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Yang J, König A, Park S, Jo E, Sung PS, Yoon SK, Zusinaite E, Kainov D, Shum D, Windisch MP. A new high-content screening assay of the entire hepatitis B virus life cycle identifies novel antivirals. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100296. [PMID: 34222850 PMCID: PMC8243515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Chronic hepatitis B is an incurable disease. Addressing the unmet medical need for therapies has been hampered by a lack of suitable cell culture models to investigate the HBV life cycle in a single experimental setup. We sought to develop a platform suitable to investigate all aspects of the entire HBV life cycle. Methods HepG2-NTCPsec+ cells were inoculated with HBV. Supernatants of infected cells were transferred to naïve cells. Inhibition of infection was determined in primary and secondary infected cells by high-content imaging of viral and cellular factors. Novel antivirals were triaged in cells infected with cell culture- or patient-derived HBV and in stably virus replicating cells. HBV internalisation and target-based receptor binding assays were conducted. Results We developed an HBV platform, screened 2,102 drugs and bioactives, and identified 3 early and 38 late novel HBV life cycle inhibitors using infectious HBV genotype D. Two early inhibitors, pranlukast (EC50 4.3 μM; 50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50] >50 μM) and cytochalasin D (EC50 0.07 μM; CC50 >50 μM), and 2 late inhibitors, fludarabine (EC50 0.1 μM; CC50 13.4 μM) and dexmedetomidine (EC50 6.2 μM; CC50 >50 μM), were further investigated. Pranlukast inhibited HBV preS1 binding, whereas cytochalasin D prevented the internalisation of HBV. Fludarabine inhibited the secretion of HBV progeny DNA, whereas dexmedetomidine interfered with the infectivity of HBV progeny. Patient-derived HBV genotype C was efficiently inhibited by fludarabine (EC50 0.08 μM) and dexmedetomidine (EC50 8.7 μM). Conclusions The newly developed high-content assay is suitable to screen large-scale drug libraries, enables monitoring of the entire HBV life cycle, and discriminates between inhibition of early and late viral life cycle events. Lay summary HBV infection is an incurable, chronic disease with few available treatments. Addressing this unmet medical need has been hampered by a lack of suitable cell culture models to study the entire viral life cycle in a single experimental setup. We developed an image-based approach suitable to screen large numbers of drugs, using a cell line that can be infected by HBV and produces large amounts of virus particles. By transferring viral supernatants from these infected cells to uninfected target cells, we could monitor the entire viral life cycle. We used this system to screen drug libraries and identified novel anti-HBV inhibitors that potently inhibit HBV in various phases of its life cycle. This assay will be an important new tool to study the HBV life cycle and accelerate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. We developed a high-content screening assay suitable to monitor the entire HBV life cycle and eligible to discriminate between early and late viral life cycle inhibition. We screened FDA-approved drugs and bioactives. We confirmed antiviral activity in primary and secondary assays, using stably virus replicating cells and cell culture- and patient-derived HBV. Novel HBV inhibitors prevent receptor binding, virus internalisation, replication, or egress of viral progeny.
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Key Words
- %CV, percent coefficient of variation
- %Imax, percent maximum inhibition
- CC50, 50% cytotoxic concentration
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CpAM, core protein allosteric modifiers
- DRC, dose–response curve
- Entry
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FDA-approved drugs
- GEq, genome equivalents
- HBV
- HBVpt, patient-derived HBV
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCS, high content screening
- HID, N-hydroxyisoquinolinedione
- HLCs, hepatocyte-like cells
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- HepG2-NTCP
- High-throughput screening
- IFA, immunofluorescence analysis
- IFNα, interferon alpha
- IFNλ, interferon lambda
- LHB, HBV large surface protein
- LMV, lamivudine
- MoA, mechanism of action
- MyrB, myrcludex B
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PF-rcDNA, protein-free relaxed circular DNA
- Patient-derived HBV
- Replication
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SOP, standard operation procedure
- Small-molecule inhibitors
- Supernatant transfer
- TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
- TI, therapeutic index
- Virion secretion
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- dpi, days post-infection
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- p1, passage 1
- p2, passage 2
- pgRNA, pregenomic RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Yang
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Alexander König
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Soonju Park
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Eunji Jo
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Pil Soo Sung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Catholic University Liver Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Kew Yoon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Catholic University Liver Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Denis Kainov
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David Shum
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Marc Peter Windisch
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, South Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Luo Z, Kuang XP, Zhou QQ, Yan CY, Li W, Gong HB, Kurihara H, Li WX, Li YF, He RR. Inhibitory effects of baicalein against herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2323-2338. [PMID: 33354504 PMCID: PMC7745058 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous and widespread human pathogen, which gives rise to a range of diseases, including cold sores, corneal blindness, and encephalitis. Currently, the use of nucleoside analogs, such as acyclovir and penciclovir, in treating HSV-1 infection often presents limitation due to their side effects and low efficacy for drug-resistance strains. Therefore, new anti-herpetic drugs and strategies should be urgently developed. Here, we reported that baicalein, a naturally derived compound widely used in Asian countries, strongly inhibited HSV-1 replication in several models. Baicalein was effective against the replication of both HSV-1/F and HSV-1/Blue (an acyclovir-resistant strain) in vitro. In the ocular inoculation mice model, baicalein markedly reduced in vivo HSV-1/F replication, receded inflammatory storm and attenuated histological changes in the cornea. Consistently, baicalein was found to reduce the mortality of mice, viral loads both in nose and trigeminal ganglia in HSV-1 intranasal infection model. Moreover, an ex vivo HSV-1-EGFP infection model established in isolated murine epidermal sheets confirmed that baicalein suppressed HSV-1 replication. Further investigations unraveled that dual mechanisms, inactivating viral particles and inhibiting IκB kinase beta (IKK-β) phosphorylation, were involved in the anti-HSV-1 effect of baicalein. Collectively, our findings identified baicalein as a promising therapy candidate against the infection of HSV-1, especially acyclovir-resistant strain. Baicalein is highly effective against HSV-1infection ex vivo and in vivo. Inactivation of viral particles and suppression of NF-κB activation were involved in the anti-viral effect of baicalein. Hence, our work offers experimental basis for baicalein as a potential drug in treating HSV-1 associated diseases.
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Key Words
- Anti-HSV-1
- Baicalein
- CC50, 50% cytotoxic concentration
- DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate
- EC50, 50% effective concentration
- GB, glycoprotein B
- HSV-1 infection
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus types 1
- ICP, infected cell polypeptide
- IKK-β phosphorylation
- IKK-β, IκB kinase beta
- IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IκB-α, inhibitor of NF-κB alpha
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- NF-κB activation
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- PFU, plaque-forming units
- PGA1, prostaglandin A1
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SI, selectivity index
- TG, trigeminal ganglia
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- Viral inactivation
- dpi, days post-infection
- p-IKK-β, phosphorylated-IKK beta
- p-IκB-α, phosphorylated-IκB alpha
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