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Schaefer M, Buchmueller A, Dittmer F, Straßburger J, Wilmen A. Allosteric Inhibition as a New Mode of Action for BAY 1213790, a Neutralizing Antibody Targeting the Activated Form of Coagulation Factor XI. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4817-4833. [PMID: 31655039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Factor XI (FXI), the zymogen of activated FXI (FXIa), is an attractive target for novel anticoagulants because FXI inhibition offers the potential to reduce thrombosis risk while minimizing the risk of bleeding. BAY 1213790, a novel anti-FXIa antibody, was generated using phage display technology. Crystal structure analysis of the FXIa-BAY 1213790 complex demonstrated that the tyrosine-rich complementarity-determining region 3 loop of the heavy chain of BAY 1213790 penetrated deepest into the FXIa binding epitope, forming a network of favorable interactions including a direct hydrogen bond from Tyr102 to the Gln451 sidechain (2.9 Å). The newly discovered binding epitope caused a structural rearrangement of the FXIa active site, revealing a novel allosteric mechanism of FXIa inhibition by BAY 1213790. BAY 1213790 specifically inhibited FXIa with a binding affinity of 2.4 nM, and in human plasma, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and inhibited thrombin generation in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schaefer
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Structural Biology, 13342 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Buchmueller
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Cardiovascular, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Frank Dittmer
- Bayer AG, Product Supply, Pharmaceuticals, Quality Control, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Julia Straßburger
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Cardiovascular, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andreas Wilmen
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Protein Engineering and Assays, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Fiege B, Leuthold M, Parra F, Dalton KP, Meloncelli PJ, Lowary TL, Peters T. Epitope mapping of histo blood group antigens bound to norovirus VLPs using STD NMR experiments reveals fine details of molecular recognition. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:679-689. [PMID: 28823097 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of human noroviruses to histo blood group antigens (HBGAs) is thought to be critical for the infection process. Therefore, we have determined binding epitopes of synthetic type 1 to 6 blood group A- and B-tetrasaccharides binding to GII.4 human Norovirus virus like particles (VLPs) using STD NMR experiments. So far, little information is available from crystal structure analysis studies on the interactions of the reducing-end sugars with the protruding domain (P-domain) of the viral coat protein VP1. Here, we show that the reducing-end sugars make notable contacts with the protein surface. The type of glycosidic linkage, and the identity of the sugar at the reducing end modulate HBGA recognition. Most strikingly, type 2 structures yield only very poor saturation transfer indicating impeded binding. This observation is in accordance with previous mass spectrometry based affinity measurements, and can be understood based on recent crystal structure data of a complex of highly homologous GII.4 P-dimers with H-type 2 trisaccharide where the N-acetyl group of the reducing N-acetyl glucosamine residue points towards a loop comprising amino acids Q390 to H395. We suggest that in our case, binding of type 2 A- and B-tetrasaccharides leads to steric conflicts with this loop. In order to identify factors determining L-Fuc recognition, we also synthesized GII.4 VLPs with point mutations D391A and H395A. Prior studies had suggested that these residues, located in a second shell around the L-Fuc binding site, assist L-Fuc binding. STD NMR experiments with L-Fuc and B-trisaccharide in the presence of wild type and mutant VLPs yield virtually identical binding epitopes suggesting that these two mutations do not significantly alter HBGA recognition. Our study emphasizes that recognition of α-(1→2)-linked L-Fuc residues is a conserved feature of GII.4 noroviruses. However, structural variation of the HBGA core structures clearly modulates molecular recognition depending on the genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Fiege
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mila Leuthold
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
- Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco Parra
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Kevin P Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Peter J Meloncelli
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, The University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, The University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G G2, Canada
| | - Thomas Peters
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany.
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