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Ismail G, El Hawari K, Jaber F, Verdon E, Al Iskandarani M. Occurence of antimicrobial residues in milk and labneh consumed in Lebanon. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2024; 17:87-99. [PMID: 38235577 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2298478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are administered in livestock for different uses leading to milk contamination and several undesirable effects. Because there is a lack of surveillance of antimicrobial residues (AMRs) in milk and dairy products in Lebanon, this study aims to determine the occurrence of AMRs in 90 Lebanese samples of milk and labneh (concentrated yoghurt). Multi-residue screening methods with suitable sample preparations were applied to detect 71 AMRs in milk and labneh, respectively, using LC-MS/MS. Of the total number of samples, 71% was contaminated with AMRs and (fluoro)quinolones and macrolides were the most detected families. Additional confirmation tests proved that 6.7% of the milk samples were non-compliant for the macrolides tilmicosin, tulathromycin and spiramycin. Moreover, some labneh prepared from contaminated milk samples was analysed to determine the fate of AMRs during the manufacturing process. The results showed that some AMRs could be concentrated, eliminated or degraded, based on their physicochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghinwa Ismail
- CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission, Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds, Beirut, Lebanon
- Anses, French National (NRL) and EU Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Veterinary Medicinal Product and Antimicrobial Residues in Food from Animal Origin, Laboratory of Fougères, Fougères, France
| | - Khaled El Hawari
- CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission, Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farouk Jaber
- CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission, Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eric Verdon
- Anses, French National (NRL) and EU Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Veterinary Medicinal Product and Antimicrobial Residues in Food from Animal Origin, Laboratory of Fougères, Fougères, France
| | - Mohamad Al Iskandarani
- CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission, Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds, Beirut, Lebanon
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Das MK, Das S, Srivastava PK. An overview on the prevalence and potential impact of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment of India. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1015. [PMID: 37530878 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
India at present is one of the leading countries in antimicrobial drug production and use, leading to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and public health problems. Attention has mainly been focused on the human and food animals' contribution to AMR neglecting the potential contribution of the perceptibly degraded aquatic environment in India. The paper reviews the available published literature in India on the prevalence of antimicrobial residues and their dissemination pathways in wastewater of pharmaceutical industries, sewage treatment plants, hospitals, riverine, community pond water, and groundwater. The prevalence of antimicrobial residue concentration, pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB), their drug resistance levels, and their specific antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) occurring in various water matrices of India have been comprehensively depicted from existing literature. The concentration of some widely used antimicrobials recorded from the sewage treatment plants and hospital wastewater and rivers in India has been compared with other countries. The ecotoxicological risk posed by these antimicrobials in the various water matrices in India indicated high hazard quotient (HQ) values for pharmaceutical effluents, hospital effluents, and river water. The degraded aquatic environment exhibited the selection of a wide array of co-existent resistant genes for antibiotics and metals. The review revealed improper use of antibiotics and inadequate wastewater treatment as major drivers of AMR contaminating water bodies in India and suggestion for containing the challenges posed by AMR in India has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Das
- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India.
| | - Subhasree Das
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Aquaculture, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
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3
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Zakaria AM, Elmeligy E, Abdulkarim A, Mohammed HH, Khalphallah A, Ali MA, Khalifa MI. Monitoring antimicrobial residues in table eggs in Aswan governorate markets and their impact on egg quality and public health. Open Vet J 2023; 13:523-531. [PMID: 37304600 PMCID: PMC10257451 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Organic egg is among the most common organic foods offered for sale in Egyptian markets in recent years, and consumers buy them at a higher price because they believe organic eggs are safer and have superior nutritional value than conventional eggs. Aim The present work aimed to monitor antimicrobial residues in brown table eggs, whether conventional or organic type, in Aswan governorate markets and assessed their physical and chemical quality and their public health hazards. Methods Brown table egg samples (n = 400 total) were randomly selected in the present study, in which they represented two equal groups (n = 200 each) including conventional eggs and organic eggs. Eggs were collected from different retail stores in the Aswan governorate, Egypt. Egg samples were subjected to thorough physical and chemical quality evaluation as well as an assessment of antimicrobial residues. Results The results reported that organic eggs were cleaner and had a better odor, less blood, and meat spots, but smaller with more shell cracks than conventional eggs. Chemical analysis of some nutrient contents in the egg yolk revealed significantly higher nutritive values of organic eggs than that of conventional ones as the organic eggs contain significantly higher levels of vitamin A and vitamin D/D3 and significantly lower values of cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, and zinc than those in conventional eggs. Disc diffusion assay has been used for monitoring antimicrobial residues in egg samples. The results have shown that all examined organic eggs were free from antimicrobial residues, while 12% and 8% of conventional egg yolk and white were positive for antimicrobial residues, respectively. Conclusion The study concludes the higher nutritive value of organic eggs compared with the conventional type because of their significantly higher contents of vitamins A and D and their significantly lower contents of cholesterol. Moreover, organic eggs were free from antimicrobial residues which maximizes their public health benefits..
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Affiliation(s)
- Asem M. Zakaria
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Enas Elmeligy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Haitham H. Mohammed
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Arafat Khalphallah
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abdelhadi Ali
- Department of Forensic medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Khalifa
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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Alhaji NB, Odetokun IA, Adamu AM, Hassan A, Lawan MK, Fasina FO. Antimicrobial usage and associated residues and resistance emergence in smallholder beef cattle production systems in Nigeria: A One Health challenge. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:233-245. [PMID: 35641718 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Livestock intensification has facilitated antimicrobial use (AMU) with consequent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. We assessed AMU in beef farms, pathways for residues and resistance dissemination to humans, risk status, residues identification, and drivers for antimicrobial residues and resistance emergence in beef cattle production systems. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in randomly selected beef farms of Northern Nigeria, between 2018 and 2019. Traffic Light model and Disc Diffusion Test were used to assess risk status and determined residues, respectively. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models at 95% confidence level. About 92% (n = 608) farmers participated. The majority of farmers managing intensive (78.9%) and semi-intensive (76.6%) farms did not follow antimicrobial dosage instructions. Also, 72.4% and 83.9% of the farmers on intensive and semi-intensive systems, respectively, did not observed withdrawal periods after AMU. Furthermore, 71.5% farmers in intensive and 53.2% in semi-intensive farms used antimicrobials as growth promoters. Antimicrobials frequently used include tetracyclines, sulfonamides and penicillin. Antimicrobial residues and resistance dissemination pathways from beef herds were: consumption of contaminated meat with residues (p = 0.007); contacts with contaminated cattle and fomites (p < 0.001); and contaminated manure and aerosols in farm environment (p = 0.003). Significant drivers of residues and resistance emergence were antimicrobial misuse and overuse (OR = 2.72; 95% CI:1.93-3.83), non-enforcement of laws (OR = 2.98; 95% CI:2.11-4.21), poor education and expertise (OR = 1.52; 95% CI:1.09-2.12), and husbandry management system (OR = 10.24; 95% CI:6.75-15.54). The majority of intensive (63.6%) and semi-intensive (57.63%) farm systems belonged to Class 3 (Red risk) status. Antimicrobial residues were detected in 48.4% intensively and 34.4% semi-intensively managed farms. The study revealed poor practices of AMU in beef cattle production. Many factors were found to influenced antimicrobial residues and resistance occurrence and dissemination. A 'One Health' approach mitigation with adequate sanitation, hygiene, and good biosecurity measures will assure food safety, public and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nma Bida Alhaji
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Minna, Nigeria. .,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Ismail Ayoade Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Andrew Musa Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Kabiru Lawan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ECTAD-FAO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Sallam KI, Saad FSS, Abdelkhalek A. Health risk assessment of antimicrobial residues in sheep carcasses marketed in Kuwait. Food Chem 2022; 383:132401. [PMID: 35217278 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 450 samples comprising 150 each of muscles, livers and kidneys were collected from 150 sheep carcasses in Kuwait and tested by both Rapid Premi®Test kits for rapid detection of antimicrobial-positive samples, and the High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for residual determination of amoxicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and tylosin. Premi test revealed that 82%, 64% and 100% of the muscle, liver and kidney samples examined, respectively were positive for antimicrobials. HPLC analysis revealed mean concentrations (µg/kg) of 45.26, 148.17, 103.18, and 71.80 for amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and tylosin respectively in muscles; 64.43, 263.15, 177.04, and 112.94, respectively in livers; and 53.12, 368.21, 196.40, and 138.63, respectively in kidneys. Although many samples exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) of Codex Alimentarius, the assessment of dietary exposure to the antimicrobials tested through consumption of sheep meat and organs did not constitute any health hazards in the different age groups of Kuwaiti population.
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Seethalakshmi PS, Charity OJ, Giakoumis T, Kiran GS, Sriskandan S, Voulvoulis N, Selvin J. Delineating the impact of COVID-19 on antimicrobial resistance: An Indian perspective. Sci Total Environ 2022; 818:151702. [PMID: 34798093 PMCID: PMC8592853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shattered millions of lives globally and continues to be a challenge to public health due to the emergence of variants of concern. Fear of secondary infections following COVID-19 has led to an escalation in antimicrobial use during the pandemic, while some antimicrobials have been repurposed as treatments for SARS-CoV-2, further driving antimicrobial resistance. India is one of the largest producers and consumers of antimicrobials globally, hence the task of curbing antimicrobial resistance is a huge challenge. Practices like empirical antimicrobial prescription and repurposing of drugs in clinical settings, self-medication and excessive use of antimicrobial hygiene products may have negatively impacted the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in India. However, the expanded production of antimicrobials and disinfectants during the pandemic in response to increased demand may have had an even greater impact on the threat of antimicrobial resistance through major impacts on the environment. The review provides an outline of the impact COVID-19 can have on antimicrobial resistance in clinical settings and the possible outcomes on the environment. This review calls for the upgrading of existing antimicrobial policies and emphasizes the need for research studies to understand the impact of the pandemic on antimicrobial resistance in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Seethalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
| | - Oliver J Charity
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare associated infection and AMR, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK.
| | | | - George Seghal Kiran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare associated infection and AMR, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK; MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, Imperial College London, UK.
| | | | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
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Mukota AK, Gondam MFK, Tsafack JJT, Sasanya J, Reybroeck W, Ntale M, Nyanzi SA, Tebandeke E. Primary validation of Charm II tests for the detection of antimicrobial residues in a range of aquaculture fish. BMC Chem 2020; 14:32. [PMID: 32352083 PMCID: PMC7183640 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-020-00684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study carried out a primary validation of Charm II tests for the detection of antimicrobial residues in aquaculture fish. The validation was performed according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and the parameters determined included: detection capability, repeatability, reproducibility, specificity and robustness for the detection of antimicrobial residues in fish. Fish materials from different species including cat fish, trout, salmon, sea bass, tilapia, lingue and pangasius, were spiked with varying concentrations of selected antimicrobials including sulfonamides, β-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides to determine the detection capabilities and other validation parameters of the Charm II tests. Results of the validation showed that the detection capabilities for the tetracyclines ranged from 25 to 100 µg/kg, while the sulfonamides and aminoglycosides were detected at 25 µg/kg for all species under study. The detection capabilities for the beta-lactams ranged from 25 to 300 µg/kg; and was 100 µg/kg for the tested macrolides. Results of the study showed that there was no significant difference between counts for samples read immediately after addition of the scintillation liquid and those read 14 h after addition of the scintillation liquid, provided that there was good vortexing before analysis. There was also no significant difference between counts for the same samples analyzed in different runs under repeatability and reproducibility conditions at the same spiking concentrations for the different fish species analyzed. The relative standard deviation for both repeatability and reproducibility ranged from 1.2 to 15.1%. The Charm II tests were found to be 100% group specific, as none of the antimicrobials kits, gave false positive results when testing non-target antimicrobial drugs. Results of this study demonstrate the suitability of the Charm II technique as a rapid screening tool for detection of antimicrobial residues in a variety of fish species at maximum residue limits (MRL) established in the EU guidelines, with the exception of tilmicosin which was detected at 2 MRL. The results also prove the robustness, specificity, reliability and precision of the Charm II assay in the detection of various antimicrobial residuals in fish and its applicability for the rapid evaluation of the quality of aquaculture fish for safety and trade purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Kimera Mukota
- Uganda National Bureau of Standards, Headquarters. Plot 2-12 Bypass Link, Industrial & Business Park, Kyaliwajala Road, P.O. Box 6329, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - James Sasanya
- 3International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna International Centre, P. O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wim Reybroeck
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Ntale
- 5Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steven Allan Nyanzi
- 5Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Tebandeke
- 5Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Petrin S, Patuzzi I, Di Cesare A, Tiengo A, Sette G, Biancotto G, Corno G, Drigo M, Losasso C, Cibin V. Evaluation and quantification of antimicrobial residues and antimicrobial resistance genes in two Italian swine farms. Environ Pollut 2019; 255:113183. [PMID: 31541814 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are considered emerging environmental pollutants, posing potential risks for human and animal health: the misuse of antimicrobials in food-producing animals could favour the maintenance and spread of resistances in bacteria. The occurrence of ARGs in Italian swine farming - which has specific characteristics - was investigated in order to explore resistance spread dynamics. Two farrow-to-finish pig farms were longitudinally monitored: faecal samples from animals and environmental samples were collected. DNA was extracted and tetA, ermB, qnrS and mcr1 ARGs were analysed by qPCR for their ability to confer resistance to highly or critically important antimicrobials (CIAs). Moreover, 16SrDNA gene was analysed to assess bacterial abundance. ermB and tetA genes were found in animal samples and manure samples. On the contrary, mcr1 was exclusively found in weaners, while qnrS occurred in all animal categories but sows and finishers. Among the analysed genes, ermB and tetA showed the highest absolute and relative abundances. Our results indicate that ermB and tetA ARGs are widely disseminated in the explored farms, suggesting efficient maintenance among bacteria and persistence in the environment. Interestingly, the presence of qnrS and mcr1, limited to just a few animal categories, highlights inefficient dissemination of these genes in the farm environment, in particular for mcr1, a stable plasmid gene conferring resistance to the last-resort antimicrobial, colistin. Paying close attention only to the finishing phase would have hampered the discovery of resistances to CIAs at farm level, which we instead identified thanks to an intensive longitudinal monitoring programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrin
- OU Microbial Ecology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ilaria Patuzzi
- OU Microbial Ecology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Tiengo
- Food Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sette
- Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Biancotto
- Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Gianluca Corno
- CNR-IRSA, Corso Tonolli, 50, 28922, Pallanza, Verbania, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- OU Microbial Ecology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Veronica Cibin
- Food Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
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Ferdous J, Bradshaw A, Islam SKMA, Zamil S, Islam A, Ahad A, Fournie G, Anwer MS, Hoque MA. Antimicrobial Residues in Chicken and Fish, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Ecohealth 2019; 16:429-440. [PMID: 31302809 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional observation and an intervention study were conducted in Chittagong, Bangladesh in 2015 to assess the status of antimicrobial residues in chicken and fish. The samples were tested for selected antimicrobials (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin) using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC-based overall prevalence of residues was 87.9% in chicken (N = 182) and 56.9% in fish (N = 153). The prevalences in chicken in June (N = 91) and in October (N = 91), respectively, were 91.2% and 83.5% (amoxicillin), 1.1% and 1.1% (enrofloxacin), 1.1% and 0% (ciprofloxacin), and 0% and 6.6% (oxytetracycline). In fish, the prevalence in September (N = 74) and in October (N = 79) was 52.7% and 44.3% (amoxicillin) and 1.4% and 27.8% (oxytetracycline), respectively. The mean concentration of amoxicillin residue was evaluated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography to be 508.4 mg/kg (chicken) and 515.4 mg/kg (fish). The random effect model identified market (Chawkbazar vs. Boalkhali: OR 5.7; Steelmill bazar vs. Boalkhali: OR 5.6) as significant factors for amoxicillin residue in chicken. Amoxicillin concentration was significantly reduced in chicken of Kazirhat (β= - 1.3) and Chawkbazar (β= - 1.1) and increased in October (β= 0.77) based on a generalized linear model (GLM). Climbing perch fish had significantly more risk of having amoxicillin residue than that of Bombay duck (OR = 0.05). All samples were treated by washing, boiling and cooking with spices, and then, TLC-based screening of amoxicillin residues was done. A subset of each treated group was evaluated by UHPLC. Treatment reduced amoxicillin residue levels significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnat Ferdous
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alyson Bradshaw
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - S K M Azizul Islam
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Shafayat Zamil
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Guillaume Fournie
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - M Sawkat Anwer
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh.
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10
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Filippitzi ME, Devreese M, Broekaert K, Rasschaert G, Daeseleire E, Meirlaen J, Dewulf J. Quantitative risk model to estimate the level of antimicrobial residues that can be transferred to soil via manure, due to oral treatments of pigs. Prev Vet Med 2019; 167:90-100. [PMID: 31027728 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary antimicrobials can spread via manure onto agricultural fields, representing an emission of these products or their active metabolites into the environment. This causes concerns regarding the role of antimicrobial residues in the development, selection and spread of resistance. Aiming to approach this issue quantitatively, first a literature review was performed on the bioavailability and extent of in vivo biotransformation of twelve antimicrobials commonly used in pigs orally, and on the level of their persistence in manure. This information was then used in a model estimating the level of each of these administered antimicrobials that is present in manure at the end of common storage durations in pits and, thus, readily applied onto soil. From the studied antimicrobials, the highest level of residues in stored manure was estimated for doxycycline (55% of the initial amount of doxycycline administered orally to pigs after six months of manure storage), as a combining result of its high use in pigs, low bioavailability and high stability in manure. Other antimicrobials (e.g. amoxicillin) are readily degraded and therefore pose less threat. The results of this study highlight the importance of rational antimicrobial use and of further research on pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials and their degraded products in different environmental compartments, to efficiently control the spread of residues and/or resistance genes from manure to these matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Filippitzi
- Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Federal Research Institute Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - M Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Broekaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit. Flanders research institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - G Rasschaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit. Flanders research institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - E Daeseleire
- Technology and Food Science Unit. Flanders research institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - J Meirlaen
- Team Responsible for Data Management and Reporting (Water). Flemish Environmental Agency (VMM), Aalst, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Nhung NT, Van NTB, Cuong NV, Duong TTQ, Nhat TT, Hang TTT, Nhi NTH, Kiet BT, Hien VB, Ngoc PT, Campbell J, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J. Antimicrobial residues and resistance against critically important antimicrobials in non-typhoidal Salmonella from meat sold at wet markets and supermarkets in Vietnam. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 266:301-309. [PMID: 29275223 PMCID: PMC5783717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Excessive antimicrobial usage and deficiencies in hygiene in meat production systems may result in undesirable human health hazards, such as the presence of antimicrobial drug residues and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), including antimicrobial resistant (AMR) NTS. Recently, Vietnam has witnessed the emergence of integrated intensive animal production systems, coexisting with more traditional, locally-sourced wet markets. To date no systematic studies have been carried out to compare health hazards in beef, pork and chicken in different production systems. We aimed to: (1) estimate the prevalence of antimicrobial residues in beef, pork and chicken meat; (2) investigate the prevalence and levels of NTS contamination; and (3) investigate serovar distribution and AMR against critically important antimicrobials by animal species and type of retail (wet market vs. supermarket) in Vietnam. Fresh pork, beef and chicken meat samples (N=357) sourced from wet markets and supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Hanoi and Dong Thap were screened for antimicrobial residues by PremiTest, and were further investigated by Charm II. Samples from HCMC (N=113) were cultured using ISO 6579:2002/Amd 1:2007. NTS bacteria were quantified using a minimum probable number (MPN) technique. NTS isolates were assigned to serovar by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), and were investigated for their phenotypic susceptibility against 32 antimicrobials. A total of 26 (7.3%) samples tested positive by PremiTest (9.5% beef, 4.1% pork and 8.4% chicken meat). Sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides were detected by Charm in 3.1%, 2.8% and 2.0% samples, respectively. Overall, meat samples from wet markets had a higher prevalence of residues than those from supermarkets (9.6% vs. 2.6%) (p=0.016). NTS were isolated from 68.4% samples from HCMC. Chicken samples from wet markets had by far the highest NTS counts (median 3.2 logMPN/g). NTS isolates displayed high levels of resistance against quinolones (52.2%) and β-lactams (49.6%), but low levels against 3rd generation cephalosporins (4.4%) and aminoglycosides (0.8%). The highest adjusted prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) corresponded to isolates from chicken meat and pork (OR 8.3 and 1.8, respectively) (baseline=beef). S. Kentucky was the most common serovar identified (11 from chicken, 1 from beef) and 91.7% isolates was MDR. 11/12 isolates corresponded to ST198, a worldwide-disseminated multi-resistant NTS clone. We recommend stepping up policy measures to promote responsible antimicrobial use in animal production, as well as awareness about withdrawal periods to limit the hazard of residues in animal products, and improving slaughtering/hygiene procedures to limit cross-contamination with NTS, particularly in poultry wet markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Bich Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Tran Thi Nhat
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Hong Nhi
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap Province, Viet Nam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap Province, Viet Nam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap Province, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
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12
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Ondieki GK, Ombui JN, Obonyo M, Gura Z, Githuku J, Orinde AB, Gikunju JK. Antimicrobial residues and compositional quality of informally marketed raw cow milk, Lamu West Sub-County, Kenya, 2015. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 28:5. [PMID: 30197734 PMCID: PMC6125110 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2017.28.1.9279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction unadulterated milk, free of antimicrobial residues is important for industrial processing and consumers’ health. Antimicrobial residues in foods of animal origin can cause adverse public health effects like drug resistance and hypersensitivity. Milk produced in Lamu West sub-county is sold raw directly to consumers. We estimated the compositional quality and prevalence of antimicrobial residues in informally marketed raw cow milk in Lamu West Sub-County, Kenya. Methods we randomly recruited 152 vendors and 207 farmers from four randomly selected urban centers in a cross-sectional study and interviewed them using a pretested standardized questionnaire. A100-ml raw milk sample was aseptically collected from each vendor and farm and tested for antimicrobial residues using Charm Blue Yellow II kit following the European Union Maximum Residue Limits (EU-MRLs) while an Ekomilk® Analyzer was used to measure compositional quality where samples with either solid not fat (SNF) < 8.5 or added water ≥ 0.01% or both were considered adulterated. We analyzed data using univariate analysis and unconditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results thirty-two of the 207 (15.5%) samples from farmers and 28 (18.4%) of the 152 samples from vendors tested positive for antimicrobial residues. Thirty-six (17.4 %) samples from farmers and 38 (25.0%) from vendors were found to be adulterated with water. Farmers’ awareness of the danger of consuming milk with antimicrobial residues and farmers having training on good milking practices were protective against selling milk with antimicrobial residues (adjusted OR and 95% CI 0.20, 0.07-0.55 and 0.33, 0.11-0.99, respectively). Conclusion the antimicrobial residues above EU MRLs and adulteration of raw marketed cow milk observed in this study provide evidence for routine testing of marketed milk and educating farmers to observe antimicrobial withdrawal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kiage Ondieki
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program Kenya (K-FELTP), Kenya.,Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kenya
| | - Jackson Nyarongi Ombui
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark Obonyo
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program Kenya (K-FELTP), Kenya
| | - Zeinab Gura
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program Kenya (K-FELTP), Kenya
| | - Jane Githuku
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program Kenya (K-FELTP), Kenya
| | - Austine Bitek Orinde
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development and Fisheries, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kangangi Gikunju
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kenya
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13
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Li K, Liu L, Zhan J, Scippo ML, Hvidtfeldt K, Liu Y, Dalsgaard A. Sources and fate of antimicrobials in integrated fish-pig and non-integrated tilapia farms. Sci Total Environ 2017; 595:393-399. [PMID: 28391144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial contamination in aquaculture products constitutes a food safety hazard, but little is known about the introduction and accumulation of antimicrobials in integrated fish-pig aquaculture. This study, conducted in 2013, aimed to determine the residues of 11 types of antimicrobials by UPLC-MS/MS analysis in fish feed (n=37), pig feed (n=9), pig manure (n=9), pond sediment (n=20), fish skin (n=20) and muscle tissue (n=20) sampled from integrated tilapia-pig farms, non-integrated tilapia farms and fish feed supply shops. There was a higher occurrence of antimicrobial residues in fish skin from both integrated and non-integrated farms, and in pig manure. Enrofloxacin (3.9-129.3μg/kg) and sulfadiazine (0.7-7.8μg/kg) were commonly detected in fish skin and muscle, pig manure and pond sediment from integrated farms, with different types of antimicrobials found in pig manure and tilapia samples. In non-integrated farms, sulfadiazine (2.5-89.9μg/kg) was the predominant antimicrobial detected in fish skin and muscle, fish feed and pond sediment. In general, antimicrobials seemed not to be commonly transmitted from pig to fish in tilapia-pig integrated farms, and fish feed, pig feed and pond sediment did not seem as important sources of the antimicrobials found in fish from both systems. The frequent findings of antimicrobial residues in fish skin compared with fish muscle was probably due to different pharmacokinetics in different tissue types, which have practical food safety implications since antimicrobial residues monitoring is usually performed analyzing mixed skin and fish muscle samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Liping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jia Zhan
- Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine of the P.R. China, Ningbo 315012, China
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Departement of Food Science, University of Liège - FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 10, Sart Tilman B43bis, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Kristian Hvidtfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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14
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Varela AR, André S, Nunes OC, Manaia CM. Insights into the relationship between antimicrobial residues and bacterial populations in a hospital-urban wastewater treatment plant system. Water Res 2014; 54:327-36. [PMID: 24583524 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between antimicrobial residues, antibiotic resistance prevalence and bacterial community composition in hospital effluent and in the receiving wastewater treatment plant was studied. Samples from hospital effluent, raw inflow and final effluent of the receiving wastewater treatment plant were characterized for amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance prevalence, content of heavy metals and antimicrobial residues and bacterial community structure, based on 16S rRNA gene PCR-DGGE analysis. The concentration of fluoroquinolones, arsenic and mercury was in general higher in hospital effluent than in raw inflow, while the opposite was observed for tetracyclines, sulfonamides and penicillin G. The prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance was significantly higher in hospital effluent than in raw inflow. The concentration of antimicrobial residues was observed to be significantly correlated with the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and with variations in the bacterial community. Hospital effluent was confirmed as a relevant, although not unique, source of antimicrobial residues and antibiotic resistant bacteria to the wastewater treatment plant. Moreover, given the high loads of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistant bacteria that may occur in hospital effluents, these wastewater habitats may represent useful models to study and predict the impact of antibiotic residues on bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Varela
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra André
- Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente, I.P., 2610-124 Amadora, Portugal
| | - Olga C Nunes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia M Manaia
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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