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Nakano-Tateno T, Satou M, Inoshita N, van Landeghem FKH, Easaw J, Mehta V, Tateno T, Chik CL. Effects of CAPTEM (Capecitabine and Temozolomide) on a Corticotroph Carcinoma and an Aggressive Corticotroph Tumor. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:418-426. [PMID: 32833164 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Corticotroph carcinomas and aggressive corticotroph tumors can be resistant to conventional therapy, including surgery, radiotherapy, and medical treatment. Recent evidence suggests that temozolomide (an oral alkylating agent) administered with capecitabine (pro-drug of 5-fluorouracil) may improve progression-free survival in patients with high-risk corticotroph tumors and carcinomas. This led to the use of capecitabine and temozolomide (CAPTEM) in two patients, one with a corticotroph carcinoma and the other with an aggressive corticotroph tumor, as well the in vitro analysis of capecitabine and 5-fluorouracil on cell growth and hormone production. Both patients had previous surgical and radiation therapy. The first patient developed leptomeningeal spread 2 years after his radiation treatment. He had 12 cycles of CAPTEM, which resulted in tumor control associated with clinical and radiological improvement. Twenty-seven months later, CAPTEM was restarted for disease recurrence with ongoing tumor response. The second patient had a rapid tumor regrowth 2 years after his third surgical resection. He was treated with 12 cycles of CAPTEM, which led to tumor shrinkage with no tumor regrowth 22 months after cessation of therapy. Experiments using mouse ACTH-producing pituitary tumor AtT20 cells demonstrated that treatment with 5-fluorouracil in combination with temozolomide had an additive effect in reducing cell viability and ACTH production in the culture medium. Our patients and experimental data in AtT20 cells support CAPTEM as a potential treatment option for aggressive corticotroph tumors and carcinomas. However, a prospective clinical trial is required to determine whether CAPTEM is superior to temozolomide in the treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Nakano-Tateno
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 9-112 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Motoyasu Satou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 9-112 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Shimotsuga District, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho Itabashi City, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Frank K H van Landeghem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, 5B4.17 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Jay Easaw
- Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Vivek Mehta
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 2D, Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, 8440 -112, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Toru Tateno
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 9-112 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Constance L Chik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 9-112 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Orrillo SJ, de Dios N, Asad AS, De Fino F, Imsen M, Romero AC, Zárate S, Ferraris J, Pisera D. Anterior pituitary gland synthesises dopamine from l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12885. [PMID: 32671919 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone principally secreted by lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. Although the synthesis and exocytosis of this hormone are mainly under the regulation of hypothalamic dopamine (DA), the possibility that the anterior pituitary synthesises this catecholamine remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine if the anterior pituitary produces DA from the precursor l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). Accordingly, we investigated the expression of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzyme and the transporter vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in the anterior pituitary, AtT20 and GH3 cells by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Moreover, we investigated the production of DA from l-dopa and its release in vitro. Then, we explored the effects of l-dopa with respect to the secretion of PRL from anterior pituitary fragments. We observed that the anterior pituitary, AtT20 and GH3 cells express both AADC and VMAT2. Next, we detected an increase in DA content after anterior pituitary fragments were incubated with l-dopa. Also, the presence of l-dopa increased DA levels in incubation media and reduced PRL secretion. Likewise, the content of cellular DA increased after AtT20 cells were incubated with l-dopa. In addition, l-dopa reduced corticotrophin-releasing hormone-stimulated adrenocorticotrophic hormone release from these cells after AADC activity was inhibited by NSD-1015. Moreover, DA formation from l-dopa increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. However, in the presence of NSD-1015, l-dopa decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation rates. These results suggest that the anterior pituitary synthesises DA from l-dopa by AADC and this catecholamine can be released from this gland contributing to the control of PRL secretion. In addition, our results suggest that l-dopa exerts direct actions independently from its metabolisation to DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Jordi Orrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nataly de Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonela Sofía Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda De Fino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Imsen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Clara Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Ferraris
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Pisera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gatto F, Feelders RA, van der Pas R, van Koetsveld P, Bruzzone E, Arvigo M, Dogan F, Lamberts S, Ferone D, Hofland L. β-arrestin expression in corticotroph tumor cells is modulated by glucocorticoids. J Endocrinol 2020; 245:101-113. [PMID: 32027601 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary-directed medical treatment for Cushing's disease (CD) is currently represented by membrane receptor targeting drugs (somatostatin analogs and dopamine agonists). Somatostatin and dopamine receptors are regulated by β-arrestins, which have been shown to be differentially regulated by glucocorticoids in non-neuroendocrine cells. In this study we investigated the effects of glucocorticoids on β-arrestin expression in corticotroph tumor cells. First, AtT20 cells, a mouse model of CD, were exposed to dexamethasone (Dex) at different time points and β-arrestin expression was evaluated at mRNA and protein levels. Futhermore, β-arrestin mRNA expression was evaluated in 17 human corticotroph adenoma samples and correlated to patients' pre-operative cortisol levels. We observed that Dex treatment induced a time-dependent increase in β-arrestin 1 mRNA expression and a decrease in β-arrestin 2. The same modulation pattern was observed at protein level. Dex-mediated modulation of β-arrestins was abolished by co-treatment with mifepristone, and Dex withdrawal restored β-arrestin expression to basal levels after 72 h. The evaluation of β-arrestin mRNA in corticotroph adenomas from CD patients with variable disease activity showed a significant positive correlation between β-arrestin 1 mRNA and urinary cortisol levels. The effect of glucocorticoids on β-arrestin levels was confirmed by the analysis of two samples from a single patient, which underwent adenomectomy twice, with different pre-operative cortisol levels. In conclusion, glucocorticoids induce an inverse modulation of the two β-arrestin isofoms in corticotroph tumor cells. Since β-arrestins regulate membrane receptor functions, this finding may help to better understand the variable response to pituitary-targeting drugs in patients with Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gatto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Eleonora Bruzzone
- Department of Internal Medicine and & Medical Specialties (DIMI) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marica Arvigo
- Department of Internal Medicine and & Medical Specialties (DIMI) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Diego Ferone
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and & Medical Specialties (DIMI) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Leo Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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