1
|
Ayoub S, Kenton JA, Milienne-Petiot M, Deben DS, Achim C, Geyer MA, Perry W, Grant IE, Young JW, Minassian A. iTat transgenic mice exhibit hyper-locomotion in the behavioral pattern monitor after chronic exposure to methamphetamine but are unaffected by Tat expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 222:173499. [PMID: 36462584 PMCID: PMC10014034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased the quality of life and lifespan in people living with HIV (PWH), millions continue to suffer from the neurobehavioral effects of the virus. Additionally, the abuse of illicit drugs (methamphetamine in particular) is significantly higher in PWH compared to the general population, which may further impact their neurological functions. The HIV regulatory protein, Tat, has been implicated in the neurobehavioral impacts of HIV and is purported to inhibit dopamine transporter (DAT) function in a way similar to methamphetamine. Thus, we hypothesized that a combination of Tat expression and methamphetamine would exert synergistic deleterious effects on behavior and DAT expression. We examined the impact of chronic methamphetamine exposure on exploration in transgenic mice expressing human Tat (iTat) vs. their wildtype littermates using the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM). During baseline, mice exhibited sex-dependent differences in BPM behavior, which persisted through methamphetamine exposure, and Tat activation with doxycycline. We observed a main effect of methamphetamine, wherein exposure, irrespective of genotype, increased locomotor activity and decreased specific exploration. After doxycycline treatment, mice continued to exhibit drug-dependent alterations in locomotion, with no effect of Tat, or methamphetamine interactions. DAT levels were higher in wildtype, saline-exposed males compared to all other groups. These data support stimulant-induced changes of locomotor activity and exploration, and suggest that viral Tat and methamphetamine do not synergistically interact to alter these behaviors in mice. These findings are important for future studies attempting to disentangle the effect of substances that impact DAT on HAND-relevant behaviors using such transgenic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ayoub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Johnny A Kenton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Debbie S Deben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cristian Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Igor E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America.
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cope ZA, Kenton JA, Minassian A, Martin MV, Perry W, Bundgaard C, Arnt J, van Enkhuizen J, Geyer MA, Young JW. Chronic antipsychotic treatment exerts limited effects on the mania-like behavior of dopamine transporter knockdown mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113167. [PMID: 33577882 PMCID: PMC10729608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder is a life-threatening disorder linked to dopamine transporter (DAT) polymorphisms, with reduced DAT levels seen in positron emission tomography and postmortem brains. AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of approved antipsychotics on DAT dysfunction-mediated mania behavior in mice. METHODS DAT knockdown mice received either D2-family receptor antagonist risperidone or asenapine and mania-related behaviors were assessed in the clinically-relevant behavioral pattern monitor to assess spontaneous exploration. RESULTS Chronic risperidone did not reverse mania-like behavior in DAT knockdown mice. Chronic asenapine reduced mania behavior but this effect was more pronounced in wild-type littermates than in DAT knockdown mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that while acute antipsychotic treatment may be beneficial in management of bipolar mania, more targeted therapeutics may be necessary for long-term treatment. Specific investigation into DAT-targeting drugs could improve future treatment of bipolar mania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zackary A Cope
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States
| | - Johnny A Kenton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States
| | - Maureen V Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- H. Lundbeck A/S. Neuroscience Research, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500, Copenhagen, Valby, Denmark
| | - Jørn Arnt
- Sunred Pharma Consulting, Solrød Strand, Denmark
| | - Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perry W, McIlwain M, Kloezeman K, Henry BL, Minassian A. Diagnosis and characterization of mania: Quantifying increased energy and activity in the human behavioral pattern monitor. Psychiatry Res 2016; 240:278-283. [PMID: 27138818 PMCID: PMC4885760 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased energy or activity is now an essential feature of the mania of Bipolar Disorder (BD) according to DSM-5. This study examined whether objective measures of increased energy can differentiate manic BD individuals and provide greater diagnostic accuracy compared to rating scales, extending the work of previous studies with smaller samples. We also tested the relationship between objective measures of energy and rating scales. 50 hospitalized manic BD patients were compared to healthy subjects (HCS, n=39) in the human Behavioral Pattern Monitor (hBPM) which quantifies motor activity and goal-directed behavior in an environment containing novel stimuli. Archival hBPM data from 17 schizophrenia patients were used in sensitivity and specificity analyses. Manic BD patients exhibited higher motor activity than HCS and higher novel object interactions. hBPM activity measures were not correlated with observer-rated symptoms, and hBPM activity was more sensitive in accurately classifying hospitalized BD subjects than observer ratings. Although the findings can only be generalized to inpatient populations, they suggest that increased energy, particularly specific and goal-directed exploration, is a distinguishing feature of BD mania and is best quantified by objective measures of motor activity. A better understanding is needed of the biological underpinnings of this cardinal feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meghan McIlwain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Kloezeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brook L. Henry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), Veteran's Administration, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Halberstadt AL, Slepak N, Hyun J, Buell MR, Powell SB. The novel ketamine analog methoxetamine produces dissociative-like behavioral effects in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1215-25. [PMID: 26758284 PMCID: PMC5403250 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methoxetamine (MXE) is a ketamine analog sold online that has been subject to widespread abuse for its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. Previous studies have shown that MXE has high affinity for the phencyclidine (PCP) binding site located within the channel pore of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), but little is known about its behavioral effects. Dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine and PCP produce a characteristic behavioral profile in rats that includes locomotor hyperactivity and disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle. METHODS The goal of the present investigation was to determine whether MXE produces PCP-like effects in Sprague-Dawley rats using the PPI paradigm and the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM), which enables analyses of patterns of locomotor activity and investigatory behavior. PPI studies were conducted with several other uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists that produce dissociative effects in humans, including PCP, the S-(+) and R-(-) isomers of ketamine, and N-allylnormetazocine (NANM; SKF-10,047). RESULTS MXE disrupted PPI when administered at 3 and 10 mg/kg SC. The rank order of potency of MXE and the other test compounds in the PPI paradigm (PCP > MXE > S-(+)-ketamine > NANM > R-(-)-ketamine) parallels their affinities for the PCP binding site reported in the literature. When tested in the BPM, 10 mg/kg MXE induced locomotor hyperactivity, reduced the number of rearings, increased the roughness of locomotor paths, and produced perseverative patterns of locomotion. Administration of PCP (2.25 and 6.75 mg/kg, SC) produced a similar profile of effects in the BPM. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that MXE produces a behavioral profile similar to that of other psychotomimetic uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists. Our findings support the classification of MXE as a dissociative drug and suggest that it likely has effects and abuse potential similar to that of PCP and ketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Natalia Slepak
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James Hyun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mahalah R Buell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Henry BL, Minassian A, Patt V, Hua J, Young JW, Geyer MA, Perry W. Inhibitory deficits in euthymic bipolar disorder patients assessed in the human behavioral pattern monitor. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:948-54. [PMID: 23759280 PMCID: PMC3759601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with inhibitory deficits characterized by a reduced ability to control inappropriate actions or thoughts. While aspects of inhibition such as exaggerated novelty-seeking and perseveration are quantified in rodent exploration of novel environments, similar models are rarely applied in humans. The human Behavioral Pattern Monitor (hBPM), a cross-species exploratory paradigm, has identified a pattern of impaired inhibitory function in manic BD participants, but this phenotype has not been examined across different BD phases. The objective of this study was to determine if euthymic BD individuals demonstrate inhibitory deficits in the hBPM, supporting disinhibition as an endophenotype for the disorder. METHODS 25 euthymic BD outpatients and 51 healthy comparison subjects were assessed in the hBPM, where activity was recorded by a concealed videocamera and an ambulatory monitoring sensor. RESULTS Euthymic BD individuals, similar to manic subjects, demonstrated increased motor activity, greater interaction with novel objects, and more frequent perseverative behavior relative to comparison participants. The quantity of locomotion was also reduced in BD individuals treated with mood stabilizers compared to other patients. LIMITATIONS Low sample size for treatment subgroups limits the evaluation of specific medication regimens. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that BD is distinguished by both trait- and state-dependent inhibitory deficits optimally assessed with sophisticated multivariate measures. These data support the use of the hBPM as a tool to elucidate the effects of BD across various illness states, facilitate the development of BD animal models, and advance our understanding of the neurobiology underlying the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brook L. Henry
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Virginie Patt
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jessica Hua
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jared W. Young
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - William Perry
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|