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Yanuar R, Semba S, Nezu A, Tanimura A. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in HSY salivary ductal cells involves distinct signaling pathways. J Oral Biosci 2024:S1349-0079(24)00015-X. [PMID: 38336259 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Typical agonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), activate both G-protein and β-arrestin signaling systems, and are termed balanced agonists. In contrast, biased agonists selectively activate a single pathway, thereby offering therapeutic potential for the specific activation of that pathway. The mAChR agonists carbachol and pilocarpine are known to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) via G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. We investigated the involvement of β-arrestin and its downstream mechanisms in the ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by carbachol and pilocarpine in the human salivary ductal cell line, HSY cells. METHODS HSY cells were stimulated with pilocarpine or carbachol, with or without various inhibitors. The cell lysates were analyzed by western blotting using the antibodies p44/p42MAPK and phosphor-p44/p42MAPK. RESULTS Western blot analysis revealed that carbachol elicited greater stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation compared to pilocarpine. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was inhibited by atropine and gefitinib, suggesting that mAChR activation induces transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). Moreover, inhibition of carbachol-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was achieved by GF-109203X (a PKC inhibitor), a βARK1/GRK2 inhibitor, barbadin (a β-arrestin inhibitor), pitstop 2 (a clathrin inhibitor), and dynole 34-2 (a dynamin inhibitor). In contrast, pilocarpine-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was only inhibited by barbadin (a β-arrestin inhibitor) and PP2 (a Src inhibitor). CONCLUSION Carbachol activates both G-protein and β-arrestin pathways, whereas pilocarpine exclusively activates the β-arrestin pathway. Additionally, downstream of β-arrestin, carbachol activates clathrin-dependent internalization, while pilocarpine activates Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezon Yanuar
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shingo Semba
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nezu
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tanimura
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Watts SW, Garver H, Morisset-Lopez S, Suzenet F, Fink GD. β-arrestin biased signaling is not involved in the hypotensive actions of 5-HT 7 receptor stimulation: use of Serodolin. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107047. [PMID: 38157998 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptor (5-HT7) is necessary for 5-HT to cause a concentration-dependent vascular relaxation and hypotension. 5-HT7 is recognized as having biased signaling, transduced through either Gs or β -arrestin. It is unknown whether 5-HT7 signals in a biased manner to cause vasorelaxation/hypotension. We used the recently described β-arrestin selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist serodolin to test the hypothesis that 5-HT7 activation does not cause vascular relaxation or hypotension via the β -arrestin pathway. Isolated abdominal aorta (no functional 5-HT7) and vena cava (functional 5-HT7) from male Sprague Dawley rats were used in isometric contractility studies. Serodolin (1 nM - 10 μM) did not change baseline tone of isolated tissues and did not relax the endothelin-1 (ET-1)-contracted vena cava or aorta. In the aorta, serodolin acted as a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, evidenced by a rightward shift in 5-HT-induced concentration response curve [pEC50 5-HT [M]: Veh = 5.2 +/- 0.15; Ser (100 nM) = 4.49 +/- 0.08; p < 0.05]. In the vena cava, serodolin acted as a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, shifting the concentration response curve to 5-HT left and upward (%10 μM NE contraction; Veh = 3.2 +/- 1.7; Ser (10 nM) = 58 +/- 11; p < 0.05) and blocking relaxation of pre-contracted tissue to the 5-HT1A/7 agonist 5-carboxamidotryptamine. In anesthetized rats, 5-HT or serodolin was infused at 5, 25 and 75 μg/kg/min, iv. Though 5-HT caused concentration-dependent depressor responses, serodolin caused an insignificant small depressor responses at all three infusion rates. With the final dose of serodolin on board, 5-HT was unable to reduce blood pressure. Collectively the data indicate that serodolin functions as a 5-HT7 antagonist with additional 5-HT2A blocking properties. 5-HT7 activation does not cause vascular relaxation or hypotension via the β -arrestin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA.
| | - Hannah Garver
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA
| | - Severine Morisset-Lopez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 4301, Université d'Orléans, Orléans Cedex 2 45071 France
| | - Franck Suzenet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Gregory D Fink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA
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Papp M, Gruca P, Lason M, Litwa E, Newman-Tancredi A, Depoortère R. The 5-HT 1A receptor biased agonists, NLX-204 and NLX-101, display ketamine-like RAAD and anti-TRD activities in rat CMS models. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2419-2433. [PMID: 37310446 PMCID: PMC10593613 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES NLX-101 and NLX-204 are highly selective serotonin 5-HT1A 'biased' agonists, displaying potent and efficacious antidepressant-like activity upon acute administration in models such as the forced swim test. METHODS we compared the effects of repeated administration of NLX-101, NLX-204 and ketamine in the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression, considered to have high translational potential, on sucrose consumption (anhedonia measure), novel object recognition (NOR; working memory measure) and elevated plus maze (EPM; anxiety measure) in male Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto rats (the latter being resistant to classical antidepressants). RESULTS in Wistar rats, NLX-204 and NLX-101 (0.08-0.16 mg/kg i.p.), like ketamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) dose-dependently reversed CMS-induced sucrose intake deficit from treatment Day 1, with nearly full reversal observed at the higher dose at Days 8 and 15. These effects persisted for 3 weeks following treatment cessation. In the NOR test, both doses of NLX-101/NLX-204, and ketamine, rescued the deficit in discrimination index caused by CMS on Days 3 and 17; all three compounds increased time spent in open arms (EPM) but only NLX-204 achieved statistical significance on Days 2 and 16. In Wistar-Kyoto rats, all 3 compounds were also active in the sucrose test and, to a lesser extent, in the NOR and EPM. In non-stressed rats (both strains), the three compounds produced no significant effects in all tests. CONCLUSIONS these observations further strengthen the hypothesis that biased agonism at 5-HT1A receptors constitutes a promising strategy to achieve rapid-acting/sustained antidepressant effects combined with activity against TRD, in addition to providing beneficial effects against memory deficit and anxiety in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lason
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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Chaib S, Vidal B, Bouillot C, Depoortere R, Newman-Tancredi A, Zimmer L, Levigoureux E. Multimodal imaging study of the 5-HT 1A receptor biased agonist, NLX-112, in a model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103497. [PMID: 37632990 PMCID: PMC10474496 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The leading treatment for motor signs of Parkinson's disease is L-DOPA, but, upon extended use, it can lead to levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Serotonergic neurons are involved in LID etiology and previous pre-clinical studies have shown that NLX-112, a 5-HT1A biased agonist, has robust antidyskinetic effects. Here, we investigated its effects in hemiparkinsonian (HPK) rats with a unilateral nigrostriatal 6-OHDA lesion. METHODS We compared HPK rats with LID (i.e., sensitized to the dyskinetic effects of chronic L-DOPA) and without LID (HPK-non-LID), using [18F]FDG PET imaging and fMRI functional connectivity following systemic treatment with saline, L-DOPA, NLX-112 or L-DOPA + NLX-112. RESULTS In HPK-non-LID rats, [18F]FDG PET experiments showed that L-DOPA led to hypermetabolism in motor areas (cerebellum, brainstem, and mesencephalic locomotor region) and to hypometabolism in cortical regions. L-DOPA effects were also observed in HPK-LID rats, with the additional emergence of hypermetabolism in raphe nuclei and hypometabolism in hippocampus and striatum. NLX-112 attenuated L-DOPA-induced raphe hypermetabolism and cingulate cortex hypometabolism in HPK-LID rats. Moreover, in fMRI experiments NLX-112 partially corrected the altered neural circuit connectivity profile in HPK-LID rats, through activity in regions rich in 5-HT1A receptors. CONCLUSION This neuroimaging study sheds light for the first time on the brain activation patterns of HPK-LID rats. The 5-HT1A receptor agonist, NLX-112, prevents occurrence of LID, likely by activating pre-synaptic autoreceptors in the raphe nuclei, resulting in a partial restoration of brain metabolic and connectivity profiles. In addition, NLX-112 also rescues L-DOPA-induced deficits in cortical activation, suggesting potential benefit against non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chaib
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Vidal
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Luc Zimmer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; CERMEP-Imaging Platform, Bron, France.
| | - Elise Levigoureux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Hu J, Sun X, Kang Z, Cheng J. Computational investigation of functional water molecules in GPCRs bound to G protein or arrestin. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023; 37:91-105. [PMID: 36459325 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins constituting the largest family of drug targets. The activated GPCR binds either the heterotrimeric G proteins or arrestin through its activation cycle. Water molecules have been reported to play a role in GPCR activation. Nevertheless, reported studies are focused on the hydrophobic helical bundle region. How water molecules function in GPCR bound either G protein or arrestin is rarely studied. To address this issue, we carried out computational studies on water molecules in both GPCR/G protein complexes and GPCR/arrestin complexes. Using inhomogeneous fluid theory (IFT), we locate all possible hydration sites in GPCRs binding either to G protein or arrestin. We observe that the number of water molecules on the interaction surface between GPCRs and signal proteins are correlated with the insertion depths of the α5-helix from G-protein or "finger loop" from arrestin in GPCRs. In three out of the four simulation pairs, the interfaces of Rhodopsin, M2R and NTSR1 in the G protein-associated systems show more water-mediated hydrogen-bond networks when compared to these in arrestin-associated systems. This reflects that more functionally relevant water molecules may probably be attracted in G protein-associated structures than that in arrestin-associated structures. Moreover, we find the water-mediated interaction networks throughout the NPxxY region and the orthosteric pocket, which may be a key for GPCR activation. Reported studies show that non-biased agonist, which can trigger both GPCR-G protein and GPCR-arrestin activation signal, can result in pharmacologically toxicities. Our comprehensive studies of the hydration sites in GPCR/G protein complexes and GPCR/arrestin complexes may provide important insights in the design of G-protein biased agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianqiang Sun
- AutoDrug Biotech Co. Ltd, No. 58 XiangKe Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengzhong Kang
- AutoDrug Biotech Co. Ltd, No. 58 XiangKe Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianxin Cheng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China.
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Vidal-Torres A, Fernández-Pastor B, García M, Ayet E, Cabot A, Burgueño J, Monroy X, Aubel B, Codony X, Romero L, Pascual R, Serafini MT, Encina G, Almansa C, Zamanillo D, Merlos M, Vela JM. Bispecific sigma-1 receptor antagonism and mu-opioid receptor partial agonism: WLB-73502, an analgesic with improved efficacy and safety profile compared to strong opioids. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:82-99. [PMID: 36815042 PMCID: PMC9939367 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are the most effective painkillers, but their benefit-risk balance often hinder their therapeutic use. WLB-73502 is a dual, bispecific compound that binds sigma-1 (S1R) and mu-opioid (MOR) receptors. WLB-73502 is an antagonist at the S1R. It behaved as a partial MOR agonist at the G-protein pathway and produced no/unsignificant β-arrestin-2 recruitment, thus demonstrating low intrinsic efficacy on MOR at both signalling pathways. Despite its partial MOR agonism, WLB-73502 exerted full antinociceptive efficacy, with potency superior to morphine and similar to oxycodone against nociceptive, inflammatory and osteoarthritis pain, and superior to both morphine and oxycodone against neuropathic pain. WLB-73502 crosses the blood-brain barrier and binds brain S1R and MOR to an extent consistent with its antinociceptive effect. Contrary to morphine and oxycodone, tolerance to its antinociceptive effect did not develop after repeated 4-week administration. Also, contrary to opioid comparators, WLB-73502 did not inhibit gastrointestinal transit or respiratory function in rats at doses inducing full efficacy, and it was devoid of proemetic effect (retching and vomiting) in ferrets at potentially effective doses. WLB-73502 benefits from its bivalent S1R antagonist and partial MOR agonist nature to provide an improved antinociceptive and safety profile respect to strong opioid therapy.
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Gorelick DA. Kratom: Substance of Abuse or Therapeutic Plant? Psychiatr Clin North Am 2022; 45:415-430. [PMID: 36055730 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kratom is the common term for Mitragyna speciosa and its products. Its major active compounds are mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. An estimated 2.1 million US residents used kratom in 2020, as a "legal high" and self-medication for pain, opioid withdrawal, and other conditions. Up to 20% of US kratom users report symptoms consistent with kratom use disorder. Kratom use is associated with medical toxicity and death. Causality is difficult to prove as almost all cases involve other psychoactive substances. Daily, high-dose use may result in kratom use disorder and opioid-like withdrawal on cessation of use. These are best treated with buprenorphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gorelick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, MPRC-Tawes Building, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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Aksoyalp ZŞ, Nacitarhan C, Erbasan O. Which proteinase-activated receptor-1 antagonist is better?: Evaluation of vorapaxar and parmodulin-2 effects on human left internal mammary artery endothelial function. Life Sci 2021; 286:120045. [PMID: 34653426 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction occurs as an early event in cardiovascular disease. Previously, vorapaxar, a proteinase-activated receptor-1 antagonist, was shown to cause endothelial damage in a cell culture study. Therefore, our study aimed to compare the effects of vorapaxar and parmodulin-2, proteinase-activated receptor-1 biased agonist, on human left internal mammary artery endothelial function in vitro. METHOD Isolated arteries were hung in the organ baths. Acetylcholine responses (10-11-10-6 M) were obtained in endothelium-intact tissues the following incubation with vorapaxar/parmodulin-2 (10-6 M) to determine the effects of these molecules on the endothelium-dependent relaxation. Subsequently, endothelium-dependent relaxation responses of tissues were investigated in the presence of L-NAME (10-4 M), L-arginine (10-5 M), indomethacin (10-5 M), and charybdotoxin-apamin (10-7 M) in addition to vorapaxar/parmodulin-2 incubation. Besides, the effect of these molecules on endothelium-independent relaxation response was evaluated with sodium nitroprusside (10-11-10-6 M). Finally, the sections of human arteries were imaged using a transmission electron microscope, and the integrity of the endothelial layer was evaluated. RESULTS We found that vorapaxar caused significant endothelial dysfunction by disrupting nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-dependent relaxation mechanisms. Parmodulin-2 did not cause endothelial damage. Neither vorapaxar nor parmodulin-2 disrupted endothelium-independent relaxation responses. The effect of vorapaxar on the endothelial layer was supported by the transmission electron microscope images. CONCLUSION Parmodulin-2 may be a better option than vorapaxar in treating cardiovascular diseases since it can inhibit PAR-1 without caused endothelial dysfunction.
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Kadam PS, Mueller SC, Ji H, Liu J, Pai AV, Ma J, Speth RC, Sandberg K. Modulation of the rat angiotensin type 1a receptor by an upstream short open reading frame. Peptides 2021; 140:170529. [PMID: 33744369 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The rat angiotensin type 1a receptor (AT1aR) is a peptide hormone G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays a key role in electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure control. There is a highly conserved short open reading frame (sORF) in exon 2 (E2) that is downstream from exon 1 (E1) and upstream of the AT1aR coding region located in exon 3 (E3). To determine the role of this E2 sORF in AT1aR signaling, human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK293) cells were transfected with plasmids containing AT1aR cDNA with either an intact or disrupted E2 sORF. The intact sORF attenuated the efficacy of angiotensin (Ang) II (p < 0.001) and sarcosine1,Ile4,Ile8-Ang II (SII), (p < 0.01) to activate AT1aR signaling through extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). A time-course showed agonist-induced AT1aR-mediated ERK1/2 activation was slower in the presence of the intact compared to the disrupted sORF [Ang II: p < 0.01 and SII: p < 0.05]. Ang II-induced ERK1/2 activation was completely inhibited by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Ro 31-8220 regardless of whether the sORF was intact or disrupted. Flow cytometric analyses suggested the intact sORF improved cell survival; the percentage of live cells increased (p < 0.05) while the percentage of early apoptotic cells decreased (p < 0.01) in cells transfected with the AT1aR plasmid containing the intact sORF. These findings have implications for the regulation of AT1Rs in physiological and pathological conditions and warrant investigation of sORFs in the 5' leader sequence (5'LS) of other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnika S Kadam
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Susette C Mueller
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amrita V Pai
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Junfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.
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Spetea M, Schmidhammer H. Kappa Opioid Receptor Ligands and Pharmacology: Diphenethylamines, a Class of Structurally Distinct, Selective Kappa Opioid Ligands. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 271:163-195. [PMID: 33454858 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR), a G protein-coupled receptor, and its endogenous ligands, the dynorphins, are prominent members of the opioid neuromodulatory system. The endogenous kappa opioid system is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and has a key role in modulating pain in central and peripheral neuronal circuits and a wide array of physiological functions and neuropsychiatric behaviors (e.g., stress, reward, emotion, motivation, cognition, epileptic seizures, itch, and diuresis). We review the latest advances in pharmacology of the KOR, chemical developments on KOR ligands with advances and challenges, and therapeutic and potential applications of KOR ligands. Diverse discovery strategies of KOR ligands targeting natural, naturally derived, and synthetic compounds with different scaffolds, as small molecules or peptides, with short or long-acting pharmacokinetics, and central or peripheral site of action, are discussed. These research efforts led to ligands with distinct pharmacological properties, as agonists, partial agonists, biased agonists, and antagonists. Differential modulation of KOR signaling represents a promising strategy for developing pharmacotherapies for several human diseases, either by activating (treatment of pain, pruritus, and epilepsy) or blocking (treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction) the receptor. We focus on the recent chemical and pharmacological advances on diphenethylamines, a new class of structurally distinct, selective KOR ligands. Design strategies and investigations to define structure-activity relationships together with in vivo pharmacology of diphenethylamines as agonists, biased agonists, and antagonists and their potential use as therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Helmut Schmidhammer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Cahill CM, Lueptow L, Kim H, Shusharla R, Bishop A, Evans CJ. Kappa Opioid Signaling at the Crossroads of Chronic Pain and Opioid Addiction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 271:315-50. [PMID: 33547588 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pain is complex and is a unique experience for individuals in that no two people will have exactly the same physiological and emotional response to the same noxious stimulus or injury. Pain is composed of two essential processes: a sensory component that allows for discrimination of the intensity and location of a painful stimulus and an emotional component that underlies the affective, motivational, unpleasant, and aversive response to a painful stimulus. Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) activation in the periphery and throughout the neuroaxis modulates both of these components of the pain experience. In this chapter we focus on recent findings that KORs contribute to the emotional, aversive nature of chronic pain, including how expression in the limbic circuitry contributes to anhedonic states and components of opioid misuse disorder. While the primary focus is on preclinical pain models, we also highlight clinical or human research where there is strong evidence for KOR involvement in negative affective states associated with chronic pain and opioid misuse.
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Yuliantie E, Darbalaei S, Dai A, Zhao P, Yang D, Sexton PM, Wang MW, Wootten D. Pharmacological characterization of mono-, dual- and tri-peptidic agonists at GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114001. [PMID: 32360365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone with physiological roles in adipose tissue, the central nervous system and bone metabolism. While selective ligands for GIP receptor (GIPR) have not been advanced for disease treatment, dual and triple agonists of GIPR, in conjunction with that of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors, are currently in clinical trials, with an expectation of enhanced efficacy beyond that of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist monotherapy for diabetic patients. Consequently, it is important to understand the pharmacological behavior of such drugs. In this study, we have explored signaling pathway specificity and the potential for biased agonism of mono-, dual- and tri-agonists of GIPR using human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells recombinantly expressing human GIPR or GLP-1R. Compared to GIP(1-42), the GIPR mono-agonists Pro3GIP and Lys3GIP are biased towards ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2) relative to cAMP accumulation at GIPR, whereas the triple agonist at GLP-1R/GCGR/GIPR is biased towards pERK1/2 relative to β-arrestin2 recruitment. Moreover, the dual GIPR/GLP-1R agonist, LY3298176, is biased towards pERK1/2 relative to cAMP accumulation at both GIPR and GLP-1R compared to their respective endogenous ligands. These data reveal novel pharmacological properties of potential therapeutic agents that may impact on diversity in clinical responses.
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Nakagawa P, Gomez J, Grobe JL, Sigmund CD. The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Central Nervous System and Its Role in Blood Pressure Regulation. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:7. [PMID: 31925571 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-019-1011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the Review The main goal of this article is to discuss how the development of state-of-the-art technology has made it possible to address fundamental questions related to how the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) operates within the brain from the neurophysiological and molecular perspective. Recent Findings The existence of the brain RAS remains surprisingly controversial. New sensitive in situ hybridization techniques and novel transgenic animals expressing reporter genes have provided pivotal information of the expression of RAS genes within the brain. We discuss studies using genetically engineered animals combined with targeted viral microinjections to study molecular mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the brain RAS. We also discuss novel drugs targeting the brain RAS that have shown promising results in clinical studies and trials. Summary Over the last 50 years, several new physiological roles of the brain RAS have been identified. In the coming years, efforts to incorporate cutting-edge technologies such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and single-cell RNA sequencing will lead to dramatic advances in our full understanding of how the brain RAS operates at molecular and neurophysiological levels.
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Manabe S, Miyano K, Fujii Y, Ohshima K, Yoshida Y, Nonaka M, Uzu M, Matsuoka Y, Sato T, Uezono Y, Morimatsu H. Possible biased analgesic of hydromorphone through the G protein-over β-arrestin-mediated pathway: cAMP, CellKey™, and receptor internalization analyses. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 140:171-177. [PMID: 31320243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphine, fentanyl, and oxycodone are widely used as analgesics, and recently hydromorphone has been approved in Japan. Although all of these are selective for μ-opioid receptors (MORs) and have similar structures, their analgesic potencies and adverse effects (AEs) are diverse. Recent molecular analyses of MOR signaling revealed that the G protein-mediated signaling pathway causes analgesic effects and the β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathway is responsible for AEs. We used several cell-based analyses that selectively measure cellular responses activated by either G protein- or β-arrestin-mediated pathways. GloSensor™ cAMP, CellKey™, and receptor internalization assays were performed with four different types of cells stably expressing differentially labelled MOR. EC50 values measured by cAMP and CellKey™ assays had potencies in the order fentanyl ≤ hydromorphone < morphine ≤ oxycodone, all also exhibiting full agonist responses. However, in the internalization assay, only fentanyl elicited a full agonist response. Hydromorphone had the strongest potency next to fentanyl; however, contribution of the β-arrestin-mediated pathway was small, suggesting that its effect could be biased toward the G protein-mediated pathway. Based on these properties, hydromorphone could be chosen as an effective analgesic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Manabe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kanako Miyano
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yuriko Fujii
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaori Ohshima
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Miki Nonaka
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Miaki Uzu
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuoka
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1, Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Sato
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Division of Supportive Care Research, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Innovation Center for Supportive, Palliative and Psychosocial Care, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Morimatsu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Zhao Y, Bijlsma EY, ter Heegde F, Verdouw MP, Garssen J, Newman-Tancredi A, Groenink L. Activation of somatodendritic 5-HT 1A autoreceptors reduces the acquisition and expression of cued fear in the rat fear-potentiated startle test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1171-1185. [PMID: 30539269 PMCID: PMC6591185 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fear conditioning is an important factor in the etiology of anxiety disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated a role for serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors in fear conditioning. However, the relative contribution of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors and post-synaptic 5-HT1A heteroreceptors in fear conditioning is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors in the acquisition and expression of cued and contextual conditioned fear. METHODS We studied the acute effects of four 5-HT1A receptor ligands in the fear-potentiated startle test. Male Wistar rats were injected with the 5-HT1A receptors biased agonists F13714 (0-0.16 mg/kg, IP), which preferentially activates somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors, or F15599 (0-0.16 mg/kg, IP), which preferentially activates cortical post-synaptic 5-HT1A heteroreceptors, with the prototypical 5-HT1A receptor agonist R(+)8-OH-DPAT (0-0.3 mg/kg, SC) or the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100,635 (0-1.0 mg/kg, SC). RESULTS F13714 (0.16 mg/kg) and R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.03 mg/kg) injected before training reduced cued fear acquisition. Pre-treatment with F15599 or WAY100,635 had no effect on fear learning. In the fear-potentiated startle test, F13714 (0.04-0.16 mg/kg) and R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) reduced the expression of cued and contextual fear, whereas F15599 had no effect. WAY100,635 (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) reduced the overall startle response. CONCLUSIONS The current findings indicate that activation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors reduces cued fear learning, whereas 5-HT1A receptors seem not involved in contextual fear learning. Moreover, activation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors may reduce cued and contextual fear expression, whereas we found no evidence for the involvement of cortical 5-HT1A heteroreceptors in the expression of conditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Y. Bijlsma
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freija ter Heegde
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monika P. Verdouw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lucianne Groenink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (BCRM), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Carvalho-Galvão A, Ogunlade B, Xu J, Silva-Alves CRA, Mendes-Júnior LG, Guimarães DD, Cruz JC, Queiroz TM, Balarini CM, Braga VA, Filipeanu CM, Lazartigues E, de França-Silva MDS. Central administration of TRV027 improves baroreflex sensitivity and vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1513-27. [PMID: 29903768 DOI: 10.1042/CS20180222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TRV027 is a biased agonist for the Angiotensin (Ang)-II type 1 receptor (AT1R), able to recruit β-arrestin 2 independently of G-proteins activation. β-arrestin activation in the central nervous system (CNS) was suggested to oppose the effects of Ang-II. The present study evaluates the effect of central infusion of TRV027 on arterial pressure (AP), autonomic function, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and peripheral vascular reactivity. Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with TRV027 for 14 days (20 ng/h) delivered to the lateral ventricle via osmotic minipumps. Mechanistic studies were performed in HEK293T cells co-transfected with AT1R and Ang converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) treated with TRV027 (100 nM) or Ang-II (100 nM). TRV027 infusion in SH rats (SHR) reduced AP (~20 mmHg, P<0.05), sympathetic vasomotor activity (ΔMAP = -47.2 ± 2.8 compared with -64 ± 5.1 mmHg, P<0.05) and low-frequency (LF) oscillations of AP (1.7 ± 0.2 compared with 5.8 ± 0.4 mmHg, P<0.05) compared with the SHR control group. TRV027 also increased vagal tone, improved BRS, reduced the reactivity of mesenteric arteries to Ang-II and increased vascular sensitivity to phenylephrine (Phe), acetylcholine, (ACh), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). In vitro, TRV027 prevented the Ang-II-induced up-regulation of ADAM17 and in contrast with Ang-II, had no effects on ACE2 activity and expression levels. Furthermore, TRV027 induced lesser interactions between AT1R and ACE2 compared with Ang-II. Together, these data suggest that due to its biased activity for the β-arrestin pathway, TRV027 has beneficial effects within the CNS on hypertension, autonomic and vascular function, possibly through preserving ACE2 compensatory activity in neurones.
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Abstract
Pharmacological chaperones recently opened new possibilities in G protein-coupled receptor drug discovery. Even more interestingly, some unique ligands combine pharmacological chaperoning and biased agonism properties, boosting their therapeutic interest in many human diseases resulting from G protein-coupled receptor mutation and misfolding. These compounds displaying dual characteristics would constitute a perfect treatment for congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, a typical conformational disease. This X-linked genetic pathology is mostly associated with inactivating mutations of the renal arginine-vasopressin V2 receptor leading to misfolding and intracellular retention of the receptor, causing the inability of patients to concentrate their urine in response to the antidiuretic hormone. Cell-permeable pharmacological chaperones have been successfully challenged to restore plasma membrane localization of many V2 receptor mutants. In addition, different classes of specific ligands such as antagonists, agonists as well as biased agonists of the V2 receptor have proven their usefulness in rescuing mutant receptor function. This is particularly relevant for small-molecule biased agonists which only trigger Gs protein activation and cyclic adenosine monophosphate production, the V2-induced signaling pathway responsible for water reabsorption. In parallel, high-throughput screening assays based on receptor trafficking rescue approaches have been developed to discover novel V2 pharmacological chaperone molecules from different chemical libraries. These new hit compounds, which still need to be pharmacologically characterized and functionally tested in vivo, represent promising candidates for the treatment of congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Mouillac
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christiane Mendre
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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18
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Ford BM, Franks LN, Tai S, Fantegrossi WE, Stahl EL, Berquist MD, Cabanlong CV, Wilson CD, Penthala NR, Crooks PA, Prather PL. Characterization of structurally novel G protein biased CB 1 agonists: Implications for drug development. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:161-177. [PMID: 28838808 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The human cannabinoid subtype 1 receptor (hCB1R) is highly expressed in the CNS and serves as a therapeutic target for endogenous ligands as well as plant-derived and synthetic cannabinoids. Unfortunately, acute use of hCB1R agonists produces unwanted psychotropic effects and chronic administration results in development of tolerance and dependence, limiting the potential clinical use of these ligands. Studies in β-arrestin knockout mice suggest that interaction of certain GPCRs, including μ-, δ-, κ-opioid and hCB1Rs, with β-arrestins might be responsible for several adverse effects produced by agonists acting at these receptors. Indeed, agonists that bias opioid receptor activation toward G-protein, relative to β-arrestin signaling, produce less severe adverse effects. These observations indicate that therapeutic utility of agonists acting at hCB1Rs might be improved by development of G-protein biased hCB1R agonists. Our laboratory recently reported a novel class of indole quinulidinone (IQD) compounds that bind cannabinoid receptors with relatively high affinity and act with varying efficacy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether agonists in this novel cannabinoid class exhibit ligand bias at hCB1 receptors. Our studies found that a novel IQD-derived hCB1 receptor agonist PNR-4-20 elicits robust G protein-dependent signaling, with transduction ratios similar to the non-biased hCB1R agonist CP-55,940. In marked contrast to CP-55,940, PNR-4-20 produces little to no β-arrestin 2 recruitment. Quantitative calculation of bias factors indicates that PNR-4-20 exhibits from 5.4-fold to 29.5-fold bias for G protein, relative to β-arrestin 2 signaling (when compared to G protein activation or inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation, respectively). Importantly, as expected due to reduced β-arrestin 2 recruitment, chronic exposure of cells to PNR-4-20 results in significantly less desensitization and down-regulation of hCB1Rs compared to similar treatment with CP-55,940. PNR-4-20 (i.p.) is active in the cannabinoid tetrad in mice and chronic treatment results in development of less persistent tolerance and no significant withdrawal signs when compared to animals repeatedly exposed to the non-biased full agoinst JWH-018 or Δ9-THC. Finally, studies of a structurally similar analog PNR- 4-02 show that it is also a G protein biased hCB1R agonist. It is predicted that cannabinoid agonists that bias hCB1R activation toward G protein, relative to β-arrestin 2 signaling, will produce fewer and less severe adverse effects both acutely and chronically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Ford
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Lirit N Franks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Sherrica Tai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - William E Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Edward L Stahl
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Michael D Berquist
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Christian V Cabanlong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Catheryn D Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Narsimha R Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Paul L Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Eby JM, Abdelkarim H, Albee LJ, Tripathi A, Gao X, Volkman BF, Gaponenko V, Majetschak M. Functional and structural consequences of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 activation with cognate and non-cognate agonists. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 434:143-51. [PMID: 28455789 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) regulates cell trafficking and plays important roles in the immune system. Ubiquitin has recently been identified as an endogenous non-cognate agonist of CXCR4, which activates CXCR4 via interaction sites that are distinct from those of the cognate agonist C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). As compared with CXCL12, chemotactic activities of ubiquitin in primary human cells are poorly characterized. Furthermore, evidence for functional selectivity of CXCR4 agonists is lacking, and structural consequences of ubiquitin binding to CXCR4 are unknown. Here, we show that ubiquitin and CXCL12 have comparable chemotactic activities in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. Chemotactic activities of the CXCR4 ligands could be inhibited with the selective CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 and with a peptide analogue of the second transmembrane domain of CXCR4. In human monocytes, ubiquitin- and CXCL12-induced chemotaxis could be inhibited with pertussis toxin and with inhibitors of phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Both agonists induced inositol trisphosphate production in vascular smooth muscle cells, which could be inhibited with AMD3100. In β-arrestin recruitment assays, ubiquitin did not sufficiently recruit β-arrestin2 to CXCR4 (EC50 > 10 μM), whereas the EC50 for CXCL12 was 4.6 nM (95% confidence interval 3.1-6.1 nM). Both agonists induced similar chemical shift changes in the 13C-1H-heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) spectrum of CXCR4 in membranes, whereas CXCL11 did not significantly alter the 13C-1H-HSQC spectrum of CXCR4. Our findings point towards ubiquitin as a biased agonist of CXCR4.
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Marmolejo-Valencia AF, Martínez-Mayorga K. Allosteric modulation model of the mu opioid receptor by herkinorin, a potent not alkaloidal agonist. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2017; 31:467-82. [PMID: 28364251 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-017-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of opioid receptors is the primary choice for pain management and structural information studies have gained new horizons with the recently available X-ray crystal structures. Herkinorin is one of the most remarkable salvinorin A derivative with high affinity for the mu opioid receptor, moderate selectivity and lack of nitrogen atoms on its structure. Surprisingly, binding models for herkinorin are lacking. In this work, we explore binding models of herkinorin using automated docking, molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations and available experimental information. Our herkinorin D-ICM-1 binding model predicted a binding free energy of -11.52 ± 1.14 kcal mol-1 by alchemical free energy estimations, which is close to the experimental values -10.91 ± 0.2 and -10.80 ± 0.05 kcal mol-1 and is in agreement with experimental structural information. Specifically, D-ICM-1 molecular dynamics simulations showed a water-mediated interaction between D-ICM-1 and the amino acid H2976.52, this interaction coincides with the co-crystallized ligands. Another relevant interaction, with N1272.63, allowed to rationalize herkinorin's selectivity to mu over delta opioid receptors. Our suggested binding model for herkinorin is in agreement with this and additional experimental data. The most remarkable observation derived from our D-ICM-1 model is that herkinorin reaches an allosteric sodium ion binding site near N1503.35. Key interactions in that region appear relevant for the lack of β-arrestin recruitment by herkinorin. This interaction is key for downstream signaling pathways involved in the development of side effects, such as tolerance. Future SAR studies and medicinal chemistry efforts will benefit from the structural information presented in this work.
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Ismail S, Dubois-Vedrenne I, Laval M, Tikhonova IG, D'Angelo R, Sanchez C, Clerc P, Gherardi MJ, Gigoux V, Magnan R, Fourmy D. Internalization and desensitization of the human glucose-dependent-insulinotropic receptor is affected by N-terminal acetylation of the agonist. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015. [PMID: 26225752 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
How incretins regulate presence of their receptors at the cell surface and their activity is of paramount importance for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting these receptors. We have studied internalization of the human Glucose-Insulinotropic Polypeptide receptor (GIPR). GIP stimulated rapid robust internalization of the GIPR, the major part being directed to lysosomes. GIPR internalization involved mainly clathrin-coated pits, AP-2 and dynamin. However, neither GIPR C-terminal region nor β-arrestin1/2 was required. Finally, N-acetyl-GIP recognized as a dipeptidyl-IV resistant analogue, fully stimulated cAMP production with a ∼15-fold lower potency than GIP and weakly stimulated GIPR internalization and desensitization of cAMP response. Furthermore, docking N-acetyl-GIP in the binding site of modeled GIPR showed slighter interactions with residues of helices 6 and 7 of GIPR compared to GIP. Therefore, incomplete or partial activity of N-acetyl-GIP on signaling involved in GIPR desensitization and internalization contributes to the enhanced incretin activity of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadek Ismail
- Université de Toulouse 3, EA 4552, Inserm U1048/I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marie Laval
- Université de Toulouse 3, EA 4552, Inserm U1048/I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- Molecular Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, North Ireland, UK
| | - Romina D'Angelo
- Cellular Imaging Facility Rangueil, Inserm U1048/I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Sanchez
- Université de Toulouse 3, EA 4552, Inserm U1048/I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Clerc
- Université de Toulouse 3, EA 4552, Inserm U1048/I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Véronique Gigoux
- Université de Toulouse 3, EA 4552, Inserm U1048/I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Remi Magnan
- Université de Toulouse 3, EA 4552, Inserm U1048/I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Fourmy
- Université de Toulouse 3, EA 4552, Inserm U1048/I2MC, Toulouse, France.
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Maillet EL, Milon N, Heghinian MD, Fishback J, Schürer SC, Garamszegi N, Mash DC. Noribogaine is a G-protein biased κ-opioid receptor agonist. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:675-88. [PMID: 26302653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Noribogaine is the long-lived human metabolite of the anti-addictive substance ibogaine. Noribogaine efficaciously reaches the brain with concentrations up to 20 μM after acute therapeutic dose of 40 mg/kg ibogaine in animals. Noribogaine displays atypical opioid-like components in vivo, anti-addictive effects and potent modulatory properties of the tolerance to opiates for which the mode of action remained uncharacterized thus far. Our binding experiments and computational simulations indicate that noribogaine may bind to the orthosteric morphinan binding site of the opioid receptors. Functional activities of noribogaine at G-protein and non G-protein pathways of the mu and kappa opioid receptors were characterized. Noribogaine was a weak mu antagonist with a functional inhibition constants (Ke) of 20 μM at the G-protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways. Conversely, noribogaine was a G-protein biased kappa agonist 75% as efficacious as dynorphin A at stimulating GDP-GTP exchange (EC50=9 μM) but only 12% as efficacious at recruiting β-arrestin, which could contribute to the lack of dysphoric effects of noribogaine. In turn, noribogaine functionally inhibited dynorphin-induced kappa β-arrestin recruitment and was more potent than its G-protein agonistic activity with an IC50 of 1 μM. This biased agonist/antagonist pharmacology is unique to noribogaine in comparison to various other ligands including ibogaine, 18-MC, nalmefene, and 6'-GNTI. We predict noribogaine to promote certain analgesic effects as well as anti-addictive effects at effective concentrations>1 μM in the brain. Because elevated levels of dynorphins are commonly observed and correlated with anxiety, dysphoric effects, and decreased dopaminergic tone, a therapeutically relevant functional inhibition bias to endogenously released dynorphins by noribogaine might be worthy of consideration for treating anxiety and substance related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline L Maillet
- DemeRx, Inc., R&D Laboratory, Life Science & Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Ave, Suite 300, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Nicolas Milon
- DemeRx, Inc., R&D Laboratory, Life Science & Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Ave, Suite 300, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mari D Heghinian
- DemeRx, Inc., R&D Laboratory, Life Science & Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Ave, Suite 300, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - James Fishback
- DemeRx, Inc., R&D Laboratory, Life Science & Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Ave, Suite 300, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stephan C Schürer
- University of Miami, Center for Computational Science, 1320 S, Dixie Highway, Gables One Tower #600.H, Locator Code 2965, Coral Gables, FL 33146-2926, USA; Miller School of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, 14th Street CRB 650 (M-857), Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nandor Garamszegi
- DemeRx, Inc., R&D Laboratory, Life Science & Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Ave, Suite 300, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Deborah C Mash
- DemeRx, Inc., R&D Laboratory, Life Science & Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Ave, Suite 300, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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23
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Abstract
The sweet taste receptors present in the taste buds are heterodimers comprised of T1R2 and T1R3. This receptor is also expressed in pancreatic β-cells. When the expression of receptor subunits is determined in β-cells by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the mRNA expression level of T1R2 is extremely low compared to that of T1R3. In fact, the expression of T1R2 is undetectable at the protein level. Furthermore, knockdown of T1R2 does not affect the effect of sweet molecules, whereas knockdown of T1R3 markedly attenuates the effect of sweet molecules. Consequently, a homodimer of T1R3 functions as a receptor sensing sweet molecules in β-cells, which we designate as sweet taste-sensing receptors (STSRs). Various sweet molecules activate STSR in β-cells and augment insulin secretion. With regard to intracellular signals, sweet molecules act on STSRs and increase cytoplasmic Ca(2+) and/or cyclic AMP (cAMP). Specifically, when an STSR is stimulated by one of four different sweet molecules (sucralose, acesulfame potassium, sodium saccharin, or glycyrrhizin), distinct signaling pathways are activated. Patterns of changes in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) and/or cAMP induced by these sweet molecules are all different from each other. Hence, sweet molecules activate STSRs by acting as biased agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Kojima
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakagawa
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ohtsu
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Anya Medina
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagasawa
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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24
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Quitterer U, AbdAlla S. Vasopressor meets vasodepressor: The AT1-B2 receptor heterodimer. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:284-90. [PMID: 24462918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The AT1 receptor for the vasopressor angiotensin II is one of the most important drug targets for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Sensitization of the AT1 receptor system is a common feature contributing to the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular disorders but underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. More than a decade ago, evidence was provided for control of AT1R activation by heterodimerization with the B2 receptor for the vasodepressor peptide, bradykinin, a physiological counterpart of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. AT1-B2 receptor heterodimerization was shown to enhance AT1R-stimulated signaling under pathophysiological conditions such as experimental and human pregnancy hypertension. Notably, AT1R signal sensitization of patients with preeclampsia hypertension was attributed to AT1R-B2R heterodimerization. Vice versa, transgenic mice lacking the AT1-B2 receptor heterodimer due to targeted deletion of the B2R gene showed a significantly reduced AT1R-stimulated vasopressor response compared to transgenic mice with abundant AT1R-B2R heterodimerization. Biophysical methods such as BRET and FRET confirmed those data by demonstrating efficient AT1-B2 receptor heterodimerization in transfected cells and transgenic mice. Recently, a study on AT1R-specific biased agonism directed the focus to the AT1-B2 receptor heterodimer again. The β-arrestin-biased [Sar1,Ile4,Ile8]-angiotensin II promoted not only the recruitment of β-arrestin to the AT1R but also stimulated the down-regulation of the AT1R-associated B2 receptor by co-internalization. Thereby specific targeting of the AT1R-B2R heterodimer became feasible and could open the way to a new class of drugs, which specifically interfere with pathological angiotensin II-AT1 receptor system activation.
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