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Tang S, Lu Y, Sun F, Qin Y, Harypursat V, Deng R, Zhang G, Chen Y, Wang T. Transcriptomic crosstalk between viral and host factors drives aberrant homeostasis of T-cell proliferation and cell death in HIV-infected immunological non-responders. J Infect 2024; 88:106151. [PMID: 38582127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological non-responders (INRs) among people living with HIV have inherently higher mortality and morbidity rates. The underlying immunological mechanisms whereby failure of immune reconstitution occurs in INRs require elucidation. METHOD HIV-1 DNA and HIV-1 cell-associated RNA (CA-HIV RNA) quantifications were conducted via RT-qPCR. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), bioinformatics, and biological verifications were performed to discern the crosstalk between host and viral factors. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze cellular activation, proliferation, and death. RESULTS HIV-1 DNA and CA-HIV RNA levels were observed to be significantly higher in INRs compared to immunological responders (IRs). Evaluation of CD4/CD8 ratios showed a significantly negative correlation with HIV-1 DNA in IRs, but not in INRs. Bioinformatics analyses and biological verifications showed IRF7/INF-α regulated antiviral response was intensified in INRs. PBMCs of INRs expressed significantly more HIV integrase-mRNA (p31) than IRs. Resting (CD4+CD69- T-cells) and activated (CD4+CD69+ T-cells) HIV-1 reservoir harboring cells were significantly higher in INRs, with the co-occurrence of significantly higher cellular proliferation and cell death in CD4+ T-cells of INRs. CONCLUSION In INRs, the systematic crosstalk between the HIV-1 reservoir and host cells tends to maintain a persistent antiviral response-associated inflammatory environment, which drives aberrant cellular activation, proliferation, and death of CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengquan Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Yanqiu Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Renni Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
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Pan YY, Wang LC, Yang F, Yu M. Interferon-lambda: New role in intestinal symptoms of COVID-19. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:1942-1954. [PMID: 37155525 PMCID: PMC10122791 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i13.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tremendous public health and economic impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a huge challenge globally. There is increasing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 induces intestinal infections. Type III interferon (IFN-λ) has an antiviral role in intestinal infection, with focused, long-lasting, and non-inflammatory characteristics. This review presents a summary of the structure of SARS-CoV-2, including its invasion and immune escape mechanisms. Emphasis was placed on the gastrointestinal impact of SARS-CoV-2, including changes to the intestinal microbiome, activation of immune cells, and inflammatory responses. We also describe the comprehensive functions of IFN-λ in anti-enteric SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discuss the potential application of IFN-λ as a therapeutic agent for COVID-19 with intestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Liu-Can Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400013, China
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Leon K, Ott M. An 'Arms Race' between the Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay Pathway and Viral Infections. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:101-107. [PMID: 32553580 PMCID: PMC7295464 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) pathway is an RNA quality control pathway conserved among eukaryotic cells. While historically thought to predominantly recognize transcripts with premature termination codons, it is now known that the NMD pathway plays a variety of roles, from homeostatic events to control of viral pathogens. In this review we highlight the reciprocal interactions between the host NMD pathway and viral pathogens, which have shaped both the host antiviral defense and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Leon
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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Abstract
NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6 (NLRP6) is a novel NLR family member, that shows high expression in the intestine and liver (in contrast to NLRP3 in myeloid cells), to regulate inflammation and host defense against microbes. NLRP6 is reported to involved in inflammasome activation, regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, antiviral interferon (IFN) signaling, mucus secretion, and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production. Here, we discuss the recent findings as well as debates regarding: how NLRP6 is induced ("signal I″) and activated ("signal II"); its roles in intestinal cells and immune cells; how NLRP6 and NLRP9 coordinate to regulate the anti-viral immune response in the intestine; potential targeting of NLRP6 in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Li
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Sheng J, Yu F, Chen D, Wang H, Lu L. Infection of grass carp reovirus induced the expressional suppression of pro-viral Fibulin-4 in host cells. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 77:294-297. [PMID: 29627476 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibulin-4 is not only involved in connective tissue development and elastic fiber formation, but also plays critical neoplastic roles in tumor growth by activating Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in human. Recently, Fibulin-4 was shown to associate with grass carp reovirus (GCRV) outer capsid proteins and might relate to viral hemorrhagic disease in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Here, we monitored the expression pattern of Fibulin-4 during the infection course of GCRV at both translational and transcriptional levels, and found that Fibulin-4 was significantly suppressed upon the viral challenge in grass cap GCO cells. Over expression of Fibulin-4 was achieved by transduction of pEGFP-Fibulin-4 plasmids into GCO cells, which was confirmed by both Western blot and Real time RT-PCR analysis. In GCO cells with over-expression of Fibulin-4, significantly increase of viral protein synthesis and progeny virus production was detected. Our study indicated that Fibulin-4 displayed pro-viral function and was inhibited during viral challenge. Thus, repression of Fibulin-4 expression seemed to be involved in anti-viral response in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Sheng
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fei Yu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dubo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Green TJ, Rolland JL, Vergnes A, Raftos D, Montagnani C. OsHV-1 countermeasures to the Pacific oyster's anti-viral response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 47:435-443. [PMID: 26384844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The host-pathogen interactions between the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) are poorly characterised. Herpesviruses are a group of large, DNA viruses that are known to encode gene products that subvert their host's antiviral response. It is likely that OsHV-1 has also evolved similar strategies as its genome encodes genes with high homology to C. gigas inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and an interferon-stimulated gene (termed CH25H). The first objective of this study was to simultaneously investigate the expression of C. gigas and OsHV-1 genes that share high sequence homology during an acute infection. Comparison of apoptosis-related genes revealed that components of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway (TNF) were induced in response to OsHV-1 infection, but we failed to observe evidence of apoptosis using a combination of biochemical and molecular assays. IAPs encoded by OsHV-1 were highly expressed during the acute stage of infection and may explain why we didn't observe evidence of apoptosis. However, C. gigas must have an alternative mechanism to apoptosis for clearing OsHV-1 from infected gill cells as we observed a reduction in viral DNA between 27 and 54 h post-infection. The reduction of viral DNA in C. gigas gill cells occurred after the up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (viperin, PKR, ADAR). In a second objective, we manipulated the host's anti-viral response by injecting C. gigas with a small dose of poly I:C at the time of OsHV-1 infection. This small dose of poly I:C was unable to induce transcription of known antiviral effectors (ISGs), but these oysters were still capable of inhibiting OsHV-1 replication. This result suggests dsRNA induces an anti-viral response that is additional to the IFN-like pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia.
| | - Jean-Luc Rolland
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnes Vergnes
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
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Herbert C, Zeng QX, Shanmugasundaram R, Garthwaite L, Oliver BG, Kumar RK. Response of airway epithelial cells to double-stranded RNA in an allergic environment. Transl Respir Med 2014; 2:11. [PMID: 25264520 PMCID: PMC4173067 DOI: 10.1186/s40247-014-0011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Respiratory viral infections are the most common trigger of acute exacerbations in patients with allergic asthma. The anti-viral response of airway epithelial cells (AEC) may be impaired in asthmatics, while cytokines produced by AEC may drive the inflammatory response. We investigated whether AEC cultured in the presence of Th2 cytokines associated with an allergic environment exhibited altered responses to double-stranded RNA, a virus-like stimulus. Methods We undertook preliminary studies using the MLE-12 cell line derived from mouse distal respiratory epithelial cells, then confirmed and extended our findings using low-passage human AEC. Cells were cultured in the absence or presence of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 for 48 hours, then stimulated with poly I:C for 4 hours. Expression of relevant anti-viral response and cytokine genes was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Secretion of cytokine proteins was assessed by immunoassay. Results Following stimulation with poly I:C, MLE-12 cells pre-treated with Th2 cytokines exhibited significantly higher levels of expression of mRNA for the cytokine genes Cxcl10 and Cxcl11, as well as a trend towards increased expression of Cxcl9 and Il6. Expression of anti-viral response genes was mostly unchanged, although Stat1, Ifit1 and Ifitm3 were significantly increased in Th2 cytokine pre-treated cells. Human AEC pre-treated with IL-4 and IL-13, then stimulated with poly I:C, similarly exhibited significantly higher expression of IL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CCL5 genes. In parallel, there was significantly increased secretion of CXCL8 and CCL5, as well as a trend towards increased secretion of CXCL10 and IL-6. Again, expression of anti-viral response genes was not decreased. Rather, there was significantly enhanced expression of mRNA for type III interferons, RNA helicases and other interferon-stimulated genes. Conclusion The Th2 cytokine environment appears to promote increased production of pro-inflammatory chemokines by AEC in response to double-stranded RNA, which could help explain the exaggerated inflammatory response to respiratory viral infection in allergic asthmatics. However, any impairment of anti-viral host defences in asthmatics appears unlikely to be a consequence of Th2 cytokine-induced downregulation of the expression of viral response genes by AEC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40247-014-0011-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristan Herbert
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Qing-Xiang Zeng
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2037 Australia ; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | | | - Linda Garthwaite
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2037 Australia ; School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007 Australia
| | - Rakesh K Kumar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052 Australia
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Green TJ, Benkendorff K, Robinson N, Raftos D, Speck P. Anti-viral gene induction is absent upon secondary challenge with double-stranded RNA in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 39:492-497. [PMID: 24945571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oyster farming is one of the most important aquaculture industries in the world. However, its productivity is increasingly limited by viral disease and we do not yet have management practices, such as protective vaccination, that can control these disease outbreaks. Hence, in the current study we investigated the expression of known anti-viral genes in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in response to primary and secondary encounter with a virus associated molecular pattern (dsRNA), and tested whether a common form of epigenetic gene regulation (DNA methylation) was associated with the expression of these anti-viral genes. Injection of dsRNA into the adductor muscle resulted in the rapid and transient expression of virus recognition receptors (TLR & MDA5), whereas several anti-viral signalling (IRF & SOC-1) and effector (PKR & viperin) genes were still up-regulated at one week post primary challenge (p < 0.05). This primary encounter with dsRNA appeared to deplete the immune system because anti-viral gene induction was absent in the gills when oysters were given a second injection of dsRNA at 1-week post-primary injection. The expression of DNA methylation genes (DNMT1, DNMT3b, TDG, TET2) and DNA methylation profiles up-stream of specific anti-viral genes (STING, SOC-1 & Viperin) did not change in response to dsRNA injection (p > 0.05). These results collectively suggest that C. gigas does not have an enhanced anti-viral gene response (immune-priming) to secondary dsRNA challenge and that the sustained up-regulation of anti-viral signalling and effector genes following primary challenge is unlikely to be associated with upstream DNA methylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Nick Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Nofima, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Abstract
NK cells represent important effectors of the innate immunity in the protection of an individual from microbes. During an NK-mediated anti-microbial response, the final fate (survival or death) of a potential infected target cell depends primarily on the type and the number of receptor/ligand interactions occurring at the effector/target immune synapse. The identification of an array of receptors involved in NK cell triggering has been crucial for a better understanding of the NK cell biology. In this context, NCR play a predominant role in NK cell activation during the process of natural cytotoxicity. Regarding the NK-mediated pathogen recognition and NK cell activation, an emerging concept is represented by the involvement of TLRs and activating KIRs. NK cells express certain TLRs in common with other innate cell types. This would mean that specific TLR ligands are able to promote the simultaneous and synergistic stimulation of these innate cells, providing a coordinated mechanism for regulating the initiation and amplification of immune responses. Evidences have been accumulated indicating that viral infections may have a significant impact on NK cell maturation, promoting the expansion of phenotypically and functionally aberrant NK cell subpopulations. For example, during chronic HIV-infection, an abnormal expansion of a dysfunctional CD56neg NK cell subset has been detected that may explain, at least in part, the defective NK cell-mediated antiviral activity. An analogous imbalance of NK cell subsets has been detected in patients receiving HSCT to cure high risk leukemias and experiencing HCMV infection/reactivation. Remarkably, NK cells developing after CMV reactivation may contain "memory-like" or "long-lived" NK cells that could exert a potent anti-leukemia effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Della Chiesa
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Pesce
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
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