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Abrán H, Kovács K, Horvát Z, Erőss E, Hollins Martin CJ, Martin CR. Translation and validation of the Hungarian version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). Midwifery 2024; 132:103983. [PMID: 38581970 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2024.103983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence relating maternal birth experience to a range of maternal and neonatal outcomes is increasingly compelling. Consequently valid and reliable self-report of birth experience from the mothers perspective is critical. AIM The current study sought to translate and validate a Hungarian-language version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). METHOD Following forward and backwards translation into Hungarian, the Hungarian BSS-R (HU-BSS-R) was administered to women in a major Transylvanian hospital maternity unit within 72 h postpartum. Key psychometric characteristics were then examined in relation to factor structure, divergent and convergent validity, internal consistency, and known-groups discriminant validity. RESULTS Two-hundred and thirty-two women completed the HU-BSS-R. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the HU-BSS-R to offer an excellent fit to data for the established tri-dimensional measurement model. The HU-BSS-R was also found to offer excellent convergent and divergent validity and known-groups discriminant validity. No significant differences were observed between internal consistency observations between the current study and the original UK validation study. CONCLUSIONS The HU-BSS-R is a valid and reliable translation of the original BSS-R, it has proved itself to have excellent psychometric properties and is suitable for use in the Hungarian maternity context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunor Abrán
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7621, Hungary; Odorheiu Secuiesc Municipal Hospital, Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania.
| | - Kálmán Kovács
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Zalán Horvát
- Doctoral School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Erőss
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7621, Hungary
| | - Caroline J Hollins Martin
- School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University (ENU), Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Colin R Martin
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Mammadov B, Taş Ç. The effect of acupressure and massage on labor pain and birth satisfaction: a randomized controlled trial. Explore (NY) 2024:S1550-8307(24)00082-X. [PMID: 38693027 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine the effect of acupressure and massage used for the management of labor pain in the latent, active, and transition phases of the first stage of labor on labor pain and birth satisfaction. METHODS The study was conducted with 66 pregnant women who met the sampling criteria and participated voluntarily at a public hospital in Nicosia. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a massage group, an acupressure group, or a control group. Participants in the massage group received 10 min of sacral massage during contraction and 10 min of endorphin massage during rest, for a total of 30 min of massage per phase. Participants in the acupressure group received 3 min of acupressure to the LI 4 point at the same dilation intervals, when the contraction was most intense. The control group received no intervention. Pain perceived by the pregnant woman was evaluated with the Visual Comparison Scale (VAS) at the beginning and end of each phase. Postpartum, the Birth Satisfaction Scale was applied. RESULTS Massage application was found to be more effective in reducing labor pain than acupressure or the control group. Massage and acupressure did not negatively affect APGAR scores. The lowest oxytocin use was found in the massage group. The group with the highest birth satisfaction scores was also the massage group. CONCLUSION Massage application is more effective than acupressure application in reducing labor pain and increasing birth satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Mammadov
- RN, PhD, Assistant Professor, Near East University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East Boulevard, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Çağla Taş
- M. Sc. Midwife, Cengiz Topel Hospital, Ecevit Caddesi, Güzelyurt, 99300 Girne, Cyprus
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Ratislavová K, Hendrych Lorenzová E, Hollins Martin CJ, Martin CR. Translation and validation of the Czech Republic version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). J Reprod Infant Psychol 2024; 42:78-94. [PMID: 35532313 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2022.2067837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satisfaction with the birth experience has been established to be critical for the wellbeing of the mother. The Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) is a brief and psychometrically robust multi-dimensional self-report tool designed to assess birth experience. The current investigation sought to translate and validate a Czech Republic version of the BSS-R (CZ-BSS-R). METHODS Following translation psychometric assessment of the CZ-BSS-R was undertaken using a cross-sectional design. A between-subjects design was incorporated in order to evaluate known-groups validity evaluation of the translated measure. Four hundred and sixty-five Czech-speaking women within the Czech Republic took part in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis was undertaken and divergent and convergent validity and internal consistency characteristics also evaluated. RESULTS The CZ-BSS-R was observed to have excellent psychometric properties and conceptually and measurement faithful to the original English-language measure. Consistent with previous investigations using the BSS-R significant differences were found in scores as a function of delivery type. CONCLUSIONS The CZ-BSS-R is a valid, robust and reliable measure of birth experience and suitable for use with Czech-speaking women in the Czech Republic. The study highlighted that instrument and emergency Caesarean section were associated with a lower level of birth satisfaction compared to vaginal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Ratislavová
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Care Studies, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hendrych Lorenzová
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Care Studies, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Colin R Martin
- Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology, Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Moniri M, Rashidi F, Mirghafourvand M, Rezaei M, Ghanbari-Homaie S. The relationship between pregnancy and birth experience with maternal-fetal attachment and mother-child bonding: a descriptive-analytical study. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:426. [PMID: 38053200 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy and childbirth experience can be important factors for a pleasant relationship between mother and baby. This study assessed the relationship between the pregnancy and birth experience with maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) and mother-child bonding. METHODS A descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 228 pregnant women in Tabriz, Iran February 2022 to March 2023. Using cluster random sampling method, we included 228 women with gestational age 28-36 weeks and followed them up until six weeks postpartum. Data were collected in two stages using the following questionnaires: Pregnancy Experience Scale (hassles and uplifts), Maternal-Fetal Attachment Questionnaire (during the third trimester of pregnancy), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, and Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (six weeks postpartum). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test and general linear model. RESULTS The mean score of MFA was significantly higher among women with feelings of being uplifted during pregnancy [β (95% CI) = 1.14 (0.87 to 1.41); p < 0.001]. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between pregnancy hassles and MFA and mother-child bonding (p > 0.05). Also, there was no statistically significant relationship between childbirth experience and mother-child bonding (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION According to the results of this study, pregnancy uplifts have a positive role in improving MFA. Therefore, it is recommended to plan interventions to make pregnancy period a pleasant experience for mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Moniri
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rashidi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mansour Rezaei
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Ghanbari-Homaie
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Street, P.O. Box: 51745-347, 513897977, Tabriz, Iran.
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Grundström H, Martin CJH, Malmquist A, Nieminen K, Martin CR. Translation and validation of the Swedish version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). Midwifery 2023; 124:103745. [PMID: 37269677 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2023.103745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimizing women's childbirth experience is essential for development of quality mother infant relationships. The Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) can be used to measure birth satisfaction. AIM The current investigation sought to translate and validate a Swedish version of the BSS-R. METHOD Following translation, a comprehensive psychometric validation of the Swedish-BSS-R (SW-BSS-R) was carried out using a multi-model, cross-sectional, between- and within-subjects design. PARTICIPANTS A total of 619 Swedish-speaking women participated, from which 591 completed SW-BSS-R and were eligible for analysis. DATA ANALYSIS Discriminant, convergent, divergent and predictive validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factor structure were evaluated. RESULTS The SW-BSS-R was found to have excellent psychometric properties and hence is a valid translation of the original UK(English)-BSS-R. Important insights into relationships between mode of birth, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and postnatal depression (PND) were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The SW-BSS-R is a psychometrically valid translation of the original BSS-R and is suitable for use in a Swedish-speaking population of women. The study has also highlighted important dynamics between birth satisfaction and areas of significant clinical concern (i.e., mode of birth, PTSD and PND) in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Grundström
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Norrköping, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | - Anna Malmquist
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Katri Nieminen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Norrköping, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Colin R Martin
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Aslantaş BN, Çankaya S. The effect of birth ball exercise on labor pain, delivery duration, birth comfort, and birth satisfaction: a randomized controlled study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023:10.1007/s00404-023-07115-4. [PMID: 37405439 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effect of birth ball exercise on labor pain, delivery duration, birth comfort, and birth satisfaction. METHODS The study used a randomized controlled trial design. All 120 primiparous pregnant women were randomly assigned to the intervention (IG) and control groups (CG). After the cervical dilatation reached 4 cm, the pregnant women in the IG performed birth ball exercises, adhering to the birth ball guide created by the researcher. No intervention was made in the control group other than standard midwifery care practices. RESULTS The labor pain level between the groups (VAS 1-when cervical dilatation was 4 cm) was similar to each other. The labor pain level (VAS 2- when cervical dilatation was 9 cm) scores of the women in the IG were significantly lower than those in the CG (p < 0.05). The time between the active phase of labor until dilatation is complete and the time until the baby's head comes out after full dilatation was found to be statistically significantly shorter in the IG compared to the CG (p < 0.05). Childbirth comfort and satisfaction mean scores between the groups were found to be statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION As a result of the study, it was determined that the birth ball exercise significantly reduced labor pain and labor time. We recommend that the birth ball exercise be applied to all low-risk pregnant women because it helps fetal descent and cervical dilatation, and shortens labor pain and delivery time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Nur Aslantaş
- Department of Midwifery, Health Sciences Faculty of Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Çankaya
- Department of Midwifery, Health Sciences Faculty of Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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Vahidi F, Mirghafourvand M, Naseri E, Ghanbari-Homaie S. Birth-related posttraumatic stress disorder and negative childbirth experience related to maternal functioning among adolescent mothers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:371. [PMID: 37217921 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent pregnancy is an important issue in terms of reproductive health. Adolescent mothers have to overcome two crises at the same time: motherhood and maturity. Childbirth experience and posttraumatic stress disorder may influence the mother's perception of her infant and postpartum care behaviors. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 202 adolescent mothers referring to health centers in Tabriz and its suburbs between May and December, 2022. Data were collected by PTSD Symptom Scale, Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0, and Barkin Index of Maternal Functioning. The association between childbirth experience, posttraumatic stress disorder and maternal functioning was assessed by multivariate analysis. RESULTS After adjusting the effect of socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, the score of maternal functioning among mothers without posttraumatic stress disorder was statistically significantly higher than mothers with posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis [β (95% CI) = 2.30 (0.39 to 4.20); p = 0.031]. The score of maternal functioning increased with the increase in the childbirth experience score [β (95% CI) = 7.34 (3.87 to 10.81); p < 0.001]. The score of maternal functioning among mothers with wanted sex of baby was statistically significantly higher than unwanted sex of baby [β (95% CI) = 2.70 (0.37 to 5.02); p = 0.023]. CONCLUSION Healthcare professionals should pay special attention to improving maternal functioning among adolescent mothers. One of the important actions can be to create a positive experience of childbirth for avoiding of posttraumatic stress disorder following birth and counseling with mothers who stated sex of fetus is undesired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Vahidi
- Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Naseri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Ghanbari-Homaie
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Najafi Z, Mirghafourvand M, Ghanbari-Homaie S. Are women with preterm labour at risk for negative birth experience? a comparative cross-sectional study from Iran. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:252. [PMID: 37055771 PMCID: PMC10099674 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unpredictable nature of preterm labour can be a stressful experience for the mother. The occurrence of preterm birth can lead to the failure of the mother's previous expectations regarding the process of labour and birth leading to negative perception towards birth. METHODS This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran. We employed convenience sampling to recruit eligible mothers with term birth (314 women) and preterm birth (157 women). Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0, Preterm Birth Experiences and Satisfaction Scale, and Delivery Fear Scale were used to measure the woman's fear of delivery during labour and birth experience. Data were analysed by general linear model. RESULTS The prevalence of negative birth experience in the term and preterm birth groups was 31.8% and 14.3%, respectively. The results of the multivariable general linear model, after the adjustment of demographic and obstetric characteristics, showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of mothers with term and preterm birth [β (95% CI): -0.06 (-0.22 to 0.09); p = 0.414] in terms of childbirth experience. However, the fear of delivery had a significant relationship with the childbirth experience [-0.02 (-0.03 to -0.01); p < 0.001]. CONCLUSION There was no statistically significant difference in terms of women's childbirth experience between the mothers with term and preterm births. The fear of delivery during labour was the predictor of childbirth experience. In order to improve women's childbirth experience, interventions should be made to reduce their fear during labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Najafi
- Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Ghanbari-Homaie
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Emmens B, Hollins Martin CJ, Martin CR. Translation and validation of the Dutch version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023; 41:213-227. [PMID: 34792408 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2021.1979200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent observations suggest birth satisfaction may be significantly associated with postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PP-PTSD). The Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) is increasingly used Internationally as a short, valid and reliable multi-dimensional measure of birth experience. The current study sought to develop a Dutch version of the BSS-R (D-BSS-R) for clinical and research application in the Netherlands. METHODS Post-translation, a cross-sectional design with an embedded between-subjects component was used to evaluate key indices of validity and reliability of the D-BSS-R in a purposive sampled cohort of 244 Dutch-speaking women in the Netherlands. Confirmatory factor analysis, divergent, convergent and known-groups discriminant validity were evaluated as was the internal consistency of the measure. RESULTS The D-BSS-R was found to be a generally valid and reliable measure of birth experience with the key measurement characteristics of the original English-language measure transferring well to the Dutch context. Statistically significant negative correlations were observed between all D-BSS-R sub-scales and a validated measure of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS The D-BSS-R represents a valid and reliable measure of birth experience suitable and appropriate for use in the Netherlands. The study corroborates previous suggestions of linkage between birth satisfaction and PP-PTSD using a robust and diagnostically valid measure of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berbel Emmens
- Independent Researcher, Counselor, MSc Applied Psychology
| | - Caroline J Hollins Martin
- Maternal Health, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Care Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin R Martin
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Viirman F, Hesselman S, Poromaa IS, Svanberg AS, Wikman A. Overall childbirth experience: what does it mean? A comparison between an overall childbirth experience rating and the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:176. [PMID: 36918812 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical settings and research studies, childbirth experience is often measured using a single-item question about overall experience. Little is known about what women include in this rating, which complicates the design of adequate follow-up, as well as the interpretation of research findings based on ratings of overall childbirth experience. The aim of this study was to examine which known dimensions of childbirth experience women include in the rating on a single-item measure. METHODS Ratings of overall childbirth experience on a 10-point numeric rating scale (NRS) from 2953 women with spontaneous or induced onset of labour at two Swedish hospitals were evaluated against the validated Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2 (CEQ2), completed on one of the first days postpartum. The CEQ2 measures four childbirth experience domains: own capacity, perceived safety, professional support and participation. Internal consistency for CEQ2 was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha. NRS ratings were explored in relation to CEQ2 using empirical cumulative distribution function graphs, where childbirth experience was defined as negative (NRS ratings 1-4), mixed (NRS ratings 5-6) or positive (NRS ratings 7-10). A multiple linear regression analysis, presented as beta coefficients (B) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), was also performed to explore the relationship between the four domains of the CEQ2 and overall childbirth experience. RESULTS The prevalence of negative childbirth experience was 6.3%. All CEQ2-subscales reached high or acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.78; 0.81; 0.69 and 0.66, respectively). Regardless of overall childbirth experience, the majority of respondents scored high on the CEQ2 subscale representing professional support. Overall childbirth experience was mainly explained by perceived safety (B = 1.60, CI 1.48-1.73), followed by own capacity (B = 0.65, CI 0.53-0.77) and participation (B = 0.43, CI 0.29-0.56). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, overall childbirth experience rated by a single-item measurement appears to mainly capture experiences of perceived safety, and to a lesser extent own capacity and participation, but appears not to reflect professional support. CEQ2 shows good psychometric properties for use shortly after childbirth, and among women with induced onset of labour, which increases the usability of the instrument.
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Viirman F, Hess Engström A, Sjömark J, Hesselman S, Sundström Poromaa I, Ljungman L, Skoog Svanberg A, Wikman A. Negative childbirth experience in relation to mode of birth and events during labour: A mixed methods study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 282:146-54. [PMID: 36731207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore descriptions of negative childbirth experience in relation to mode of birth and events during labour. DESIGN A descriptive study using a convergent mixed methods design. Written responses to open-ended online questions regarding negative childbirth experience were explored using qualitative content analysis. Generated sub-themes were quantified, and stratified on mode of birth and events during labour. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 112 women with low ratings of overall childbirth experience, participating in a randomised controlled trial evaluating internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy in Sweden. Qualitative data were collected before randomisation, three months postpartum. RESULTS Four sub-themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: Experiencing fear-based emotions, Experiencing physical distress, Being affected by caregivers' and partner's behaviour and Being affected by bad facilities and poor organisation. Only small differences were found when stratifying sub-themes on mode of birth and events during labour. Regardless of mode of birth and events during labour, the childbirth experience was dominated by fear-based emotions. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Mixed-methods analyses demonstrate the challenges in understanding negative childbirth experience in relation to mode of birth and specific events during labour, with results clearly showing the multifaceted nature of this concept. The central role of fear in relation to negative childbirth experience should be considered when designing support during and after labour, to prevent adverse effects of the childbirth experience.
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Moreira H, Hollins Martin CJ, Martin C. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised in Portuguese postpartum women. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023:1-16. [PMID: 36786643 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2176473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop a Portuguese-language version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) for clinical and research use in Portugal (PT-BSS-R). The factor structure, its invariance across depression levels, and the internal consistency of the PT-BSS-R were analysed. METHOD A sample of 1373 Portuguese-speaking postpartum women completed a sociodemographic and clinical form, the PT-BSS-R, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale through an online survey tool. Four competing models were tested through confirmatory factor analyses and bifactor model-based psychometric indices were calculated. The internal consistency and the divergent/convergent validity are analysed. RESULTS The psychometric properties of PT-BSS-R were found to be generally excellent. Both the original correlated three-factor model and the bifactor model exhibited a good fit to the data. Results from the bifactor model support the use of both the BSS-R total score and the subscale scores. Exemplary invariance findings were observed between groups stratified on the basis of depression screening. PT-BSS-R has demonstrated both divergent and convergent validity as well as internal consistency. CONCLUSION PT-BSS-R is a psychometrically robust measure of birth satisfaction appropriate for clinical and research use in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Moreira
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Colin Martin
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Viirman F, Hesselman S, Wikström AK, Skoog Svanberg A, Skalkidou A, Sundström Poromaa I, Wikman A. Negative childbirth experience - what matters most? a register-based study of risk factors in three time periods during pregnancy. Sex Reprod Healthc 2022; 34:100779. [PMID: 36152452 DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2022.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the impact of risk factors representing three different time periods during pregnancy on negative childbirth experience. METHODS This was a register-based cohort study of 80482 primiparas giving birth to singleton, term infants in Sweden 2013-2018, elective caesarean sections (CS) excluded. Hierarchical logistic regression was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in three blocks, each representing risk factors from one of three time periods: I) before pregnancy, II) pregnancy, III) childbirth. RESULTS Of the pre-gestational factors, only poor self-rated health (SRH) remained associated with negative childbirth experience after adjustment for pregnancy- and childbirth-related factors (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08-1.34). Psychiatric care during pregnancy and fear of childbirth were both associated with negative birth experience (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.35-1.69; aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.32-1.70), as were all childbirth-related factors included in the model. Women giving birth operatively vaginally or by unplanned CS under regional anaesthesia had three-fold higher ORs for rating their overall childbirth experience as negative (aOR 3.29, 95% CI 3.04-3.57; aOR 3.07, 95% CI 2.80-3.38). The highest OR, 5.44, was seen among women undergoing unplanned CS under general anaesthesia (95% CI 4.55-6.50). CONCLUSION The main contributing factors to negative childbirth experience are related to labour and birth, but poor SRH prior to pregnancy, together with psychiatric care during pregnancy and fear of childbirth, place the woman in a vulnerable position, and require extra attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Viirman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Susanne Hesselman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Clinical Research Dalarna, CKF, Nissers väg 3, SE-79182 Falun, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Wikström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Skoog Svanberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Sundström Poromaa
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Wikman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Shamoradifar Z, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Nourizadeh R, Mehrabi E, Areshtanab HN, Shaigan H. The impact of effective communication-based care on the childbirth experience and satisfaction among primiparous women: an experimental study. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2022; 97:12. [PMID: 35941334 PMCID: PMC9360278 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-022-00108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background There is insufficient scientific evidence on the effect of communication skills of childbirth care providers on maternal childbirth experience and satisfaction. The present study aimed to determine the effect of communication-based care on the childbirth experience and satisfaction among primiparous women. Methods A total of 80 primiparous women participated in this experimental study who were randomly assigned into the intervention and control groups. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) care model, the intervention group received effective communication-based care, and the control group received the routine care. Data were collected using demographic and obstetric questionnaires, Labor Agentry Scale (LAS) and Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R), and Support and Control in Birth (SCIB) scale applied 12 to 24 h after the intervention. Results After controlling the effect of confounding variables, the mean scores of childbirth experience (51.23(1.54) and satisfaction (26.03(0.81) in the intervention group were significantly higher than that in the control group (45.33 (1.54) and 22.66 (0.81) respectively; [adjusted mean difference (AMD) = 5.90, CI = 95%: 1.17 to 10.62, P = 0.01] versus AMD =3.37, CI: 95%: 0.87 to 5.87, P = 0.001]. Conclusion Eeffective communication-based care improved childbirth experience and satisfaction of primiparous women. Therefore, it is recommended that health-care providers should be trained on the communication skills in the delivery room especially during a vital threatened crises such as the Covid pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shamoradifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Center for the Development of Interdisciplinary Research in Islamic Sciences and Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghaiyeh Nourizadeh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Esmat Mehrabi
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Namdar Areshtanab
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Shaigan
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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15
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Fallon V, Davies SM, Christiansen P, Harrold JA, Silverio SA. The Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale: Confirmatory factor analyses and relationships with birth experience. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:655-665. [PMID: 35488935 PMCID: PMC9055017 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-022-01233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale [PSAS] was developed and validated as a research tool with a four-factor structure; with predictive validity corroborated in studies examining infant-feeding and maternal bonding outcomes. The PSAS has not been examined in relation to birth experiences. We aimed to confirm the PSAS four-factor structure and examine these domains of anxiety in relation to subjective and objective birth experiences. Postpartum mothers (≤ 12-months; N = 500) completed the PSAS alongside measures of subjective birth satisfaction and objective obstetric interventions/complications. Confirmatory factor analyses [CFA] tested eight models, theoretically derived from the preceding exploratory work. Structural equation modelling [SEM] tested associations between each PSAS factor and birth experience variables in the best-fitting model. An identical 51-item four-factor model fits the data well. SEM analyses revealed associations between lower perceptions of quality of intrapartum care and increased maternal competence and attachment anxieties, practical infant care anxieties, and infant safety and welfare anxieties. High subjective stress and negative emotional response to labour were associated with increased psychosocial adjustment to motherhood anxieties. Specific associations were found between neonatal care unit admission and practical infant care anxieties; and infant asphyxia and infant safety and welfare anxieties. Findings confirm construct and convergent validity of the four-factor PSAS and its use in measuring postpartum anxiety. Unique associations were also identified, indicating specific subjective and objective experiences occurring during birth may elicit a differential anxiety response, in that they are related to specific forms of postpartum anxiety which occur during the first postpartum year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fallon
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Siân M Davies
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Christiansen
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne A Harrold
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sergio A Silverio
- Department of Women & Children's Health, School of Life Course & Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 10th Floor North Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, Lambeth, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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16
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Webb R, Ayers S, Bogaerts A, Jeličić L, Pawlicka P, Van Haeken S, Uddin N, Xuereb RB, Kolesnikova N. When birth is not as expected: a systematic review of the impact of a mismatch between expectations and experiences. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:475. [PMID: 34215219 PMCID: PMC8252193 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy and childbirth are significant events in women’s lives and most women have expectations or plans for how they hope their labour and birth will go. It is possible that strong expectations about labour and birth lead to dissatisfaction or other negative outcomes if these expectations are not met, but it is not clear if this is the case. The aim was therefore to synthesise prospective studies in order to understand whether unmet birth expectations are associated with adverse outcomes for women, their partners and their infants. Method Searches were carried out in Academic Search Complete; CINAHL; Medline; PsycINFO, PsychArticles, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science. Forward and backward searches were also completed. Studies were included if they reported prospective empirical research that examined the association between a mismatch in birth expectations/experience and postnatal outcomes in women, their children and/or their partners. Data were synthesised qualitatively using a narrative approach where study characteristics, context and methodological quality were extracted and summarised and then the differences and similarities among studies were used to draw conclusions. Results Eleven quantitative studies were identified for inclusion from nine countries. A mismatch between birth expectations and experiences was associated with reduced birth satisfaction. Three studies found a link between a mismatch and the development of postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The evidence was inconsistent for postnatal depression, and fear of childbirth. Only one study looked at physical outcomes in the form of health-related quality of life. Conclusions A mismatch between birth expectations and experiences is associated with birth satisfaction and it may increase the risk of developing postnatal PTSD. However, it is not clear whether a mismatch is associated with other postnatal mental health conditions. Further prospective research is needed to examine gaps in knowledge and provide standardised methods of measuring childbirth expectations-experiences mismatch. To ensure women’s expectations are met, and therefore experience a satisfying birth experience, maternity providers should provide sensitive care, which acknowledges women’s needs and preferences, is based on open and clear communication, is delivered as early in pregnancy as possible, and enables women to make their own decisions about care. Trial registration Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42020191081. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-021-03898-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Webb
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK.
| | - Susan Ayers
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Annick Bogaerts
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Research Unit Women and Child, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation Care (CRIC), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ljiljana Jeličić
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Institute for Research and Development "Life Activities Advancement Center", Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Institute for Experimental Phonetics and Speech Pathology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Paulina Pawlicka
- Department of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sarah Van Haeken
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Research Unit Women and Child, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Research and Expertise, Resilient People, University College Leuven-Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nazihah Uddin
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Rita Borg Xuereb
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Natalija Kolesnikova
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
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17
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Patabendige M, Palihawadana TS, Herath RP, Wijesinghe PS. Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) in the Sri Lankan setting: translation, cultural adaptation and validation into the Sinhala language. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:534. [PMID: 33187541 PMCID: PMC7666445 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To adapt the CEQ into Sri Lankan Sinhala cultural context and to determine the psychometric properties of CEQ. This would yield an opportunity to evaluate childbirth experience among Lankan population. Results Out of 390, 226 (57.9%) postnatal mothers completed the CEQ after 1 month postpartum. Face validity and content validity were demonstrated with all participants stating that CEQ was easy to understand and complete. For reliability, internal consistency was acceptable for the overall score (0.85) and for all four domains in CEQ (0.65, 0.80, 0.70, 0.83 for “own capacity”, “professional support”, “perceived safety” and “participation”, respectively). A weighted kappa of 0.61–0.80 for all 22 items in CEQ demonstrated a good test–retest reliability. This Sri Lankan version showed fit statistics in line with standard recommendations in exploratory factor analysis. Women with spontaneous onset of labour (except for “professional support” in women with spontaneous onset of labour) and women with a normal birth showed significantly higher CEQ scores. However, oxytocin augmentation could not yield a difference in CEQ scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malitha Patabendige
- University Obstetrics Unit, North Colombo Teaching Hospital (NCTH), Ragama, Sri Lanka.
| | - Thilina S Palihawadana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Rasika P Herath
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Prasantha S Wijesinghe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
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18
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Nespoli A, Colciago E, Fumagalli S, Locatelli A, Hollins Martin CJ, Martin CR. Validation and factor structure of the Italian version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 39:516-531. [PMID: 33084372 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1836333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate the Italian-language version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) and report key measurement properties of the tool. To evaluate the impact of antenatal class attendance on BSS-R assessed birth satisfaction. BACKGROUND Maternal satisfaction is one of the standards of care defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to improve the quality of services. The BSS-R is a multi-dimensional self-report measure of the experience of labour and birth. METHODS Cross-sectional instrument evaluation design examining factor structure and key aspects of validity and reliability. Embedded between-subjects design to examine known-group discriminant validity and the impact of antenatal class attendance on BSS-R sub-scale and total scores as dependent variables. After giving birth, 297 women provided data for analysis. RESULTS The Italian version of the BSS-R (I-BSS-R) was the key study measure. The established three-factor and bi-factor models of the BSS-R were found to offer an excellent fit to the data. Comparison of the tri-dimensional measurement model and the bi-factor model of the BSS-R found no significant differences between models. Women who attended antenatal classes had significantly lower stress experienced during childbearing sub-scale scores (I-BSS-R SE), compared to those who did not. Good convergent, divergent validity and known-groups discriminant validity were established for the I-BSS-R. Internal consistency observations were found to be sub-optimal in this population. CONCLUSIONS On all key psychometric indices, with the exception of internal consistency that requires further investigation, the I-BSS-R was found to be a valid translation of the original BSS-R. The impact of antenatal classes on birth satisfaction warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Nespoli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Colciago
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Simona Fumagalli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Locatelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Unit of Mother and Child, ASST Vimercate
| | | | - Colin R Martin
- Institute of Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, UK
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19
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Kahalon R, Preis H, Benyamini Y. Who benefits most from skin-to-skin mother-infant contact after birth? Survey findings on skin-to-skin and birth satisfaction by mode of birth. Midwifery 2020; 92:102862. [PMID: 33126046 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2020.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has shown that skin-to-skin contact in the delivery room is associated with an increase satisfaction with childbirth. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether this association differs as a function of mode of birth, such that the positive effect of skin-to-skin contact would be especially pronounced for women who had operative births. DESIGN Survey design using self-administered questionnaires during pregnancy (Time 1) and at two months postpartum (Time 2). SETTING At Time 1, women were recruited at community and hospital medical centres in two large metropolitan areas in the centre of Israel and through home midwives and internet forums. At Time 2, women completed a second questionnaire in which they reported whether they had skin-to-skin contact with their infant immediately after birth and their birth satisfaction. PARTICIPANTS Pregnant women, gestation week ≥24, with singleton pregnancy, who took part in both T1 and T2 (N = 1371, 75% of the 1833 women recruited at T1). MEASUREMENTS Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine whether the association between skin-to-skin contact after birth and birth satisfaction two months post-partum, differs as a function of mode of birth. Maternal or infant complications during birth, parity, and whether the pregnancy was planned, served as covariates. Birth satisfaction was measured using the Childbirth Satisfaction Scale. All measures were self-reported. FINDINGS The frequency of skin-to-skin was high (83%) for women who had vaginal birth, but lower for women who had an instrumental birth (66%) or a caesarean section (31%). At two months postpartum, women who had operative births reported less satisfaction with their birth than women who gave birth via vaginal birth. A significant interaction between skin-to-skin and mode of birth showed that although skin-to-skin was associated with higher birth satisfaction among women across all three modes of birth, i.e., vaginal (Cohen's d = .41), instrumental (Cohen's d = .64) and caesarean (Cohen's d = .87), the effect for the difference in birth satisfaction between women with and without skin-to-skin was especially large for operative births, particularly for caesarean sections. KEY CONCLUSIONS Operative birth is related to lower satisfaction with childbirth and lower rates of skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth. Yet, the association between skin-to-skin and birth satisfaction is especially strong for women who had operative births and specifically a caesarean section, suggesting that the possible contribution of skin-to-skin to birth satisfaction should be emphasised particularly after operative births. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE It is recommended that maternity care providers, managers, policy makers and medical teams facilitate skin-to-skin contact between the woman and her infant immediately, or as soon as possible, after childbirth, in both operative and non-operative births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Kahalon
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work Tel Aviv University, Israel; The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Heidi Preis
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Psychology, Stoney Brook University, U.S
| | - Yael Benyamini
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work Tel Aviv University, Israel
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20
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Falk M, Nelson M, Blomberg M. The impact of obstetric interventions and complications on women's satisfaction with childbirth a population based cohort study including 16,000 women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:494. [PMID: 31829151 PMCID: PMC6907327 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a quality marker and a tool for benchmarking between units, a visual analogue scale (VAS) (ranging from 1 to 10) to estimate woman’s satisfaction with childbirth was introduced in 2014. This study aimed to assess how obstetric interventions and complications affected women’s satisfaction with childbirth. Methods A retrospective cohort study including 16,775 women with an available VAS score who gave birth between January 2016 and December 2017. VAS score, maternal and obstetric characteristics were obtained from electronic medical records and crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated. Results The total prevalence of dissatisfaction with childbirth (VAS 1–3) was 5.7%. The main risk factors for dissatisfaction with childbirth were emergency cesarean section, aOR 3.98 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.27–4.86, postpartum hemorrhage ≥2000 ml, aOR 1.85 95%CI 1.24–2.76 and Apgar score < 7 at five minutes, aOR 2.95 95%CI 1.95–4.47. The amount of postpartum hemorrhage showed a dose-response relation to dissatisfaction with childbirth. Moreover, labor induction, instrumental vaginal delivery, and obstetric anal sphincter injury were significantly associated with women’s dissatisfaction with childbirth. A total number of 4429/21204 (21%) women giving birth during the study period had missing values on VAS. A comparison of characteristics between women with and without a recorded VAS score was performed. There were statistically significant differences in maternal age and maternal BMI between the study population and excluded women due to missing values on VAS. Moreover, 64% of the women excluded were multiparas, compared to 59% in the study population. Conclusions Obstetric interventions and complications, including emergency cesareans section and postpartum hemorrhage, were significantly related to dissatisfaction with childbirth. Such events are common and awareness of these associations might lead to a more individualized care of women during and after childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Falk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkoping University, 58183, Linkoping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58183, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Marie Nelson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkoping University, 58183, Linkoping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58183, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Marie Blomberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkoping University, 58183, Linkoping, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58183, Linkoping, Sweden.
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21
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Ghanbari-Homayi S, Dencker A, Fardiazar Z, Jafarabadi MA, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Meedya S, Mohammadi E, Mirghafourvand M. Validation of the Iranian version of the childbirth experience questionnaire 2.0. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:465. [PMID: 31801477 PMCID: PMC6894263 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing women's childbirth experiences is a crucial indicator in maternity services because negative childbirth experiences are associated with maternal mortalities and morbidities. Due to the high caesarean birth rate in Iran, measuring childbirth experience is a top priority, however, there is no standard tool to measure this key indicator in Iran. The aim of present study is to adapt the "Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0" to the Iranian context and determine its psychometric characteristics. METHODS Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0 was translated into Farsi. A total of 500 primiparous women, at 4 to 16 weeks postpartum, were randomly selected from 54 healthcare centres in Tabriz. Internal consistency and reliability was calculated using the Cronbach's Coefficient alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, respectively. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and discriminant validity using the known-group method and the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS The internal consistency and reliability for the total tool were high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93; Intraclass Correlation Coefficient = 0.97). Explanatory factor analysis demonstrated the adequacy of the sampling (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.923) and significant factorable sphericity (p < 0.001). Confirmation factor analysis demonstrated acceptable values of fitness (RMSEA = 0.07, SRMSEA = 0.06, TLI = 0.97, CFI > 0.91, x 2/ df = 4.23). Discriminatory validity of the tool was confirmed where the CEQ score and its subdomains were significantly higher in women who reported having control over their childbirth than women who did not. CONCLUSION The Farsi version of the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0 tool is a valid and reliable tool and can be used to measure the childbirth experience in Iranian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Ghanbari-Homayi
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Anna Dencker
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zahra Fardiazar
- Women Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Road Traffic lnjury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Shahla Meedya
- PhD, Senior Lecturer, Member of South Asia Infant Feeding Research Network (SAIFRN), School of Nursing, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Eesa Mohammadi
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Social determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Walker KF, Dencker A, Thornton JG. Childbirth experience questionnaire 2: Validating its use in the United Kingdom. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2019; 5:100097. [PMID: 32021972 PMCID: PMC6994391 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2019.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To validate the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2 (CEQ2) in the UK to see if it is an effective tool for evaluating labour experience. Study design The CEQ2 and part of the Care Quality Commission Maternity Survey (2010) was sent to 475 women one month and six weeks after birth. It was tested for face validity among 25 postnatal mothers. Demographic data and delivery data was used to establish construct validity using the method of known-groups validation. The results of the scored CEQ2 sent out twice were used to measure test-retest reliability by calculating the quadratic weighted index of agreement between the two scores. Criterion validity was measured by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient for the CEQ2 and Maternity Survey scores. Results Face validity of the CEQ2 in a UK population was demonstrated with all respondents stating it was easy to understand and complete. A statistically significantly higher CEQ2 score for subgroups of women known to report a better birth outcome demonstrated construct validity. A weighted kappa of 0.55 demonstrated test-retest reliability. A Pearson correlation co-efficient of 0.56 demonstrated a moderate correlation between the results of the CEQ2 and the results of the ‘gold standard’ assessment of childbirth experience in the UK: the Maternity Survey and hence criterion validity. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire version 2 (CEQ2) is a valid and reliable measure of childbirth experience in the UK population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate F Walker
- Maternity Department, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Anna Dencker
- Centre for Person-centred Care, Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jim G Thornton
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Maternity Department, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Omani-Samani R, Hollins Martin CJ, Martin CR, Maroufizadeh S, Ghaheri A, Navid B. The Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised Indicator (BSS-RI): a validation study in Iranian mothers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:1827-1831. [PMID: 31390909 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1651265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised Indicator (BSS-RI) is a short selfreport instrument designed to measure satisfaction of the childbearing women's experiences of labour and its outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Persian version of BSS-RI in Iranian mothers. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 396 mothers in Tehran, Iran, between July and September 2017. The mothers were administered the BSS-RI, and a demographic questionnaire. Internal consistency of the BSS-RI was examined with Cronbach's alpha, construct validity was evaluated via exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and divergent validity was examined by correlating the BSS-RI with gestational age. RESULTS The EFA results demonstrated a two-factor structure corresponding to the Stress of Childbearing and Quality of Care domains of the structure proposed by provider. The Cronbach's alpha for Stress of Childbearing and Quality of Care subscales and total BSS-RI were 0.665, 0.847, and 0.563, respectively. The mean of BSS-RI total score was 6.16 (SD = 2.60), and the Stress of Childbearing and Quality of Care subscales were 2.71 (SD = 2.39), and 3.45 (SD = 1.11), respectively. The BSS-RI showed no significant correlation with the gestational age, confirming divergent validity. CONCLUSION Like the original English version, the Persian version of the BSS-RI is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring birth satisfaction in Iranian mothers. It can also be used as short and easy to administer tool for assessment of birth satisfaction in large sample survey research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Omani-Samani
- Department of Medical Ethics and Law, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Colin R Martin
- Faculty of Society and Health, Buckinghamshire New University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Saman Maroufizadeh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ghaheri
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Navid
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Patabendige M. Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ): research proposal for translation and validation into Sinhala language among a Lankan cohort of women. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:458. [PMID: 31345257 PMCID: PMC6659306 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) is a Sweden origin, self-administered questionnaire to assess birth satisfaction of women in different aspects of their first labour and birth. It measures four main domains of the woman’s childbirth experience. Those are own capacity, professional support, perceived safety and participation, comprising of 22 items. Objectives To conduct a linguistic translation, to conduct a validation study and to assess the psychometric properties of the Sinhala version of the CEQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malitha Patabendige
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Obstetrics Unit, North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study sought to develop a short birth satisfaction indicator utilising items from the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) for use as a brief measure of birth satisfaction and as a possible key performance indicator for perinatal service delivery evaluation. Building on the recently developed BSS-R, the study aimed to develop a simplified version of the instrument to assess birth satisfaction easily that could work as a short evaluative measure of clinical service delivery for labour and birth that is consistent with policy documents, placing women at the centre of the birth experience. METHODS The six item Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised Indicator (BSS-RI) was embedded within the 2014 National Maternity Survey for England. A random selection of mothers who had given birth in a two week period in England were surveyed three months after the birth. Using a two-stage design and split-half dataset, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, convergent, divergent and known-groups discriminant validity evaluation were conducted in a secondary analysis of the survey data. RESULTS Using this large population based survey of recent mothers the short revised measure was found to comprise two distinct domains of birth satisfaction, 'stress and emotional response to labour and birth' and 'quality of care'. The psychometric qualities of the tool were robust as were the indices of validity and reliability evaluated. CONCLUSION The BSS-RI represents a short easily administered and scored measure of women's satisfaction with care and the experience of labour and birth. The instrument is potentially useful for researchers, service evaluation and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Martin
- Faculty of Society and Health, Buckinghamshire New University, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Maggie Redshaw
- Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
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Soriano-Vidal FJ, Oliver-Roig A, Cabrero-García J, Congost-Maestre N, Dencker A, Richart-Martínez M. The Spanish version of the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ-E): reliability and validity assessment. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:372. [PMID: 27884123 PMCID: PMC5123212 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) was originally designed to study women's perceptions of labour and birth. The main objective of our study was to adapt the CEQ to the Spanish context and determine its psychometric properties. This would provide an opportunity to evaluate women's experiences in order to improve evidence in the Spanish context as recommended by national guidelines. METHODS The CEQ was translated into Spanish using a standard forward and back translation method (CEQ-E). A convenience sample of 364 women was recruited from 3 Spanish hospitals; all participants were able to read and write in Spanish. Mothers with high risk pregnancies or preterm deliveries were excluded from the study. A self-administered questionnaire on sociodemographic variables was completed by participants before discharge. Data on childbirth variables were obtained from maternity records. Between 1 and 3 months postpartum a postal CEQ-E questionnaire was sent. The CEQ-E structure was examined by a confirmatory factor analysis of polychoric correlations using a diagonally weighted least squares estimator. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was conducted by testing differences in CEQ-E scores between known-groups (to differ on key variables). RESULTS 226 (62.1%) of the recruited participants completed the postal questionnaire. The CEQ-E factor structure was similar to the original one. The Spanish version showed fit statistics in line with standard recommendations: CFI = 0.97; NNFI = 0.97; RMSEA = 0.066; SRMS = 0.077. The internal consistency reliability of the CEQ-E was good for the overall scale (0.88) and for all subscales (0.80, 0.90, 0.76, 0.68 for "own capacity", "professional support", "perceived safety" and "participation", respectively) and similar to the original version. Women with a labour duration ≤ 12 h, women with a labour not induced, women with a normal birth and multiparous women showed higher overall CEQ-E scores and "perceived safety" subscale scores. Women with a labour duration ≤ 12 h and those with previous experience of labour obtained higher scores for the "own capacity" and "participation" subscales. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that the CEQ-E can be considered a valid and reliable measure of women's perceptions of labour and birth in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Soriano-Vidal
- Department of Nursing, University of Alicante, Cta. San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante Spain
- Department of Nursing, Universidad Católica de Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Xàtiva-Oninyent Health Department, Xativa, Valencia Spain
| | - A. Oliver-Roig
- Department of Nursing, University of Alicante, Cta. San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante Spain
| | - J. Cabrero-García
- Department of Nursing, University of Alicante, Cta. San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante Spain
| | - N. Congost-Maestre
- Department of English Studies, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante Spain
| | - A. Dencker
- University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M. Richart-Martínez
- Department of Nursing, University of Alicante, Cta. San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante Spain
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Fleming SE, Donovan-Batson C, Burduli E, Barbosa-Leiker C, Hollins Martin CJ, Martin CR. Birth Satisfaction Scale/Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS/BSS-R): A large scale United States planned home birth and birth centre survey. Midwifery 2016; 41:9-15. [PMID: 27494569 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to explore the prevalence of birth satisfaction for childbearing women planning to birth in their home or birth centers in the United States. Examining differences in birth satisfaction of the home and birth centers; and those who birthed in a hospital using the 30-item Birth Satisfaction Scale (BSS) and the 10-item Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). STUDY DESIGN a quantitative survey using the BSS and BSS-R were employed. Additional demographic data were collected using electronic linkages (Qualtrics™). PARTICIPANTS a convenience sample of childbearing women (n=2229) who had planned to birth in their home or birth center from the US (United States) participated. Participants were recruited via professional and personal contacts, primarily their midwives. RESULTS the total 30-item BSS score mean was 128.98 (SD 16.92) and the 10-item BSS-R mean score was 31.94 (SD 6.75). Sub-scale mean scores quantified the quality of care provision, women's personal attributes, and stress experienced during labour. Satisfaction was higher for women with vaginal births compared with caesareans deliveries. In addition, satisfaction was higher for women who had both planned to deliver in a home or a birth centre, and who had actually delivered in a home or a birth center. KEY CONCLUSIONS total and subscale birth satisfaction scores were positive and high for the overall sample IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: the BSS and the BSS-R provide a robust tool to quantify women's experiences of childbirth between variables such as birth types, birth settings and providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Fleming
- Seattle University College of Nursing, 901 12th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122, United States.
| | | | - Ekaterina Burduli
- Washington State University College of Nursing, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, United States.
| | - Celestina Barbosa-Leiker
- Washington State University College of Nursing, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, United States.
| | - Caroline J Hollins Martin
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University (Sighthill Campus), 9 Sighthill Court, Midlothian EH11 4BN, United Kingdom.
| | - Colin R Martin
- Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe Campus, Queen Alexandra Rd, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire HP11 2JZ, United Kingdom.
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Bell AF, Andersson E. The birth experience and women's postnatal depression: A systematic review. Midwifery 2016; 39:112-23. [PMID: 27321728 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND maternal postnatal depression confers strong risk for impaired child development. Little is known about the association between women's postnatal birth experience and postnatal depression. PURPOSE to systematically identify and review studies examining the association between the birth experience and postnatal depression. METHODS a systematic search strategy was employed using the Matrix Method (Garrard, 2014) and guided by the PRISMA reporting process.Criteria included broad search terms, English language, and publication years 2000-2015. The search revealed 1536 abstracts narrowed to full-text review of 112 studies. FINDINGS eleven of the 15 studies meeting search criteria demonstrated a significant association between women's postnatal birth experience and postnatal depression. Results show heterogeneity in birth experience instruments. Strength of evidence and potential for bias are discussed. KEY CONCLUSIONS in spite of methodological limitations, the weight of evidence suggests that a negative birth experience may contribute to postnatal depression. Further research is warranted. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE to promote a positive birth experience healthcare providers should provide supportive, nurturing care that promotes women's confidence, trust, respect, privacy, shared decision making, and feeling of safety. Healthcare policy that promotes quality caregiving may reduce risk of postnatal depression.
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