound healing within 12 months (hazard ratio, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.34-2.90). This suggests that achieving direct arterial perfusion to the site of ulceration may be important for the healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcerations. CONCLUSION Incorporating an angiosome-directed approach in the lower limb revascularisation strategy could be a very useful adjunct to a solely indirect approach, which could increase the likelihood of wound healing. With the limited data currently available, findings appear promising and merit from further investigation. Additional research to form a solid evidence base for this revised strategy in patients with co-morbid diabetes and critical limb ischaemia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedictine Y. C. Khor
- Department of Podiatry, Galloway Community Hospital, NHS Dumfries & Galloway, Stranraer, UK
| | - Pamela Price
- Department of Podiatry, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
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Bosanquet DC, Wright AM, White RD, Williams IM. A review of the surgical management of heel pressure ulcers in the 21st century. Int Wound J 2015; 13:9-16. [PMID: 25683573 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heel ulceration, most frequently the result of prolonged pressure because of patient immobility, can range from the trivial to the life threatening. Whilst the vast majority of heel pressure ulcers (PUs) are superficial and involve the skin (stages I and II) or underlying fat (stage III), between 10% and 20% will involve deeper tissues, either muscle, tendon or bone (stage IV). These stage IV heel PUs represent a major health and economic burden and can be difficult to treat. The worst outcomes are seen in those with large ulcers, compromised peripheral arterial supply, osteomyelitis and associated comorbidities. Whilst the mainstay of management of stage I-III heel pressure ulceration centres on offloading and appropriate wound care, successful healing in stage IV PUs is often only possible with surgical intervention. Such intervention includes simple debridement, partial or total calcanectomy, arterial revascularisation in the context of coexisting peripheral vascular disease or using free tissue flaps. Amputation may be required for failed surgical intervention, or as a definitive first-line procedure in certain high-risk or poor prognosis patient groups. This review provides an overview of heel PUs, alongside a comprehensive literature review detailing the surgical interventions available when managing such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann M Wright
- Department of Surgery, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | - Richard D White
- Regional Vascular Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ian M Williams
- Regional Vascular Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Acartürk TO, Dinçyürek H, Dağlıoğlu K. Delay by Staged Elevation of Flaps and Importance of Inclusion of the Perforator Artery. J Hand Microsurg 2014; 7:1-5. [PMID: 26078495 DOI: 10.1007/s12593-014-0124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
"Surgical delay" is aimed at increasing blood flow to adjacent angiosomes by opening choke vessels, to obtain larger and more reliable flaps. We hypothesized that staged elevation (delay) from distal to proximal, in addition to preservation perforator artery near the base will improve survival. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups and 3x8cm caudal McFarlane flaps were elevated. In "delay" groups the 3 × 4 cm distal part was elevated and sutured back, with complete elevation (3 × 8 cm) after 4 days. The deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) at the base was either preserved or transected. The groups were: group A (Delay/DCIA preserved), group B (Delay/DCIA transected), group C (No Delay/DCIA preserved), group D (No Delay/DCIA transected). The percentage of surviving flap area was measured after 7 days with digital planimetrics. Statistics were done with ANOVA and unpaired T-test. The survivals were: 98.44 ± 3.13 %(group A), 69.33 ± 5.51 %(group B), 76.50 ± 8.91 %(group C) and 52.89 ± 3.15 %(group D). Delay lead to a greater degree of survival whether the arteries were preserved (p = 0.002) or transected (p = 0.01). In groups where the DCIA was preserved, the delay lead to a greater area of survival (p = 0.002). Inclusion of arteries lead to a greater degree of survival whether delay was performed (p = 0.003) or not (p = 0.005). Necropsy showed that the DCIAs were dilated bilaterally when preserved with vascular arcades reaching all viable areas. When the DCIA was transected, the gluteal perforators were dilated bilaterally with the vascular arcades reaching all viable areas. Staged elevation is an effective method of delay in both random and rando-axial flaps. When this is combined with preserving the perforator artery, survival rates are further enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Oğuz Acartürk
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3550 Terrace Street/683 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Hüseyin Dinçyürek
- Experimental Research Center, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Kenan Dağlıoğlu
- Experimental Research Center, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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Solomon LB, Boopalan PRJVC, Chakrabarty A, Callary SA. Can tibial plateau fractures be reduced and stabilised through an angiosome-sparing antero-lateral approach? Injury 2014; 45:766-74. [PMID: 24380535 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Tibial plateau fractures (TPFs) are an independent, non-modifiable risk factor for surgical site infections (SSIs). Current antero-lateral approaches to the knee dissect through the anterior tibial angiosome (ATA), which may contribute to a higher rate of SSIs. The aim of this study was to develop an angiosome-sparing antero-lateral approach to allow reduction and fixation of lateral TPFs and to investigate its feasibility in a consecutive cohort. METHODS Twenty cadaveric knees were dissected to define the position of the vessels supplying the ATA from the lateral tibial condyle to the skin perforators. Based on these results, an angiosome-sparing surgical approach to treat lateral TPFs was developed. Fifteen consecutive patients were subsequently treated through this approach. Clinical outcomes included assessment of SSI and Lysholm score. Fracture healing and stability were assessed using the Rasmussen score and radiostereometric analysis (RSA). RESULTS At the latest follow-up between 1 and 4 years, there was no report of SSI. Nine patients (60%) had good or excellent Lysholm scores. The mean Rasmussen score at final follow-up was 17 (median 18, range 14-18) with 10 patients (66%) graded as excellent. Fracture fragment migration measured using RSA was below 2mm in all cases. DISCUSSION This study has demonstrated that an angiosome-sparing antero-lateral approach to the lateral tibial plateau is feasible. Adequate stability of these fracture types was achieved by positioning a buttress plate away from the bone and superficial to the regional fascial layer as an 'internal-external fixator'. CONCLUSION The angiosome-sparing approach developed was able to be used in a prospective cohort and the clinical results to date are encouraging. Future clinical studies need to investigate the potential benefits of this surgical approach when compared with the previously described antero-lateral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian B Solomon
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - P R J V C Boopalan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adhiraj Chakrabarty
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stuart A Callary
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE Since the introduction of short vein bypass (SVB), many have reported its feasibility when long vein bypass (LVB) cannot be performed due to limited vein conduit. However, the presence of inflow-vessel disease may affect graft patency and thus require endovascular treatment prior to surgery. Our study aims to analyze the results between SVB and LVB. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2009 to 2013, 27 bypass procedures were reviewed retrospectively. Outcomes such as patency rate, postoperative ankle brachial index (ABI) and limb salvage rate between SVB and LVB were compared. Wound healing time and primary patency rate were analyzed and the former was also analyzed according to the respective angiosome and revascularization type. RESULTS There were 11 males and 16 females and the mean age was 66.6±12.3 years. Twenty four patients had TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) D and 3 patients had TASC C lesions below knee. The 1-year cumulative patency rate between SVB and LVB were 63% and 66%, P=0.627. The limb salvage rate (100% vs. 73%; P=0.280) and postoperative ABI (0.592 vs. 0.508; P=0.620) were higher in the SVB group than in the LVB group, although the differences were not significant. There was no difference in wound healing time by angiosomal revascularization type. In situ vein graft showed higher patency rate than reversed greater saphenous vein (75% vs. 61%; P=0.00). CONCLUSION The results of SVB were similar to those of LVB. SVB is feasible in the setting of limited conduit availability, in combination with endovascular treatment in the presence of proximal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Sin Kim
- Department of Surgery Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju
| | - Hong Joo Seo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Chang
- Department of Surgery Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju
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Kelly JA, Pacifico MD. Lateralising paraumbilical medial row perforators: dangers and pitfalls in DIEP FLAP planning: a systematic review of 1116 DIEP flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014; 67:383-8. [PMID: 24388599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DIEP flap remains the gold standard for autologous breast reconstruction. Recently, the 'perforasome concept' has advanced our understanding of DIEP flap physiology and planning. This study highlights a patient sub-population that produces anomalies to the perforasome hypothesis: those with paramedian, paraumbilical perforators. METHODS Operation notes and pre-operative CT angiograms from 1116 consecutive DIEP flaps were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with paramedian, paraumbilical perforators (n = 153) were contrasted against a control group whose perforators were not paraumbilical (n = 963). Further sub-group analysis was performed within the study group, comparing paraumbilical perforators that held a lateral course within the flap (n = 25) versus those that held a medial course (n = 128). RESULTS Rates of post-operative DIEP flap partial necrosis was greater in the study population compared with the control group (6.54% vs. 3% p = 0.032). When analysis was made contrasting paraumbilical perforators that held a lateral course in the flap versus perforators that held a median course, flap necrosis was significantly greater in those with a lateral course (24% vs. 3.13%). CONCLUSION The perforasome concept has improved our understanding of perfusion from perforators in DIEP flaps. However when the umbilicus presents a physical barrier to blood vessel passage resulting in lateralizing paraumbilical medial row perforators it appears an exception to the "perforasome" rule. Our experience suggests that when a paraumbilical perforator is harvested, a hemi-flap is safe but caution should be exercised when further volume is needed from the contralateral side.
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Serra R, Grande R, Scarcello E, Buffone G, de Franciscis S. Angiosome-targeted revascularisation in diabetic foot ulcers. Int Wound J 2013; 12:555-8. [PMID: 24118695 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral vascular disease is a common complication of type 2 diabetes and is often more severe and diffuse than in non-diabetic individuals with a higher risk of major amputations in the lower limbs. Diabetic foot revascularisation using both traditional bypass surgery and endovascular therapy are often burdened by the failure and the inevitable subsequent massive amputation. In this study, we examined the clinical response of diabetic patients with critical limb ischaemia and extended ischaemic wounds, treated with a new angiosome-based revascularisation technique. In a 3-year period, nine diabetic patients with imminent amputation threatening and foot ulcers with no feasible arterial revascularisation options were treated by the angiosome-based surgical technique by means of deep vein arterialisation. The postoperative tcPO2 evaluation showed a mean increase in the cutaneous oxygen tension in all patients treated. The overall survival rates were 88·88%, 88·88% and 77·77% at 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. Limb salvage was 100% at 1 year and steady at 88·88% thereafter. Surgical deep venous arterialisation might be considered as an extreme alternative to attempt tissue preservation in limbs unfit for conventional arterial revascularisations. This technique would give advantages to the patients in terms of better compliance to the minor amputations and thus avoiding major limb amputations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Serra
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele Grande
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Edoardo Scarcello
- Unit of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Regional Hospital of Cosenza, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gianluca Buffone
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano de Franciscis
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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