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Capasso C, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase and bacterial metabolism: a chance for antibacterial drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38506448 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2332663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) play a pivotal role in the regulation of carbon dioxide , bicarbonate, and hydrogen ions within bacterial cells, ensuring pH homeostasis and facilitating energy production. We conducted a systematic literature search (PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) to examine the intricate interplay between CAs and bacterial metabolism, revealing the potential of CA inhibitors (CAIs) as innovative therapeutic agents against pathogenic bacteria. AREA COVERED Inhibition of bacterial CAs was explored in various pathogens, emphasizing the CA roles in microbial virulence, survival, and adaptability. Escherichia coli, a valid and convenient model microorganism, was recently used to investigate the effects of acetazolamide (AAZ) on the bacterial life cycle. Furthermore, the effectiveness of CAIs against pathogenic bacteria has been further substantiated for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) and antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. EXPERT OPINION CAIs target bacterial metabolic pathways, offering alternatives to conventional therapies. They hold promise against drug-resistant microorganisms such as VRE and N. gonorrhoeae strains. CAIs offer promising avenues for addressing antibiotic resistance and underscore their potential as novel antibacterial agents. Recognizing the central role of CAs in bacterial growth and pathogenicity will pave the way for innovative infection control and treatment strategies possibly also for other antibiotic resistant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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El-Azab AS, A.-M. Abdel-Aziz A, Bua S, Nocentini A, Bakheit AH, Alkahtani HM, Hefnawy MM, Supuran CT. Design, synthesis, and carbonic anhydrase inhibition activities of Schiff bases incorporating benzenesulfonamide scaffold: Molecular docking application. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101866. [PMID: 38033749 PMCID: PMC10682911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, The inhibitory actions of human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) (hCA) isoforms I, II, IX, and XII are being examined using recently synthesized substituted hydroxyl Schiff derivatives based on the quinazoline scaffold 4-22. Quinazolines 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 18 reduce the activity of hCA I isoform effectively to a Ki of 87.6-692.3 nM, which is nearly equivalent to or more potent than that of the standard drug AAZ (Ki, 250.0 nM). Similarly, quinazolines 2, 3, and 5 and quinazoline 14 effectively decrease the inhibitory activity of the hCA II isoform to a KI of 16.9-29.7 nM, comparable to that of AAZ (Ki, 12.0 nM). The hCA IX isoform activity is substantially diminished by quinazolines 2-12 and 14-21 (Ki, 8.9-88.3 nM against AAZ (Ki, 25.0 nM). Further, the activity of the hCA XII isoform is markedly inhibited by the quinazolines 3, 5, 7, 14, and 16 (Ki, 5.4-19.5 nM). Significant selectivity levels are demonstrated for inhibiting tumour-associated isoforms hCA IX over hCAI, for sulfonamide derivatives 6-15 (SI; 10.68-186.29), and 17-22 (SI; 12.52-57.65) compared to AAZ (SI; 10.0). Sulfonamide derivatives 4-22 (SI; 0.50-20.77) demonstrated a unique selectivity in the concurrent inhibition of hCA IX over hCA II compared to AAZ (SI; 0.48). Simultaneously, benzenesulfonamide derivative 14 revealed excellent selectivity for inhibiting hCA XII over hCA I (SI; 60.35), whereas compounds 5-8, 12-14, 16, and 18-22 demonstrated remarkable selectivity for hCA XII inhibitory activity over hCA II (SI; 2.09-7.27) compared to AAZ (SI; 43.86 and 2.10, respectively). Molecular docking studies additionally support 8 to hCA IX and XII binding, thus indicating its potential as a lead compound for inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel S. El-Azab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa A.-M. Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Silvia Bua
- Department of Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Ahmed H. Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad M. Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Tawfik HO, Belal A, Abourehab MAS, Angeli A, Bonardi A, Supuran CT, El-Hamamsy MH. Dependence on linkers' flexibility designed for benzenesulfonamides targeting discovery of novel hCA IX inhibitors as potent anticancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2765-2785. [PMID: 36210545 PMCID: PMC9559471 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2130285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we reported the design and synthesis of two series comprising twenty-two benzenesulfonamides that integrate the s-triazine moiety. Target compounds successfully suppressed the hCA IX, with IC50 ranging from 28.6 to 871 nM. Compounds 5d, 11b, 5b, and 7b were the most active analogues, which inhibited hCA IX isoform in the low nanomolar range (KI = 28.6, 31.9, 33.4, and 36.6 nM, respectively). Furthermore, they were assessed for their cytotoxic activity against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines following US-NCI protocol. According to five-dose assay, 13c showed significant anticancer activity than 5c with GI50-MID values of 25.08 and 189.01 µM, respectively. Additionally, 13c's effects on wound healing, cell cycle disruption, and apoptosis induction in NCI-H460 cancer cells were examined. Further, docking studies combined with molecular dynamic simulation showed a stable complex with high binding affinity of 5d to hCA IX, exploiting a favourable H-bond and lipophilic interactions.HIGHLIGHTSCarbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors comprising rigid and flexible linkers were developed.Compound 5d is the most potent CA IX inhibitor in the study (IC50: 28.6 nM).Compounds 5c and 13c displayed the greatest antiproliferative activity towards 60 cell lines.Compound 13c exposed constructive outcomes on normal cell lines, metastasis, and wound healing.Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MDs) simulation was utilised to study binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytham O. Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt,CONTACT H. O. Tawfik Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amany Belal
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy,C. T. Supuran Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mervat H. El-Hamamsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Tawfik HO, Petreni A, Supuran CT, El-Hamamsy MH. Discovery of new carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors as anticancer agents by toning the hydrophobic and hydrophilic rims of the active site to encounter the dual-tail approach. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114190. [PMID: 35182815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic and the hydrophilic rims in the active site of human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCA IX) which as well contains a zinc ion as part of the catalytic core, were simultaneously matched to design and synthesize potent and selective inhibitors using a dual-tail approach. Seventeen new compounds, 5a-q, were designed to have the benzenesulfonamide moiety as a zinc binding group. In addition, N-substituted hydrazone and N-phenyl fragments were chosen as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, respectively to achieve favorable interactions with the corresponding halves of the active site. All synthesized compounds successfully suppressed the CA IX, with IC50 values in nanomolar range from 13.3 to 259 nM. Compounds, 5h, 5c, 5m, 5e, and 5k were the top-five compounds efficiently inhibited the tumor-related CA IX isoform in the low nanomolar range (KI = 13.3, 22.6, 25.8, 26.9 and 27.2 nM, respectively). The target compounds 5a-q developed remarkable selectivity toward the tumor-associated isoforms (hCA IX and XII) over the off-target isoforms (hCA I and II). Furthermore, they were assessed for their anti-proliferative activity, according to US-NCI protocol, against a panel of fifty-nine cancer cell lines. Compounds 5d, 5k and 5o were passed the criteria for activity and scheduled automatically for evaluation at five concentrations with 10-fold dilutions. Compound 5k exhibited significant in vitro anticancer activity with GI50-MID; 8.68 μM compared to compounds 5d and 5o with GI50-MID; 25.76 μM and 34.97 μM respectively. The most selective compounds 5h and 5k were further screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against SK-MEL-5, HCC-2998 and RXF 393 cancer cell lines under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, 5k was screened for cell cycle disturbance, apoptosis induction and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in SK-MEL-5 cancer cells. Finally, molecular docking studies were performed to gain insights for the plausible binding interactions and affinities for selected compounds within hCA IX active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Andrea Petreni
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Mervat H El-Hamamsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Wang X, Feng YL, Zhao XY, An R, Cao C, Guo MB, Zhang R, Wang YX, Hou Z, Guo C. Discovery of novel aminosaccharide-based sulfonamide derivatives as potential carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 53:128420. [PMID: 34728369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a new class of novel sulfonamides incorporating aminosaccharide tails were designed and synthesized based on the sugar-tail approach. Then, all the novel compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against three carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoenzymes (hCA I, hCA II and hCA IX). Interestingly, effective inhibition of these three CA isoforms were observed, especially the glaucoma associated isoform hCA II. It is worth noting that these glycoconjugated sulfonamide derivatives also showed better CA inhibitory effects compared to the initial segment carzenide. Among them, compound 8d was the most effective inhibitor with IC50 of 60 nM against hCA II. Subsequent physicochemical properties studies showed that all compounds have good water solubility and neutral pH values in solutions. And these important physicochemical properties make target compounds acquire obvious advantages in the preparation of topical and nonirritating antiglaucoma drugs. Moreover, the target compounds showed lower corneal cytotoxicity than acetazolamide (AAZ) and good metabolic stability in vitro. In addition, molecular docking studies confirmed the interactions between aminosaccharide fragment and hydrophilic subpocket of hCA II active site were crucial for the enhanced CA inhibitory activity. Taken together, these results suggested 8d would be a promising lead compound for the development of topical antiglaucoma CAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan-Lian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ran An
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Meng-Bi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhuang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Chun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Hou Z, Cai Q, Cheng MS. Novel carbohydrate-based sulfonamide derivatives as selective carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors: Synthesis, biological and molecular docking analysis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 51:128291. [PMID: 34324968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of sulfonamides containing glucosamine moieties had been prepared and investigated for the inhibition of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). Compared to their parent compound p-sulfamoylbenzoic acid, target compounds showed two order of magnitude improvement in their binding affinities against hCA II in vitro. Moreover, they also showed great selectivity toward hCA II enzyme with the ratios for inhibiting hCA II over hCA I in the range 20-96 and for inhibiting hCA II over hCA IX in the range 4.3-9. Due to the introduction of glucosamine moieties, all of compounds displayed good water solubility (in the range of 2.0-2.5%) and the pH values of the obtained solutions is neutral (7.0-7.2). Compared to the clinically available and relatively highly acidic dorzolamide (pH 5.5), target compounds are more likely to be less irritating to the eye when applied to topical glaucomatous drugs. Then, cytotoxicity evaluation suggested that all target compounds did not display any appreciable toxicity against human cornea epithelial cell. In addition, molecular docking studies elucidated the binding modes of those compounds toward hCA II. Collectively, these results suggest that target compounds represented a promising scaffold to treat glaucoma without major topical side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Zhuhai Rundu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Zhuhai Rundu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Supuran CT, Capasso C. A Highlight on the Inhibition of Fungal Carbonic Anhydrases as Drug Targets for the Antifungal Armamentarium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4324. [PMID: 33919261 PMCID: PMC8122340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a vital molecule of the carbon cycle, is a critical component in living organisms' metabolism, performing functions that lead to the building of compounds fundamental for the life cycle. In all living organisms, the CO2/bicarbonate (HCO3-) balancing is governed by a superfamily of enzymes, known as carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). CAs catalyze the pivotal physiological reaction, consisting of the reversible hydration of the CO2 to HCO3- and protons. Opportunistic and pathogenic fungi can sense the environmental CO2 levels, which influence their virulence or environmental subsistence traits. The fungal CO2-sensing is directly stimulated by HCO3- produced in a CA-dependent manner, which directly activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) involved in the fungal spore formation. The interference with CA activity may impair fungal growth and virulence, making this approach interesting for designing antifungal drugs with a novel mechanism of action: the inhibition of CAs linked to the CO2/HCO3-/pH chemosensing and signaling. This review reports that sulfonamides and their bioisosteres as well as inorganic anions can inhibit in vitro the β- and α-CAs from the fungi, suggesting how CAs may be considered as a novel "pathogen protein" target of many opportunistic, pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T. Supuran
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Blandina P, Provensi G, Passsani MB, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase modulation of emotional memory. Implications for the treatment of cognitive disorders. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1206-1214. [PMID: 32401069 PMCID: PMC7269066 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1766455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes which use CO2 as substrate, catalysing its interconversion to bicarbonate and a proton. In humans 15 CAs are expressed, 12 of which are catalytically active: the cytosolic CA I-III, VII, XIII, the membrane-bound CA IV, the mitochondrial CA VA and VB, the secreted CA VI, and the transmembrane CA IX, XII, XIV. Nine isoforms are present in the mammalian brain. Evidence supporting that CA inhibitors impair memory in humans has come from studies on topiramate and acetazolamide during acute high-altitude exposure. In contrast, administration of CA activators in animal models enhances memory and learning. Here we review the involvement of selective CA inhibition/activation in cognition-related disorders. CAs may represent a crucial family of new targets for improving cognition as well as in therapeutic areas, such as phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalised anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders, for which few efficient therapies are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Blandina
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Passsani
- Department of Health Science, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Firenze, Italy
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes responsible for the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, a fundamental reaction involved in various physiological and pathological processes. In the last decades, CAs have been considered as important drug targets for different pathologies such as glaucoma, epilepsy and cancer. The design of potent and selective inhibitors has been an outstanding goal leading to the discovery of new drugs. Among the different strategies developed to date, the design of carbohydrate-based CA inhibitors (CAIs) has emerged as a versatile tool in order to selectively target CAs. The insertion of a glycosyl moiety as a hydrophilic tail in sulfonamide, sulfenamide, sulfamate or coumarin scaffolds allowed the discovery of many different series of sugar-based CAIs, with relevant inhibitory results. This review will focus on carbohydrate-based CAIs developed so far, classifying them in glycosidic and glycoconjugated inhibitors based on the conjugation chemistry adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Del Prete S, Angeli A, Ghobril C, Hitce J, Clavaud C, Marat X, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Sulfonamide Inhibition Profile of the β-Carbonic Anhydrase from Malassezia restricta, An Opportunistic Pathogen Triggering Scalp Conditions. Metabolites 2020; 10:E39. [PMID: 31963335 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical CO2 hydration reaction to bicarbonate and protons is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). Their physiological role is to assist the transport of the CO2 and HCO3− at the cellular level, which will not be ensured by the low velocity of the uncatalyzed reaction. CA inhibition may impair the growth of microorganisms. In the yeasts, Candida albicans and Malassezia globosa, the activity of the unique β-CA identified in their genomes was demonstrated to be essential for growth of the pathogen. Here, we decided to investigate the sulfonamide inhibition profile of the homologous β-CA (MreCA) identified in the genome of Malassezia restricta, an opportunistic pathogen triggering dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Among 40 investigated derivatives, the best MreCA sulfonamide inhibitors were dorzolamide, brinzolamide, indisulam, valdecoxib, sulthiam, and acetazolamide (KI < 1.0 μM). The MreCA inhibition profile was different from those of the homologous enzyme from Malassezia globosa (MgCA) and the human isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II). These results might be useful to for designing CA inhibitor scaffolds that may selectively inhibit the dandruff-producing fungi.
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Prete SD, Angeli A, Ghobril C, Hitce J, Clavaud C, Marat X, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Anion Inhibition Profile of the β-Carbonic Anhydrase from the Opportunist Pathogenic Fungus Malassezia Restricta Involved in Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis. Metabolites 2019; 9:E147. [PMID: 31323880 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9070147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes, which catalyze the crucial physiological CO2 hydration/dehydration reaction (CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H+) balancing the equilibrium between CO2, H2CO3, HCO3- and CO32-. It has been demonstrated that their selective inhibition alters the equilibrium of the metabolites above affecting the biosynthesis and energy metabolism of the organism. In this context, our interest has been focalized on the fungus Malassezia restricta, which may trigger dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis altering the complex bacterial and fungal equilibrium of the human scalp. We investigated a rather large number of inorganic metal-complexing anions (a well-known class of CA inhibitors) for their interaction with the β-CA (MreCA) encoded by the M. restricta genome. The results were compared with those obtained for the two human ?-CA isoforms (hCAI and hCAII) and the β-CA from Malassezia globosa. The most effective MreCA inhibitors were diethyldithiocarbamate, sulfamide, phenyl arsenic acid, stannate, tellurate, tetraborate, selenocyanate, trithiocarbonate, and bicarbonate. The different KI values obtained for the four proteins investigated might be attributed to the architectural features of their catalytic site. The anion inhibition profile is essential for better understanding the inhibition/catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes and for designing novel types of inhibitors, which may have clinical applications for the management of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.
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Buemi MR, Di Fiore A, De Luca L, Angeli A, Mancuso F, Ferro S, Monti SM, Buonanno M, Russo E, De Sarro G, De Simone G, Supuran CT, Gitto R. Exploring structural properties of potent human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors bearing a 4-(cycloalkylamino-1-carbonyl)benzenesulfonamide moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:443-452. [PMID: 30530195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Guided by the crystal structure of 4-(3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-ylcarbonyl)benzenesulfonamide 3 in complex with hCA II (PDB code 4Z0Q), a novel series of cycloalkylamino-1-carbonylbenzenesulfonamides was designed and synthesized. Thus, we replaced the quinoline ring with an azepine/piperidine/piperazine nucleus and introduced further modifications on cycloalkylamine nucleus by means the installation of hydrophobic/hydrophilic functionalities able to establish additional contacts in the middle area of the enzyme cavity. Among the synthesized compounds, the derivatives 7a, 7b, 8b exhibited a remarkable inhibition for hCA II and the brain-expressed hCA VII in subnanomolar range. The binding of these molecules to the target enzymes was characterized by means of a crystallographic analysis, providing a clear snapshot of the most important interactions established by this class of inhibitors into the hCA II and hCA VII catalytic site. Notably, our results showed that the benzylpiperazine tail of compound 8b is oriented both in hCA II and in hCA VII toward a poorly explored region of the active site. These features should be further investigated for the design of new isoform selective CA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Buemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Palatucci, Polo didattico SS, Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Di Fiore
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Palatucci, Polo didattico SS, Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Palatucci, Polo didattico SS, Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Palatucci, Polo didattico SS, Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Martina Buonanno
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Pharmacology Chair, Dept. of Science of Health School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa - Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanbattista De Sarro
- Pharmacology Chair, Dept. of Science of Health School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa - Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Palatucci, Polo didattico SS, Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
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Bose H, Satyanarayana T. Microbial Carbonic Anhydrases in Biomimetic Carbon Sequestration for Mitigating Global Warming: Prospects and Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1615. [PMID: 28890712 PMCID: PMC5574912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All the leading cities in the world are slowly becoming inhospitable for human life with global warming playing havoc with the living conditions. Biomineralization of carbon dioxide using carbonic anhydrase (CA) is one of the most economical methods for mitigating global warming. The burning of fossil fuels results in the emission of large quantities of flue gas. The temperature of flue gas is quite high. Alkaline conditions are necessary for CaCO3 precipitation in the mineralization process. In order to use CAs for biomimetic carbon sequestration, thermo-alkali-stable CAs are, therefore, essential. CAs must be stable in the presence of various flue gas contaminants too. The extreme environments on earth harbor a variety of polyextremophilic microbes that are rich sources of thermo-alkali-stable CAs. CAs are the fastest among the known enzymes, which are of six basic types with no apparent sequence homology, thus represent an elegant example of convergent evolution. The current review focuses on the utility of thermo-alkali-stable CAs in biomineralization based strategies. A variety of roles that CAs play in various living organisms, the use of CA inhibitors as drug targets and strategies for overproduction of CAs to meet the demand are also briefly discussed.
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Del Prete S, Vullo D, Osman SM, AlOthman Z, Donald WA, Winum JY, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Anion inhibitors of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium responsible of tularemia, Francisella tularensis. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4800-4. [PMID: 28754318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A β-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from the pathogenic bacterium Francisella tularensis (FtuβCA) was cloned and purified, and the anion inhibition profile was investigated. Based on the measured kinetic parameters for the enzyme catalyzed CO2 hydration reaction (kcat of 9.8×105s-1 and a kcat/KM of 8.9×107M-1s-1), FtuβCA is a highly effective enzyme. The activity of FtuβCA was not inhibited by a range of anions that do not typically coordinate Zn(II) effectively, including perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, and hexafluorophosphate. Surprisingly, some anions which generally complex well with many cations, including Zn(II), also did not effectively inhibit FtuβCA, e.g., fluoride, cyanide, azide, nitrite, bisulphite, sulfate, tellurate, perrhenate, perrhuthenate, and peroxydisulfate. However, the most effective inhibitors were in the range of 90-94µM (sulfamide, sulfamic acid, phenylarsonic and phenylboronic acid). N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamate (KI of 0.31mM) was a moderately potent inhibitor. As Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia, the discovery of compounds that can interfere with the life cycle of this pathogen may result in novel opportunities to fight antibiotic drug resistance.
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Capasso C, Supuran CT. Inhibition of Bacterial Carbonic Anhydrases as a Novel Approach to Escape Drug Resistance. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 17:1237-1248. [PMID: 28049405 DOI: 10.2174/1568026617666170104101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically used antibiotics act through one of these four mechanisms: cell wall biosynthesis inhibition, inhibition of protein biosynthesis, interference with DNA and RNA synthesis and the folate pathway. OBJECTIVE The metalloenzymes carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) widespread in microorganisms and present as three genetically distinct families may be considered for the design of antiinfective agents with a different mechanism of action compared to the clinically used antibiotics. CAs are crucial for the life cycle of the pathogen, interfering with pH regulation and biosynthetic processes in which CO2 or bicarbonate are substrates. CA inhibition was shown to lead to debilitation or growth defects of several pathogenic bacteria. METHOD CAs catalyzes the interconversion between carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, leading to the formation of protons, and thus affecting pH homeostasis. Several classes of CA inhibitors (CAIs) are known to date, among which the metal complexing anions, the unsubstituted sulfonamides, the dithiocarbamates, etc., which bind to the Zn(II) ion of the enzyme either by substituting the non-protein zinc ligand or add to the metal coordination sphere. RESULTS Effective inhibitors for many bacterial CAs belonging to the α-, β-, and γ-CA classes were detected, some of which inhibited bacterial growth in vivo. Few of the inhibitors investigated so far were also selective for the bacterial over the human CA isoforms, which may pose problems for their wide clinical applications. CONCLUSION Structure-based drug design campaigns might lead to the achievement of the desired selectivity/ potency for preferentially inhibiting bacterial but not the host CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, and Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Universita` degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Hou Z, Lin B, Bao Y, Yan HN, Zhang M, Chang XW, Zhang XX, Wang ZJ, Wei GF, Cheng MS, Liu Y, Guo C. Dual-tail approach to discovery of novel carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors by simultaneously matching the hydrophobic and hydrophilic halves of the active site. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 132:1-10. [PMID: 28334643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dual-tail approach was employed to design novel Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) IX inhibitors by simultaneously matching the hydrophobic and hydrophilic halves of the active site, which also contains a zinc ion as part of the catalytic center. The classic sulfanilamide moiety was used as the zinc binding group. An amino glucosamine fragment was chosen as the hydrophilic part and a cinnamamide fragment as the hydrophobic part in order to draw favorable interactions with the corresponding halves of the active site. In comparison with sulfanilamide which is largely devoid of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with the two halves of the active site, the compounds so designed and synthesized in this study showed 1000-fold improvement in binding affinity. Most of the compounds inhibited the CA effectively with IC50 values in the range of 7-152 nM. Compound 14e (IC50: 7 nM) was more effective than the reference drug acetazolamide (IC50: 30 nM). The results proved that the dual-tail approach to simultaneously matching the hydrophobic and hydrophilic halves of the active site by linking hydrophobic and hydrophilic fragments was useful for designing novel CA inhibitors. The effectiveness of those compounds was elucidated by both the experimental data and molecular docking simulations. This work laid a solid foundation for further development of novel CA IX inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Yu Bao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hai-Ning Yan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Zi-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Gao-Fei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Mao-Sheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China.
| | - Chun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016 China.
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Abstract
Natural products represent a straightforward source for molecular structures bearing a vast array of chemical features and potentially useful for biomedical purposes. Recent examples of this type include the discovery of the coumarins and the polyamine natural products as atypical chemotypes for the inhibition of the metalloenzymes carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.2.1). CA enzymes are established pharmacological targets for important pathologies, which, among others, include glaucoma, hypoxic tumors, and central nervous system (CNS)-affecting diseases. Moreover, they are expressed in many bacteria, fungi and helminths which are the etiological agents of the majority of infectious diseases. In this context, natural products represent the ideal source of new and selective druggable CA modulators for biomedical purposes. Herein we report the state of the art on polyamines of natural origin as well as of synthetic derivatives as inhibitors of human CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scozzafava
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Ekhteiari Salmas R, Mestanoglu M, Durdagi S, Sentürk M, Kaya AA, Kaya EÇ. Kinetic and in silico studies of hydroxy-based inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase isoforms I and II. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:31-7. [PMID: 25676327 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.1003216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of hydroxy and phenolic compounds have been assayed for the inhibition of two physiologically relevant carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, the cytosolic human isozymes I and II. The investigated molecules showed inhibition constants in the range of 1.07-4003 and 0.09-31.5 μM at the hCA I and hCA II enzymes, respectively. In order to investigate the binding mechanisms of these inhibitors, in silico studies were also applied. Molecular docking scores of the studied compounds are compared using three different scoring algorithms, namely Glide/SP, Glide/XP and Glide/IFD. In addition, different ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) analysis was performed. All the examined compounds were found within the acceptable range of pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mert Mestanoglu
- b School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- c Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Murat Sentürk
- d Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty , Agri Ibrahim Cecen University , Agri , Turkey , and
| | - A Afşin Kaya
- e School of Health, Gumushane University , Gumushane , Turkey
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