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Gaillac A, Gourin C, Dubreil L, Briandet R, Prévost H, Jaffrès E. Biofilm formation of the food spoiler Brochothrix thermosphacta on different industrial surface materials using a biofilm reactor. Food Microbiol 2024; 120:104457. [PMID: 38431311 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Brochothrix thermosphacta is considered as a major food spoiler bacteria. This study evaluates biofilm formation by B. thermosphacta CD337(2) - a strong biofilm producer strain - on three food industry materials (polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and stainless steel (SS)). Biofilms were continuously grown under flow at 25 °C in BHI broth in a modified CDC biofilm reactor. Bacterial cells were enumerated by plate counting, and biofilm spatial organization was deciphered by combining confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis. The biofilms had the same growth kinetics on all three materials and reach 8log CFU/cm2 as maximal concentration. Highly structured biofilms were observed on PC and PS, but less structured ones on SS. This difference was confirmed by structural quantification analysis using the image analysis software tool BiofilmQ. Biofilm on SS show less roughness, density, thickness and volume. The biofilm 3D structure seemed to be related to the coupon topography and roughness. The materials used in this study do not affect biofilm growth. However, their roughness and topography affect the biofilm architecture, which could influence biofilm behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Romain Briandet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Cucić S, Ells T, Guri A, Kropinski AM, Khursigara CM, Anany H. Degradation of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm by phages belonging to the genus Pecentumvirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0106223. [PMID: 38315006 PMCID: PMC10952537 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01062-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic foodborne bacterium that is a significant cause of mortality associated with foodborne illness and causes many food recalls attributed to a bacteriological cause. Their ability to form biofilms contributes to the persistence of Listeria spp. in food processing environments. When growing as biofilms, L. monocytogenes are more resistant to sanitizers used in the food industry, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), as well as to physical stresses like desiccation and starvation. Lytic phages of Listeria are antagonistic to a broad range of Listeria spp. and may, therefore, have utility in reducing the occurrence of Listeria-associated food recalls by preventing food contamination. We screened nine closely related Listeria phages, including the commercially available Listex P100, for host range and ability to degrade microtiter plate biofilms of L. monocytogenes ATCC 19111 (serovar 1/2a). One phage, CKA15, was selected and shown to rapidly adsorb to its host under conditions relevant to applying the phage in dairy processing environments. Under simulated dairy processing conditions (SDPC), CKA15 caused a 2-log reduction in Lm19111 biofilm bacteria. This work supports the biosanitation potential of phage CKA15 and provides a basis for further investigation of phage-bacteria interactions in biofilms grown under SDPC. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic bacterium that is especially dangerous for children, the elderly, pregnant women, and immune-compromised people. Because of this, the food industry takes its presence in their plants seriously. Food recalls due to L. monocytogenes are common with a high associated economic cost. In food-processing plants, Listeria spp. typically reside in biofilms, which are structures produced by bacteria that shield them from environmental stressors and are often attached to surfaces. The significance of our work is that we show a bacteriophage-a virus-infecting bacteria-can reduce Listeria counts by two orders of magnitude when the bacterial biofilms were grown under simulated dairy processing conditions. This work provides insights into how phages may be tested and used to develop biosanitizers that are effective but are not harmful to the environment or human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Cucić
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Ells
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anilda Guri
- Gay Lea Foods Co-operative, Research and Development Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M. Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hany Anany
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Zamora R, McEvoy J, Colbert C, Chacana Olivares J, Kaewlom P, Khan E. Blocking bacterial appendage attachment to wastewater treatment membranes using anti-adhesins. Chemosphere 2023; 323:138246. [PMID: 36842556 PMCID: PMC10083094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) suffer from high operational and cleaning costs due to biofouling. The biofouling begins when the adhesins (an anchor-type epitope made up of polar and charged amino acids) on microbial appendages bind to the surface. Two different compounds-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM) and methyl α-d-mannopyranoside (MeαMan)-were investigated as possible biofilm mitigation tools due to their documented anti-adhesin properties in the biomedical field. DDM prevented up to 56.3, 87.0, and 67.6% of the formation of Pseudomonas putida, Escherichia coli and wastewater culture biofilms, respectively, in microplate experiments. MeαMan increased biofilm in the microplates. In a biofilm reactor setting, DDM was then applied on typical membrane materials, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamide, polyether-sulfone, and polyacrylonitrile and prevented 79.4, 62.5, 81.3, and 68.2% of the detectable wastewater culture biofilm formation, respectively. The mechanism of anti-adhesion was the binding of the polar head of the DDM to the polar amino acids of the microbial appendages in conjunction with the orientation of the DDM as it binds different membrane materials. If the anti-adhesins are effective at increasing the distance of the bacteria from the membrane materials, they will serve as a new method for delaying biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Zamora
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Christopher Colbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | | | - Puangrat Kaewlom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
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Woźniak A, Kruszewska B, Pierański MK, Rychłowski M, Grinholc M. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Affects the Antibiotic Susceptibility of Enterococcus spp. Clinical Isolates in Biofilm and Planktonic Cultures. Biomolecules 2021; 11:693. [PMID: 34063146 PMCID: PMC8148121 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis are opportunistic pathogens that can cause a vast variety of nosocomial infections. Moreover, E. faecium belongs to the group of ESKAPE microbes, which are the main cause of hospital-acquired infections and are especially difficult to treat because of their resistance to many antibiotics. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) represents an alternative to overcome multidrug resistance problems. This process requires the simultaneous presence of oxygen, visible light, and photosensitizing compounds. In this work, aPDI was used to resensitize Enterococcus spp. isolates to antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) recommendations was combined with synergy testing methods recommended by the American Society for Microbiology. Two clinical isolates, E. faecalis and E. faecium, were treated with a combination of aPDI utilizing rose bengal (RB) or fullerene (FL) derivative as photosensitizers, antimicrobial blue light (aBL), and 10 recommended antibiotics. aPDI appeared to significantly impact the survival rate of both isolates, while aBL had no significant effect. The synergy testing results differed between strains and utilized methods. Synergy was observed for RB aPDI in combination with gentamycin, ciprofloxacin and daptomycin against E. faecalis. For E. faecium, synergy was observed between RB aPDI and gentamycin or ciprofloxacin, while for RB aPDI with vancomycin or daptomycin, antagonism was observed. A combination of FL aPDI gives a synergistic effect against E. faecalis only with imipenem. Postantibiotic effect tests for E. faecium demonstrated that this isolate exposed to aPDI in combination with gentamycin, streptomycin, tigecycline, doxycycline, or daptomycin exhibits delayed growth in comparison to untreated bacteria. The results of synergy testing confirmed the effectiveness of aPDI in resensitization of the bacteria to antibiotics, which presents great potential in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Woźniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.W.); (B.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Beata Kruszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.W.); (B.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Michał Karol Pierański
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.W.); (B.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.W.); (B.K.); (M.K.P.)
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