1
|
Salati NA, Sharma M, Rao NN, Shetty SS, Radhakrishnan RA. Role of osteopontin in oral epithelial dysplasia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2023; 27:706-714. [PMID: 38304518 PMCID: PMC10829450 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_492_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory cells and cytokines in the chronically injured mucosa promote fibrosis in the oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) fibrotic milieu. Osteopontin (OPN) is a wound-healing mediator that upregulates the inflammatory response and is involved in the malignancy and fibrosis of multiple organ systems. Objectives We investigated the expression of OPN in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) to determine its role in the malignant transformation and fibrosis of oral tissues. The expression of OPN in OPMDs and OSCCs was compared and correlated, and the role of OPN as a fibrotic mediator in OSF was explained. Study Design A total of 30 cases of normal mucosa and OPMDs (mild dysplasia, severe dysplasia, OSF and OSCCs) were studied by purposive sampling. In these groups, OPN immunoreactivity was examined and correlated with clinical findings. Results In mild dysplasia, OPN expression was restricted to the basal cell layer with moderate staining intensity. In severe dysplasia, it was extremely intense and extended throughout the epithelium. In the OSF, OPN expression was moderate in the perinuclear areas of the basal cell layer. The expression of OPN was very strong in OSCC. A flow diagram explaining the profibrotic role of OPN in OSF has been provided. Conclusion A positive role of OPN in both pathogenesis and malignant transformation of OPMDs and OSCC has been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir A. Salati
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, SGT Dental College Hospital and Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Nirmala N. Rao
- Former Dean, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Smitha S. Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu A. Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Niu K, Ren M, Zhou X, Yang Z, Yang M, Wang X, Luo J, Shao Y, Zhang C, Chen D, Gao S, Ge S, Wu Q, Xiao Q. Targeted Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Prevents Aortic Dissection in a Murine Model. Cells 2022; 11:3218. [PMID: 36291087 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) is a lethal aortic pathology without effective medical treatments since the underlying pathological mechanisms responsible for AD remain elusive. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8) has been previously identified as a key player in atherosclerosis and arterial remodeling. However, the functional role of MMP8 in AD remains largely unknown. Here, we report that an increased level of MMP8 was observed in 3-aminopropionitrile fumarate (BAPN)-induced murine AD. AD incidence and aortic elastin fragmentation were markedly reduced in MMP8-knockout mice. Importantly, pharmacologic inhibition of MMP8 significantly reduced the AD incidence and aortic elastin fragmentation. We observed less inflammatory cell accumulation, a lower level of aortic inflammation, and decreased smooth muscle cell (SMC) apoptosis in MMP8-knockout mice. In line with our previous observation that MMP8 cleaves Ang I to generate Ang II, BAPN-treated MMP8-knockout mice had increased levels of Ang I, but decreased levels of Ang II and lower blood pressure. Additionally, we observed a decreased expression level of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) and a reduced level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MMP8-knockout aortas. Mechanistically, our data show that the Ang II/VCAM1 signal axis is responsible for MMP8-mediated inflammatory cell invasion and transendothelial migration, while MMP8-mediated SMC inflammation and apoptosis are attributed to Ang II/ROS signaling. Finally, we observed higher levels of aortic and serum MMP8 in patients with AD. We therefore provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying AD and identify MMP8 as a potential therapeutic target for this life-threatening aortic disease.
Collapse
|
3
|
van der Gugten JG, Holmes DT. Quantitation of Renin Activity in Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2546:439-50. [PMID: 36127611 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2565-1_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determination of plasma renin activity (PRA) is essential for the development and maintenance of an effective screening program for primary aldosteronism (PA). PRA measurement can also be useful in the investigation of renal artery stenosis, syndrome of mineralocorticoid excess, Addison's disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Bartters and Gitelman syndromes, and for inherited defects in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). We describe a semiautomated and simple method for the accurate and precise measurement of PRA from 500 μL of plasma (250 μL if blank subtraction is omitted, as discussed) using a liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for angiotensin I (AngI) in 96-well format. After a 3 h AngI generation step at 37 °C in buffering conditions at pH 6, the reaction is quenched with 10% formic acid containing AngI internal standard. Sample preparation then proceeds with offline solid phase extraction, two wash steps, and methanol elution followed by injection into the LC-MS/MS system. Quantitation is performed against a 7-point calibration linear curve prepared in buffer. The assay calibration range is 0.34-30.0 ng/mL, which corresponds to PRA values of 0.11-10.0 ng/mL/h: much wider than was possible using traditional competitive antibody-based methods. Total precision in clinical production has been observed to be 5.8-5.0% for BioRad Hypertension Control materials having nominal PRA values ranging from 1.73 to 12.43 ng/mL/h. At AngI concentrations of 0.06 ng/L (corresponding to a PRA of 0.02 ng/mL/h), signal-to-noise ratio is 50:1, indicating that the limit of quantitation is well below the level required for clinical use.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ferrario CM, Groban L, Wang H, Cheng CP, VonCannon JL, Wright KN, Sun X, Ahmad S. The Angiotensin-(1-12)/Chymase axis as an alternate component of the tissue renin angiotensin system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111119. [PMID: 33309638 PMCID: PMC8127338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of an alternate extended form of angiotensin I composed of the first twelve amino acids at the N-terminal of angiotensinogen has generated new knowledge of the importance of noncanonical mechanisms for renin independent generation of angiotensins. The human sequence of the dodecapeptide angiotensin-(1-12) [N-Asp1-Arg2-Val3-Tyr4-Ile5-His6-Pro7-Phe8-His9-Leu10-Val1-Ile12-COOH] is an endogenous substrate that in the rat has been documented to be present in multiple organs including the heart, brain, kidney, gut, adrenal gland, and the bone marrow. Newer studies have confirmed the existence of Ang-(1-12) as an Ang II-forming substrate in the blood and heart of normal and diseased patients. Studies to-date document that angiotensin II generation from angiotensin-(1-12) does not require renin participation while chymase rather than angiotensin converting enzyme shows high catalytic activity in converting this tissue substrate into angiotensin II directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jessica L VonCannon
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kendra N Wright
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xuming Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmad S, Punzi HA, Wright KN, Groban L, Ferrario CM. Newly developed radioimmunoassay for Human Angiotensin-(1-12) measurements in plasma and urine. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111256. [PMID: 33798634 PMCID: PMC8694336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dodecapeptide angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] functions as an intracrine/paracrine substrate for local production of angiotensin II. We developed a reliable and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for the measurement of Ang-(1-12) in human plasma and urine using an affinity purified antibody fraction directed towards the C-terminus of the human Ang-(1-12) sequence. The RIA method was applied to quantify the Ang-(1-12) in plasma and urine collected from thirty-four human subjects (29 treated with antihypertensive medicines and 5 untreated patients). Plasma Ang-(1-12) level was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in patients with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (n = 10) compared to the group with systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg (n = 24). No significant difference (P = 0.22) was found in spot urine between the groups. Our study also shows that the polyclonal antibody neutralizes the cleavage sites of the human Ang-(1-12) from recombinant human chymase (rhChymase) and serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) mediated Ang II generating hydrolysis. Overall, this newly developed RIA method is reliable and applicable to accurately quantify the Ang-(1-12) level in clinical samples (plasma and urine). Further, our in vitro neutralization study suggests that the anti-Ang-(1-12)-antibody might be used as an in vivo therapeutic agent for preventing Ang-(1-12)/Ang II-mediated hypertension and organ damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Henry A Punzi
- Trinity Hypertension & Metabolic Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Carrollton, TX, 75006, USA
| | - Kendra N Wright
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Department of Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berglund P, Akula S, Fu Z, Thorpe M, Hellman L. Extended Cleavage Specificity of the Rat Vascular Chymase, a Potential Blood Pressure Regulating Enzyme Expressed by Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228546. [PMID: 33198413 PMCID: PMC7697883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases constitute the major protein content of the cytoplasmic granules of several hematopoietic cell lineages. These proteases are encoded from four different loci in mammals. One of these loci, the chymase locus, has in rats experienced a massive expansion in the number of functional genes. The human chymase locus encodes 4 proteases, whereas the corresponding locus in rats contains 28 such genes. One of these new genes has changed tissue specificity and has been found to be expressed primarily in vascular smooth muscle cells, and therefore been named rat vascular chymase (RVC). This β-chymase has been claimed to be a potent angiotensin-converting enzyme by cleaving angiotensin (Ang) I into Ang II and thereby having the potential to regulate blood pressure. To further characterize this enzyme, we have used substrate phage display and a panel of recombinant substrates to obtain a detailed quantitative view of its extended cleavage specificity. RVC was found to show a strong preference for Phe and Tyr in the P1 position, but also to accept Leu and Trp in this position. A strong preference for Ser or Arg in the P1’ position, just C-terminally of the cleavage site, and a preference for aliphatic amino acids in most other positions surrounding the cleavage site was also seen. Interesting also was a relatively strict preference for Gly in positions P3’ and P4’. RVC thereby shares similarity in its specificity to the mouse mucosal mast cell chymase mMCP-1, which efficiently converts Ang I to Ang II. This similarity adds support for the role of β-chymases as potent angiotensin converters in rodents, as their α-chymases, which have the capacity to efficiently convert Ang I into Ang II in other mammalian lineages, have become elastases. However, interestingly we found that RVC cleaved both after Arg2 and Phe8 in Ang I. Furthermore this cleavage was more than two hundred times less efficient than the consensus site obtained from the phage display analysis, indicating that RVC has a very low ability to cleave Ang I, raising serious doubts about its role in Ang I conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lars Hellman
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-(0)18-471-4532; Fax: +46-(0)18-471-4862
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bellomo R, Wunderink RG, Szerlip H, English SW, Busse LW, Deane AM, Khanna AK, McCurdy MT, Ostermann M, Young PJ, Handisides DR, Chawla LS, Tidmarsh GF, Albertson TE. Angiotensin I and angiotensin II concentrations and their ratio in catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock. Crit Care 2020; 24:43. [PMID: 32028998 PMCID: PMC7006163 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-2733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background In patients with vasodilatory shock, plasma concentrations of angiotensin I (ANG I) and II (ANG II) and their ratio may reflect differences in the response to severe vasodilation, provide novel insights into its biology, and predict clinical outcomes. The objective of these protocol prespecified and subsequent post hoc analyses was to assess the epidemiology and outcome associations of plasma ANG I and ANG II levels and their ratio in patients with catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock (CRVS) enrolled in the Angiotensin II for the Treatment of High-Output Shock (ATHOS-3) study. Methods We measured ANG I and ANG II levels at baseline, calculated their ratio, and compared these results to values from healthy volunteers (controls). We dichotomized patients according to the median ANG I/II ratio (1.63) and compared demographics, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes. We constructed a Cox proportional hazards model to test the independent association of ANG I, ANG II, and their ratio with clinical outcomes. Results Median baseline ANG I level (253 pg/mL [interquartile range (IQR) 72.30–676.00 pg/mL] vs 42 pg/mL [IQR 30.46–87.34 pg/mL] in controls; P < 0.0001) and median ANG I/II ratio (1.63 [IQR 0.98–5.25] vs 0.4 [IQR 0.28–0.64] in controls; P < 0.0001) were elevated, whereas median ANG II levels were similar (84 pg/mL [IQR 23.85–299.50 pg/mL] vs 97 pg/mL [IQR 35.27–181.01 pg/mL] in controls; P = 0.9895). At baseline, patients with a ratio above the median (≥1.63) had higher ANG I levels (P < 0.0001), lower ANG II levels (P < 0.0001), higher albumin concentrations (P = 0.007), and greater incidence of recent (within 1 week) exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (P < 0.00001), and they received a higher norepinephrine-equivalent dose (P = 0.003). In the placebo group, a baseline ANG I/II ratio <1.63 was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio 0.56; 95% confidence interval 0.36–0.88; P = 0.01) on unadjusted analyses. Conclusions Patients with CRVS have elevated ANG I levels and ANG I/II ratios compared with healthy controls. In such patients, a high ANG I/II ratio is associated with greater norepinephrine requirements and is an independent predictor of mortality, thus providing a biological rationale for interventions aimed at its correction. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02338843. Registered 14 January 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Bellomo
- Centre for Integrated Critical Care, Department of Medicine & Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Richard G Wunderink
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harold Szerlip
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shane W English
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Critical Care), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurence W Busse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam M Deane
- Department of Medicine and Radiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Medical School, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ashish K Khanna
- Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael T McCurdy
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marlies Ostermann
- Department of Critical Care, King's College London, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul J Young
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.,Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Timothy E Albertson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health System, Mather, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmad S, Wright KN, Sun X, Groban L, Ferrario CM. Mast cell peptidases (carboxypeptidase A and chymase)-mediated hydrolysis of human angiotensin-(1-12) substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:651-656. [PMID: 31466718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin processing peptidases (carboxypeptidase A (CPA) and chymase) are stored in cardiac mast cell (MC) secretory granules in large quantity and are co-released into the extracellular environment after activation/degranulation. In the human heart, chymase is primarily responsible for angiotensin II (Ang II) generation from the alternate substrate angiotensin-(1-12) (Ang-(1-12)). We investigated the individual and combined hydrolytic specificity of CPA and chymase enzymes (1:1 and 1:⅓ ratio) in the processing of the human Ang-(1-12) (hAng-(1-12)) substrate. To determine the Km and Vmax, the CPA and recombinant human chymase (rhChymase) enzymes were incubated with increasing concentrations of hAng-(1-12) substrate (0-300 μM). We found that CPA alone sequentially metabolized hAng-(1-12) substrate into angiotensin-(1-9) (Ang-(1-9), 53%), Ang II (22%) and angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7), 11%) during a 15 min incubation. In the presence of rhChymase alone, 125I-hAng-(1-12) was directly metabolized into Ang II (89%) and no further hydrolysis of Ang II was detected. In the presence of both CPA + rhChymase enzymes (1:1 or 1:⅓ ratio), the amount of Ang II formation from 125I-hAng-(1-12) within a 5 min incubation period were 68% or 65%, respectively. In the presence of both (CPA + rhChymase), small amounts of Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7) were generated from 125I-hAng-(1-12). The Km and Vmax values were 150 ± 5 μM and 384 ± 23 nM/min/mg of CPA and 40 ± 9 μM and 116 ± 20 nM/min/mg of rhChymase. The catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km ratio) was higher for rhChymase/hAng-(1-12) compared to CPA/hAng-(1-12). Compared to CPA, chymase has a much higher affinity to hydrolyze the hAng-(1-12) substrate directly into Ang II. In addition, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) are the end products of chymase and CPA, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that the Ang II generation from hAng-(1-12) is primarily mediated by chymase rather than CPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Kendra N Wright
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Xuming Sun
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Leanne Groban
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cziferszky M, Gust R. Zeise's salt as powerful platinating agent for proteins investigated by top-down-mass spectrometry. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 189:53-57. [PMID: 30218890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallodrugs have become an integral part of modern medicinal chemistry with platinum drugs as anti-cancer agents being well-known examples. The historically interesting compound Zeise's salt, potassium trichlorido(ethene)platinate(II) has scarcely been investigated in this context yet. This study is geared towards shedding light on the biological reactivity of this platinum complex. Mass Spectrometry tools were used to obtain a deeper understanding of its interactions with biomolecules on the molecular level. Angiotensin I and Ubiquitin were chosen as model systems. Comparison to Cisplatin show that Zeise's salt is more reactive towards nucleophilic sites in proteins. Our data indicate that the ethylene ligand remains on the platinum when coordinated to a nitrogen donor in the biomolecule and therefore offers a linkage for the introduction of further functionality. When attached to sulfur donors in the biomolecule, platinum(II) provides a site for the formation of crosslinks and loops in the biomolecules by losing all four of its initial ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Cziferszky
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Salamin K, Eugster PJ, Jousson O, Waridel P, Grouzmann E, Monod M. AoS28D, a proline-Xaa carboxypeptidase secreted by Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4129-37. [PMID: 28229206 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl peptidases of the MEROPS S28 family are of particular interest because they are key enzymes in the digestion of proline-rich peptides. A BLAST analysis of the Aspergillus oryzae genome revealed sequences coding for four proteases of the S28 family. Three of these proteases, AoS28A, AoS28B, and AoS28C, were previously characterized as acidic prolyl endopeptidases. The fourth protease, AoS28D, showed high sequence divergence with other S28 proteases and belongs to a phylogenetically distinct cluster together with orthologous proteases from other Aspergillus species. The objective of the present paper was to characterize AoS28D protease in terms of substrate specificity and activity. AoS28D produced by gene overexpression in A. oryzae and in Pichia pastoris was a 70-kDa glycoprotein with a 10-kDa sugar moiety. In contrast with other S28 proteases, AoS28D did not hydrolyze internal Pro-Xaa bonds of several tested peptides. Similarly, to human lysosomal Pro-Xaa carboxypeptidase, AoS28D demonstrated selectivity for cleaving C-terminal Pro-Xaa bonds which are resistant to carboxypeptidases of the S10 family concomitantly secreted by A. oryzae. Therefore, AoS28D could act in synergy with these enzymes during sequential degradation of a peptide from its C-terminus.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex circulating and tissue-based system. There are multiple pathways for the formation and degradation of peptides. In order to understand the functions of the system, characterization of angiotensin peptides (products and substrates) is important. Radioimmunoassays with the requisite specificity and sensitivity have been developed to allow for the characterization and quantification of circulating and tissue angiotensins. Here, we describe the appropriate methods for collecting the tissue and blood, the extractions steps required to partially purify and remove larger molecular weight-interfering proteins from tissue and plasma, and the radioimmunoassay of three of the peptides of this system (Ang I, Ang II, and Ang-(1-7)), as well as the verification of immunoreactive identity for Ang II and Ang-(1-7) by combined high-performance liquid chromatography-RIA analysis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahmad S, Varagic J, VonCannon JL, Groban L, Collawn JF, Dell'Italia LJ, Ferrario CM. Primacy of cardiac chymase over angiotensin converting enzyme as an angiotensin-(1-12) metabolizing enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:559-64. [PMID: 27465904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We showed previously that rat angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] is metabolized by chymase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to generate Angiotensin II (Ang II). Here, we investigated the affinity of cardiac chymase and ACE enzymes for Ang-(1-12) and Angiotensin I (Ang I) substrates. Native plasma membranes (PMs) isolated from heart and lung tissues of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were incubated with radiolabeled (125)I-Ang-(1-12) or (125)I-Ang I, in the absence or presence of a chymase or ACE inhibitor (chymostatin and lisinopril, respectively). Products were quantitated by HPLC connected to an in-line flow-through gamma detector. The rate of (125)I-Ang II formation from (125)I-Ang-(1-12) by chymase was significantly higher (heart: 7.0 ± 0.6 fmol/min/mg; lung: 33 ± 1.2 fmol/min/mg, P < 0.001) when compared to (125)I-Ang I substrate (heart: 0.8 ± 0.1 fmol/min/mg; lung: 2.1 ± 0.1 fmol/min/mg). Substrate affinity of (125)I-Ang-(1-12) for rat cardiac chymase was also confirmed using excess unlabeled Ang-(1-12) or Ang I (0-250 μM). The rate of (125)I-Ang II formation was significantly lower using unlabeled Ang-(1-12) compared to unlabeled Ang I substrate. Kinetic data showed that rat chymase has a lower Km (64 ± 6.3 μM vs 142 ± 17 μM), higher Vmax (13.2 ± 1.3 μM/min/mg vs 1.9 ± 0.2 μM/min/mg) and more than 15-fold higher catalytic efficiency (ratio of Vmax/Km) for Ang-(1-12) compared to Ang I substrate, respectively. We also investigated ACE mediated hydrolysis of (125)I-Ang-(1-12) and (125)I-Ang I in solubilized membrane fractions of the SHR heart and lung. Interestingly, no significant difference in (125)I-Ang II formation by ACE was detected using either substrate, (125)I-Ang-(1-12) or (125)I-Ang I, both in the heart (1.8 ± 0.2 fmol/min/mg and 1.8 ± 0.3 fmol/min/mg, respectively) and in the lungs (239 ± 25 fmol/min/mg and 248 ± 34 fmol/min/mg, respectively). Compared to chymase, ACE-mediated Ang-(1-12) metabolism in the heart was several fold lower. Overall our findings suggest that Ang-(1-12), not Ang I, is the better substrate for Ang II formation by chymase in adult rats. In addition, this confirms our previous observation that chymase (rather than ACE) is the main hydrolyzing enzyme responsible for Ang II generation from Ang-(1-12) in the adult rat heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jessica L VonCannon
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Leanne Groban
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Internal Medicine/Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Accurate determination of plasma renin activity (PRA) is essential for the development and maintenance of an effective screening program for primary aldosteronism (PA). PRA measurement can also be useful in the investigation of renal artery stenosis, syndrome of mineralocorticoid excess, Addison's disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Bartter and Gitelman syndromes, and for inherited defects in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). We describe a semi-automated and simple method for the accurate and precise measurement of PRA from 500 μL of plasma (250 μL if blank subtraction is omitted, as discussed) using a liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for angiotensin I (AngI) in 96-well format. After a 3 h AngI generation step at 37 °C in buffering conditions at pH 6, the reaction is quenched with 10 % formic acid containing AngI internal standard. Sample preparation then proceeds with offline solid phase extraction, two wash steps, and methanol elution followed by injection into the LC-MS/MS system. Quantitation is performed against a 7-point calibration linear curve prepared in buffer. The assay calibration range is 0.34-30.0 ng/mL which corresponds to PRA values of 0.11-10.0 ng/mL/h: much wider than was possible using traditional competitive antibody-based methods. Total precision in clinical production has been observed to be 5.8 to 5.0 % for Bio-Rad Hypertension Control materials having nominal PRA values ranging from 1.73 to 12.43 ng/mL/h. At AngI concentrations of 0.06 ng/L (corresponding to a PRA of 0.02 ng/mL/h), signal to noise ratios are 50:1 indicating that the limit of quantitation is well below the level required for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Grace Van Der Gugten
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Daniel T Holmes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|