Fahey JM, Girotti AW. The Negative Impact of Cancer Cell Nitric Oxide on Photodynamic Therapy.
Methods Mol Biol 2022;
2451:21-31. [PMID:
35505007 DOI:
10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_2]
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Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that low-flux nitric oxide (NO) in tumors produced mainly by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2) can signal for angiogenesis, inhibition of apoptosis, and promotion of cell growth, migration, and invasion. Studies in the authors' laboratory have revealed that iNOS-derived NO in various cancer cell types elicits resistance to cytotoxic photodynamic therapy (PDT) and moreover endows PDT-surviving cells with more aggressive proliferation and migration/invasion. In this chapter, we describe how cancer cell iNOS/NO in vitro can be monitored in different PDT model systems (e.g., a targeted cell-bystander cell model) and how pharmacologic interference with basal and PDT-upregulated iNOS/NO can significantly improve PDT outcomes.
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