1
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Krause EL, Drugowitsch J. A large majority of awake hippocampal sharp-wave ripples feature spatial trajectories with momentum. Neuron 2021; 110:722-733.e8. [PMID: 34863366 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During periods of rest, hippocampal place cells feature bursts of activity called sharp-wave ripples (SWRs). Heuristic approaches have revealed that a small fraction of SWRs appear to "simulate" trajectories through the environment, called awake hippocampal replay. However, the functional role of a majority of these SWRs remains unclear. We find, using Bayesian model comparison of state-space models to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics embedded in SWRs, that almost all SWRs of foraging rodents simulate such trajectories. Furthermore, these trajectories feature momentum, or inertia in their velocities, that mirrors the animals' natural movement, in contrast to replay events during sleep, which lack such momentum. Last, we show that past analyses of replayed trajectories for navigational planning were biased by the heuristic SWR sub-selection. Our findings thus identify the dominant function of awake SWRs as simulating trajectories with momentum and provide a principled foundation for future work on their computational function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Krause
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jan Drugowitsch
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Pajor A. New Estimators of the Bayes Factor for Models with High-Dimensional Parameter and/or Latent Variable Spaces. Entropy (Basel) 2021; 23:e23040399. [PMID: 33801736 PMCID: PMC8065690 DOI: 10.3390/e23040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Formal Bayesian comparison of two competing models, based on the posterior odds ratio, amounts to estimation of the Bayes factor, which is equal to the ratio of respective two marginal data density values. In models with a large number of parameters and/or latent variables, they are expressed by high-dimensional integrals, which are often computationally infeasible. Therefore, other methods of evaluation of the Bayes factor are needed. In this paper, a new method of estimation of the Bayes factor is proposed. Simulation examples confirm good performance of the proposed estimators. Finally, these new estimators are used to formally compare different hybrid Multivariate Stochastic Volatility-Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (MSV-MGARCH) models which have a large number of latent variables. The empirical results show, among other things, that the validity of reduction of the hybrid MSV-MGARCH model to the MGARCH specification depends on the analyzed data set as well as on prior assumptions about model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pajor
- Department of Mathematics, Cracow University of Economics, ul. Rakowicka 27, 31-510 Kraków, Poland; or
- Department of Financial Mathematics, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, ul. Prof. Stanisława Łojasiewicza 6, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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3
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Schnuerch M, Nadarevic L, Rouder JN. The truth revisited: Bayesian analysis of individual differences in the truth effect. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 28:750-65. [PMID: 33104997 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-020-01814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The repetition-induced truth effect refers to a phenomenon where people rate repeated statements as more likely true than novel statements. In this paper, we document qualitative individual differences in the effect. While the overwhelming majority of participants display the usual positive truth effect, a minority are the opposite-they reliably discount the validity of repeated statements, what we refer to as negative truth effect. We examine eight truth-effect data sets where individual-level data are curated. These sets are composed of 1105 individuals performing 38,904 judgments. Through Bayes factor model comparison, we show that reliable negative truth effects occur in five of the eight data sets. The negative truth effect is informative because it seems unreasonable that the mechanisms mediating the positive truth effect are the same that lead to a discounting of repeated statements' validity. Moreover, the presence of qualitative differences motivates a different type of analysis of individual differences based on ordinal (i.e., Which sign does the effect have?) rather than metric measures. To our knowledge, this paper reports the first such reliable qualitative differences in a cognitive task.
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4
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Lecaignard F, Bertrand O, Caclin A, Mattout J. Empirical Bayes evaluation of fused EEG-MEG source reconstruction: Application to auditory mismatch evoked responses. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117468. [PMID: 33075561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We here turn the general and theoretical question of the complementarity of EEG and MEG for source reconstruction, into a practical empirical one. Precisely, we address the challenge of evaluating multimodal data fusion on real data. For this purpose, we build on the flexibility of Parametric Empirical Bayes, namely for EEG-MEG data fusion, group level inference and formal hypothesis testing. The proposed approach follows a two-step procedure by first using unimodal or multimodal inference to derive a cortical solution at the group level; and second by using this solution as a prior model for single subject level inference based on either unimodal or multimodal data. Interestingly, for inference based on the same data (EEG, MEG or both), one can then formally compare, as alternative hypotheses, the relative plausibility of the two unimodal and the multimodal group priors. Using auditory data, we show that this approach enables to draw important conclusions, namely on (i) the superiority of multimodal inference, (ii) the greater spatial sensitivity of MEG compared to EEG, (iii) the ability of EEG data alone to source reconstruct temporal lobe activity, (iv) the usefulness of EEG to improve MEG based source reconstruction. Importantly, we largely reproduce those findings over two different experimental conditions. We here focused on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) responses for which generators have been extensively investigated with little homogeneity in the reported results. Our multimodal inference at the group level revealed spatio-temporal activity within the supratemporal plane with a precision which, to our knowledge, has never been achieved before with non-invasive recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Lecaignard
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CRNL; INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon, F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69000, France.
| | - Olivier Bertrand
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CRNL; INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon, F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Anne Caclin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CRNL; INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon, F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Jérémie Mattout
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CRNL; INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon, F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69000, France
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5
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Novara C, Pardini S, Cardona F, Pastore M. Comparing Models of the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) in an Italian Clinical Sample. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:615. [PMID: 32848897 PMCID: PMC7424057 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder that interferes with daily functioning and may arise during childhood. The current study is the first attempt by Italian researchers to validate the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). AIMS The study's primary aim was to investigate the best CY-BOCS model fit, adopting a Bayesian model comparison strategy, among four different factor models: a one-factor model; a two-factor model based on Obsessions and Compulsions; Storch et al.'s and Mc Kay et al.'s two-factor model based on Disturbance and Severity. The study also aimed to investigate the types of treatments found in a sample of Italian OCD children patients. METHODS The study sample was made up of 53 children with OCD and 14 children with Tourette Syndrome and TIC. RESULTS An analysis of our data demonstrated that the Obsessions and Compulsions model was the most plausible one, as it demonstrated the best fit indices, strong convergent validity, and good reliability. The study results additionally uncovered that 24.5% of the children in the OCD sample had not yet begun any treatment pathway a year after a diagnosis was formulated. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the Obsessions and Compulsions scales of the CY-BOCS separately represent appropriate instruments to evaluate children with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Novara
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Susanna Pardini
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardona
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze Umane, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pastore
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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6
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Abstract
Over the last decade, the Bayesian estimation of evidence-accumulation models has gained popularity, largely due to the advantages afforded by the Bayesian hierarchical framework. Despite recent advances in the Bayesian estimation of evidence-accumulation models, model comparison continues to rely on suboptimal procedures, such as posterior parameter inference and model selection criteria known to favor overly complex models. In this paper, we advocate model comparison for evidence-accumulation models based on the Bayes factor obtained via Warp-III bridge sampling. We demonstrate, using the linear ballistic accumulator (LBA), that Warp-III sampling provides a powerful and flexible approach that can be applied to both nested and non-nested model comparisons, even in complex and high-dimensional hierarchical instantiations of the LBA. We provide an easy-to-use software implementation of the Warp-III sampler and outline a series of recommendations aimed at facilitating the use of Warp-III sampling in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dora Matzke
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Jafarian A, Litvak V, Cagnan H, Friston KJ, Zeidman P. Comparing dynamic causal models of neurovascular coupling with fMRI and EEG/MEG. Neuroimage 2020; 216:116734. [PMID: 32179105 PMCID: PMC7322559 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This technical note presents a dynamic causal modelling (DCM) procedure for evaluating different models of neurovascular coupling in the human brain - using combined electromagnetic (M/EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. This procedure compares the evidence for biologically informed models of neurovascular coupling using Bayesian model comparison. First, fMRI data are used to localise regionally specific neuronal responses. The coordinates of these responses are then used as the location priors in a DCM of electrophysiological responses elicited by the same paradigm. The ensuing estimates of model parameters are then used to generate neuronal drive functions, which model pre- or post-synaptic activity for each experimental condition. These functions form the input to a model of neurovascular coupling, whose parameters are estimated from the fMRI data. Crucially, this enables one to evaluate different models of neurovascular coupling, using Bayesian model comparison - asking, for example, whether instantaneous or delayed, pre- or post-synaptic signals mediate haemodynamic responses. We provide an illustrative application of the procedure using a single-subject auditory fMRI and MEG dataset. The code and exemplar data accompanying this technical note are available through the statistical parametric mapping (SPM) software.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Litvak
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, UK
| | - Hayriye Cagnan
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit (BNDU) at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl J Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, UK
| | - Peter Zeidman
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, UK
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8
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Everitt RG, Culliford R, Medina-Aguayo F, Wilson DJ. Sequential Monte Carlo with transformations. Stat Comput 2019; 30:663-676. [PMID: 32116416 PMCID: PMC7026014 DOI: 10.1007/s11222-019-09903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines methodology for performing Bayesian inference sequentially on a sequence of posteriors on spaces of different dimensions. For this, we use sequential Monte Carlo samplers, introducing the innovation of using deterministic transformations to move particles effectively between target distributions with different dimensions. This approach, combined with adaptive methods, yields an extremely flexible and general algorithm for Bayesian model comparison that is suitable for use in applications where the acceptance rate in reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo is low. We use this approach on model comparison for mixture models, and for inferring coalescent trees sequentially, as data arrives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Culliford
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | - Daniel J. Wilson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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9
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Lemée C, Fleury-Bahi G, Navarro O. Impact of Place Identity, Self-Efficacy and Anxiety State on the Relationship Between Coastal Flooding Risk Perception and the Willingness to Cope. Front Psychol 2019; 10:499. [PMID: 30915001 PMCID: PMC6421279 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhabitants of coastal areas are constantly confronted with minor or major events such as storms, erosion or flooding. This article investigates the predictors of coping willingness among citizens exposed to coastal flooding. Coping can be defined as a set of cognitive and behavioral efforts to master, reduce or tolerate a given risk and these strategies are generally regrouped into two different categories: active coping strategies oriented toward the risk to reduce or master it, and passive coping strategies focused on the reduction of internal tensions such as anxiety or fear. In this paper, we focus especially on how place identity, perceived self-efficacy, anxiety-state and coastal flooding risk perception shape both active and passive coping willingness. Data were obtained from different areas at risk of coastal flooding located in France. The sample is composed of 315 adult participants (mean age = 47; SD = 15). Two competing models were tested using path modeling. We expected a direct relation between risk perception and the willingness to cope actively and that a higher perceived self-efficacy would increase active coping willingness. Concerning passive coping strategies, we expected that a higher anxiety-state increases passive coping willingness, and that place identity would act as a mediator and increases the relation between anxiety-state and passive coping willingness. Results suggest that place identity increased when the living place is threatened and that the use of passive coping strategies also increased. Also, we demonstrated a direct relation between risk perception and active coping willingness but it appeared that self-efficacy has no effect on this relation. Model fit indices suggest the good fit of our model and Bayesian model comparison reveals a very strong evidence of the best fit of this model compared to its saturated and independent equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Lemée
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Oscar Navarro
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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10
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Gronau QF, Wagenmakers EJ, Heck DW, Matzke D. A Simple Method for Comparing Complex Models: Bayesian Model Comparison for Hierarchical Multinomial Processing Tree Models Using Warp-III Bridge Sampling. Psychometrika 2019; 84:261-284. [PMID: 30483923 PMCID: PMC6684497 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-018-9648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Multinomial processing trees (MPTs) are a popular class of cognitive models for categorical data. Typically, researchers compare several MPTs, each equipped with many parameters, especially when the models are implemented in a hierarchical framework. A Bayesian solution is to compute posterior model probabilities and Bayes factors. Both quantities, however, rely on the marginal likelihood, a high-dimensional integral that cannot be evaluated analytically. In this case study, we show how Warp-III bridge sampling can be used to compute the marginal likelihood for hierarchical MPTs. We illustrate the procedure with two published data sets and demonstrate how Warp-III facilitates Bayesian model averaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin F Gronau
- University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129 B, 1018 WT , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric-Jan Wagenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129 B, 1018 WT , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dora Matzke
- University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129 B, 1018 WT , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Bocincova A, van Lamsweerde AE, Johnson JS. Assessing the evidence for a cue-induced trade-off between capacity and precision in visual working memory using mixture modelling and Bayesian model comparison. Vis cogn 2017; 24:435-446. [PMID: 30881195 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2017.1301613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable debate regarding the ability to trade mnemonic precision for capacity in working memory (WM), with some studies reporting evidence consistent with such a trade-off and others suggesting it may not be possible. The majority of studies addressing this question have utilized a standard approach to analyzing continuous recall data in which individual-subject data from each experimental condition is fitted with a probabilistic model of choice. Estimated parameter values related to different aspects of WM (e.g., the capacity and precision of stored items) are then compared using statistical tests to determine the presence of hypothesized differences between experimental conditions. However, recent research has suggested that the standard approach is flawed in several respects. In this study, we adapted the methods of Roggeman et al. (2014) and analyzed the data using the standard analytical approach and a more rigorous Bayesian model comparison (BMC) approach. The second approach involved generating a set of probabilistic models whose priors reflect different hypotheses regarding the effect of our key experimental manipulations on behavior. Our results demonstrate that these two approaches can produce notably different results. More specifically, the standard analysis revealed that a high- versus a low-load cue resulted in higher capacity and lower precision parameter estimates, suggesting the presence of a trade-off between capacity and precision. However, the more rigorous BMC analysis revealed that it was very unlikely that participants employed a behavioral strategy in which they sacrificed mnemonic precision to achieve higher storage capacity. In light of these differences, we advocate for a more stringent approach to model selection and hypothesis testing in studies implementing mixture modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bocincova
- Department of Psychology and Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, North Dakota State University
| | - Amanda E van Lamsweerde
- Department of Psychology and Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, North Dakota State University
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, North Dakota State University
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12
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Garrard L, Price LR, Bott MJ, Gajewski BJ. A novel method for expediting the development of patient-reported outcome measures and an evaluation across several populations. Appl Psychol Meas 2016; 40:455-468. [PMID: 27667878 PMCID: PMC5029789 DOI: 10.1177/0146621616652634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Item response theory (IRT) models provide an appropriate alternative to the classical ordinal confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) during the development of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Current literature has identified the assessment of IRT model fit as both challenging and underdeveloped (Sinharay & Johnson, 2003; Sinharay, Johnson, & Stern, 2006). This study evaluates the performance of Ordinal Bayesian Instrument Development (OBID), a Bayesian IRT model with a probit link function approach, through applications in two breast cancer-related instrument development studies. The primary focus is to investigate an appropriate method for comparing Bayesian IRT models in PROMs development. An exact Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) approach (Vehtari & Lampinen, 2002) is implemented to assess prior selection for the item discrimination parameter in the IRT model and subject content experts' bias (in a statistical sense and not to be confused with psychometric bias as in differential item functioning) toward the estimation of item-to-domain correlations. Results support the utilization of content subject experts' information in establishing evidence for construct validity when sample size is small. However, the incorporation of subject experts' content information in the OBID approach can be sensitive to the level of expertise of the recruited experts. More stringent efforts need to be invested in the appropriate selection of subject experts to efficiently use the OBID approach and reduce potential bias during PROMs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Garrard
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Byron J. Gajewski
- University of Kansas School of Nursing, Kansas City, USA
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
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13
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Abstract
Learning Bayesian networks from scarce data is a major challenge in real-world applications where data are hard to acquire. Transfer learning techniques attempt to address this by leveraging data from different but related problems. For example, it may be possible to exploit medical diagnosis data from a different country. A challenge with this approach is heterogeneous relatedness to the target, both within and across source networks. In this paper we introduce the Bayesian network parameter transfer learning (BNPTL) algorithm to reason about both network and fragment (sub-graph) relatedness. BNPTL addresses (i) how to find the most relevant source network and network fragments to transfer, and (ii) how to fuse source and target parameters in a robust way. In addition to improving target task performance, explicit reasoning allows us to diagnose network and fragment relatedness across BNs, even if latent variables are present, or if their state space is heterogeneous. This is important in some applications where relatedness itself is an output of interest. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of BNPTL at various scarcities and source relevance levels compared to single task learning and other state-of-the-art parameter transfer methods. Moreover, we demonstrate successful application to real-world medical case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Risk and Information Management (RIM) Research Group, Queen Mary University of London
- Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology
| | - Timothy M. Hospedales
- Risk and Information Management (RIM) Research Group, Queen Mary University of London
| | - Norman Fenton
- Risk and Information Management (RIM) Research Group, Queen Mary University of London
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14
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Marković D, Kiebel SJ. Comparative Analysis of Behavioral Models for Adaptive Learning in Changing Environments. Front Comput Neurosci 2016; 10:33. [PMID: 27148030 PMCID: PMC4837154 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Probabilistic models of decision making under various forms of uncertainty have been applied in recent years to numerous behavioral and model-based fMRI studies. These studies were highly successful in enabling a better understanding of behavior and delineating the functional properties of brain areas involved in decision making under uncertainty. However, as different studies considered different models of decision making under uncertainty, it is unclear which of these computational models provides the best account of the observed behavioral and neuroimaging data. This is an important issue, as not performing model comparison may tempt researchers to over-interpret results based on a single model. Here we describe how in practice one can compare different behavioral models and test the accuracy of model comparison and parameter estimation of Bayesian and maximum-likelihood based methods. We focus our analysis on two well-established hierarchical probabilistic models that aim at capturing the evolution of beliefs in changing environments: Hierarchical Gaussian Filters and Change Point Models. To our knowledge, these two, well-established models have never been compared on the same data. We demonstrate, using simulated behavioral experiments, that one can accurately disambiguate between these two models, and accurately infer free model parameters and hidden belief trajectories (e.g., posterior expectations, posterior uncertainties, and prediction errors) even when using noisy and highly correlated behavioral measurements. Importantly, we found several advantages of Bayesian inference and Bayesian model comparison compared to often-used Maximum-Likelihood schemes combined with the Bayesian Information Criterion. These results stress the relevance of Bayesian data analysis for model-based neuroimaging studies that investigate human decision making under uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Marković
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan J Kiebel
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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15
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Fujisawa T, Aswad A, Barraclough TG. A Rapid and Scalable Method for Multilocus Species Delimitation Using Bayesian Model Comparison and Rooted Triplets. Syst Biol 2016; 65:759-71. [PMID: 27055648 PMCID: PMC4997007 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilocus sequence data provide far greater power to resolve species limits than the single locus data typically used for broad surveys of clades. However, current statistical methods based on a multispecies coalescent framework are computationally demanding, because of the number of possible delimitations that must be compared and time-consuming likelihood calculations. New methods are therefore needed to open up the power of multilocus approaches to larger systematic surveys. Here, we present a rapid and scalable method that introduces 2 new innovations. First, the method reduces the complexity of likelihood calculations by decomposing the tree into rooted triplets. The distribution of topologies for a triplet across multiple loci has a uniform trinomial distribution when the 3 individuals belong to the same species, but a skewed distribution if they belong to separate species with a form that is specified by the multispecies coalescent. A Bayesian model comparison framework was developed and the best delimitation found by comparing the product of posterior probabilities of all triplets. The second innovation is a new dynamic programming algorithm for finding the optimum delimitation from all those compatible with a guide tree by successively analyzing subtrees defined by each node. This algorithm removes the need for heuristic searches used by current methods, and guarantees that the best solution is found and potentially could be used in other systematic applications. We assessed the performance of the method with simulated, published, and newly generated data. Analyses of simulated data demonstrate that the combined method has favorable statistical properties and scalability with increasing sample sizes. Analyses of empirical data from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes demonstrate its potential for delimiting species in real cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amr Aswad
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Timothy G Barraclough
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
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16
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Kragel PA, LaBar KS. Multivariate neural biomarkers of emotional states are categorically distinct. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1437-48. [PMID: 25813790 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how emotions are represented neurally is a central aim of affective neuroscience. Despite decades of neuroimaging efforts addressing this question, it remains unclear whether emotions are represented as distinct entities, as predicted by categorical theories, or are constructed from a smaller set of underlying factors, as predicted by dimensional accounts. Here, we capitalize on multivariate statistical approaches and computational modeling to directly evaluate these theoretical perspectives. We elicited discrete emotional states using music and films during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Distinct patterns of neural activation predicted the emotion category of stimuli and tracked subjective experience. Bayesian model comparison revealed that combining dimensional and categorical models of emotion best characterized the information content of activation patterns. Surprisingly, categorical and dimensional aspects of emotion experience captured unique and opposing sources of neural information. These results indicate that diverse emotional states are poorly differentiated by simple models of valence and arousal, and that activity within separable neural systems can be mapped to unique emotion categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Kragel
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin S LaBar
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
A large number of recent studies suggest that the sensorimotor system uses probabilistic models to predict its environment and makes inferences about unobserved variables in line with Bayesian statistics. One of the important features of Bayesian statistics is Occam's Razor--an inbuilt preference for simpler models when comparing competing models that explain some observed data equally well. Here, we test directly for Occam's Razor in sensorimotor control. We designed a sensorimotor task in which participants had to draw lines through clouds of noisy samples of an unobserved curve generated by one of two possible probabilistic models-a simple model with a large length scale, leading to smooth curves, and a complex model with a short length scale, leading to more wiggly curves. In training trials, participants were informed about the model that generated the stimulus so that they could learn the statistics of each model. In probe trials, participants were then exposed to ambiguous stimuli. In probe trials where the ambiguous stimulus could be fitted equally well by both models, we found that participants showed a clear preference for the simpler model. Moreover, we found that participants' choice behaviour was quantitatively consistent with Bayesian Occam's Razor. We also show that participants' drawn trajectories were similar to samples from the Bayesian predictive distribution over trajectories and significantly different from two non-probabilistic heuristics. In two control experiments, we show that the preference of the simpler model cannot be simply explained by a difference in physical effort or by a preference for curve smoothness. Our results suggest that Occam's Razor is a general behavioural principle already present during sensorimotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Genewein
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, , Tübingen, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, , Tübingen, Germany, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
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