1
|
Choi BJ, Hoselton S, Njau GN, Idamawatta I, Carson P, McEvoy J. Estimating the prevalence of COVID-19 cases through the analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies derived from wastewater samples from North Dakota. Glob Epidemiol 2023; 6:100124. [PMID: 37881481 PMCID: PMC10594563 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2023.100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus was first detected in December 2019, which prompted many researchers to investigate how the virus spreads. SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets. Symptoms of the SARS-CoV-2 virus appear after an incubation period. Moreover, the asymptomatic infected individuals unknowingly spread the virus. Detecting infected people requires daily tests and contact tracing, which are expensive. The early detection of infectious diseases, including COVID-19, can be achieved with wastewater-based epidemiology, which is timely and cost-effective. In this study, we collected wastewater samples from wastewater treatment plants in several cities in North Dakota and then extracted viral RNA copies. We used log-RNA copies in the model to predict the number of infected cases using Quantile Regression (QR) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Regression. The model's performance was evaluated by comparing the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The QR model performs well in cities where the population is >10000 . In addition, the model predictions were compared with the basic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model which is the golden standard model for infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Jin Choi
- Department of Statistics and Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, United States of America
| | - Scott Hoselton
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, United States of America
| | - Grace N. Njau
- North Dakota Department of Health, United States of America
| | - I.G.C.G. Idamawatta
- Department of Statistics, North Dakota State University, United States of America
| | - Paul Carson
- Center for Immunization Research and Education (CIRE), Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, United States of America
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tůmová L, Ježková J, Prediger J, Holubová N, Sak B, Konečný R, Květoňová D, Hlásková L, Rost M, McEvoy J, Xiao L, Santín M, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium mortiferum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the species causing lethal cryptosporidiosis in Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:235. [PMID: 37454101 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. are globally distributed parasites that infect epithelial cells in the microvillus border of the gastrointestinal tract of all classes of vertebrates. Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I is a common parasite in North American tree squirrels. It was introduced into Europe with eastern gray squirrels and poses an infection risk to native European squirrel species, for which infection is fatal. In this study, the biology and genetic variability of different isolates of chipmunk genotype I were investigated. METHODS The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I was analyzed by PCR/sequencing of the SSU rRNA, actin, HSP70, COWP, TRAP-C1 and gp60 genes. The biology of chipmunk genotype I, including oocyst size, localization of the life cycle stages and pathology, was examined by light and electron microscopy and histology. Infectivity to Eurasian red squirrels and eastern gray squirrels was verified experimentally. RESULTS Phylogenic analyses at studied genes revealed that chipmunk genotype I is genetically distinct from other Cryptosporidium spp. No detectable infection occurred in chickens and guinea pigs experimentally inoculated with chipmunk genotype I, while in laboratory mice, ferrets, gerbils, Eurasian red squirrels and eastern gray squirrels, oocyst shedding began between 4 and 11 days post infection. While infection in mice, gerbils, ferrets and eastern gray squirrels was asymptomatic or had mild clinical signs, Eurasian red squirrels developed severe cryptosporidiosis that resulted in host death. The rapid onset of clinical signs characterized by severe diarrhea, apathy, loss of appetite and subsequent death of the individual may explain the sporadic occurrence of this Cryptosporidium in field studies and its concurrent spread in the population of native European squirrels. Oocysts obtained from a naturally infected human, the original inoculum, were 5.64 × 5.37 μm and did not differ in size from oocysts obtained from experimentally infected hosts. Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I infection was localized exclusively in the cecum and anterior part of the colon. CONCLUSIONS Based on these differences in genetics, host specificity and pathogenicity, we propose the name Cryptosporidium mortiferum n. sp. for this parasite previously known as Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tůmová
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ježková
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Prediger
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, 1523 Centennial Blvd, Van Es Hall, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Monica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zamora R, McEvoy J, Colbert C, Chacana Olivares J, Kaewlom P, Khan E. Blocking bacterial appendage attachment to wastewater treatment membranes using anti-adhesins. Chemosphere 2023; 323:138246. [PMID: 36842556 PMCID: PMC10083094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) suffer from high operational and cleaning costs due to biofouling. The biofouling begins when the adhesins (an anchor-type epitope made up of polar and charged amino acids) on microbial appendages bind to the surface. Two different compounds-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM) and methyl α-d-mannopyranoside (MeαMan)-were investigated as possible biofilm mitigation tools due to their documented anti-adhesin properties in the biomedical field. DDM prevented up to 56.3, 87.0, and 67.6% of the formation of Pseudomonas putida, Escherichia coli and wastewater culture biofilms, respectively, in microplate experiments. MeαMan increased biofilm in the microplates. In a biofilm reactor setting, DDM was then applied on typical membrane materials, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamide, polyether-sulfone, and polyacrylonitrile and prevented 79.4, 62.5, 81.3, and 68.2% of the detectable wastewater culture biofilm formation, respectively. The mechanism of anti-adhesion was the binding of the polar head of the DDM to the polar amino acids of the microbial appendages in conjunction with the orientation of the DDM as it binds different membrane materials. If the anti-adhesins are effective at increasing the distance of the bacteria from the membrane materials, they will serve as a new method for delaying biofouling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Zamora
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Christopher Colbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | | | - Puangrat Kaewlom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Graham IM, Di Angelantonio E, Huculeci R, Di Angelantonio E, De Bacquer D, Ference B, Halle M, Huculeci R, McEvoy J, Timmis A, Vardas P, Visseren F. New Way to "SCORE" Risk: Updates on the ESC Scoring System and Incorporation into ESC Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:1679-1684. [PMID: 36441402 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prior European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines endorsed the SCORE 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk calculator to inform the total risk approach to CVD prevention, including the use of preventive interventions like lipid lowering therapies. However, SCORE was released in 2003, did not allow for estimation of fatal and non-fatal CVD events, and was limited to adults aged 40 to 70 years. The ESC's Cardiovascular Risk Collaboration (CRC) was tasked with updating SCORE (SCORE2) and with extending the upper age range of adults eligible for risk estimation (SCORE2-OP). This review summarises these two deliverables. RECENT FINDINGS Published in 2021, these updated risk scores allow for estimation of 10 year total (fatal + non-fatal) risks of a first atherosclerotic cardiovascular event in adults (SCORE2) and older persons (SCORE2-OP), calibrated for use in four European risk regions. The models account for competing risk of non-CVD death. These were extensively validated with excellent calibration and C-statistics ranging from 0.67 to 0.81. SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP have informed the 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. In addition to endorsing these two updated risk calculators, these guidelines have, for the first time, recommended the use of age-related risk categories. This change was motivated to prevent overreliance on age when making CVD prevention decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Graham
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Health Data Science Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy.,Clinical Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Radu Huculeci
- ESC European Heart Health Institute (EHHI), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zajączkowska Ż, Brutovská AB, Akutko K, McEvoy J, Sak B, Hendrich AB, Łukianowski B, Kváč M, Kicia M. Horse-Specific Cryptosporidium Genotype in Human with Crohn's Disease and Arthritis. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1289-1291. [PMID: 35608944 PMCID: PMC9155884 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.220064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified an unusual subtype of a Cryptosporidium sp. horse genotype as the cause of cryptosporidiosis in a 13-year-old girl in Poland who was undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease. The same subtype was identified in a horse the girl had ridden.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chan AN, Wittemyer G, McEvoy J, Williams AC, Cox N, Soe P, Grindley M, Shwe NM, Chit AM, Oo ZM, Leimgruber P. Landscape characteristics influence ranging behavior of Asian elephants at the human-wildlands interface in Myanmar. Mov Ecol 2022; 10:6. [PMID: 35123584 PMCID: PMC8818246 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Asian elephant numbers are declining across much of their range driven largely by serious threats from land use change resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation. Myanmar, holding critical range for the species, is undergoing major developments due to recent sociopolitical changes. To effectively manage and conserve the remaining populations of endangered elephants in the country, it is crucial to understand their ranging behavior. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to (1) estimate the sizes of dry, wet, and annual ranges of wild elephants in Myanmar; and quantify the relationship between dry season (the period when human-elephant interactions are the most likely to occur) range size and configurations of agriculture and natural vegetation within the range, and (2) evaluate how percentage of agriculture within dry core range (50% AKDE range) of elephants relates to their daily distance traveled. METHODS We used autocorrelated kernel density estimator (AKDE) based on a continuous-time movement modeling (ctmm) framework to estimate dry season (26 ranges from 22 different individuals), wet season (12 ranges from 10 different individuals), and annual range sizes (8 individuals), and reported the 95%, 50% AKDE, and 95% Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) range sizes. We assessed how landscape characteristics influenced range size based on a broad array of 48 landscape metrics characterizing aspects of vegetation, water, and human features and their juxtaposition in the study areas. To identify the most relevant landscape metrics and simplify our candidate set of informative metrics, we relied on exploratory factor analysis and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Based on this analysis we adopted a final set of metrics into our regression analysis. In a multiple regression framework, we developed candidate models to explain the variation in AKDE dry season range sizes based on the previously identified, salient metrics of landscape composition. RESULTS Elephant dry season ranges were highly variable averaging 792.0 km2 and 184.2 km2 for the 95% and 50% AKDE home ranges, respectively. We found both the shape and spatial configuration of agriculture and natural vegetation patches within an individual elephant's range play a significant role in determining the size of its range. We also found that elephants are moving more (larger energy expenditure) in ranges with higher percentages of agricultural area. CONCLUSION Our results provide baseline information on elephant spatial requirements and the factors affecting them in Myanmar. This information is important for advancing future land use planning that takes into account space-use requirements for elephants. Failing to do so may further endanger already declining elephant populations in Myanmar and across the species' range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Chan
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- WWF-Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar.
- Fauna and Flora International, Yangon, Myanmar.
| | - G Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - J McEvoy
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | | | - N Cox
- WWF-Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - P Soe
- WWF-Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - M Grindley
- Fauna and Flora International, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - N M Shwe
- Fauna and Flora International, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - A M Chit
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Z M Oo
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Myanma Timber Enterprise, Alone, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - P Leimgruber
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abbas T, Wadhawan T, Khan A, McEvoy J, Khan E. Iron turning waste: Low cost and sustainable permeable reactive barrier media for remediating dieldrin, endrin, DDT and lindane in groundwater. Environ Pollut 2021; 289:117825. [PMID: 34330012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility and effectiveness of iron turning waste as low cost and sustainable permeable reactive barrier (PRB) media for remediating dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and lindane individually (batch system) and combined (continuous flow column) in water were investigated. After 10 min of reaction in a batch system, removal of endrin, dieldrin, and DDT was higher (86-91 %) than lindane (41 %) using 1 g of iron turning waste in 200 mL of pesticide solution (20 μg/L for each pesticide). Among the studied pesticides, only lindane removal decreased substantially in the presence of nitrate (37 %) and magnesium (18 %). Acidic water environment (pH = 4) favored the pesticide removal than neutral and basic environments. For the column experiments, sand alone as PRB media was ineffective for remediating the pesticides in water. When only iron turning was used, the removal efficiencies of lindane, endrin, and dieldrin were 83-88 % and remained stable during 60 min of the experiments. DDT removal was less than other pesticides (58 %). Sandwiching the iron turning waste media between two sand layers improved DDT removal (79 %) as well as limited the iron content below a permissible level in product water. In a long-term PRB column performance evaluation, iron turning waste (150 g) removed all pesticides in water (initial concentration of each pesticide = 2 μg/L) effectively (≥94 %) at a hydraulic retention time of 1.6 h. Iron turning waste, which was mainly in the form of zerovalent iron (Fe0), was oxidized to ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) iron during its reaction with pesticides, and electrons donated by Fe0 and Fe2+ were responsible for complete dechlorination of all the pesticides. Therefore, it can be used as inexpensive and sustainable PRB media for groundwater remediation especially in developing countries where groundwater contamination with pesticides is more prevalent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeer Abbas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 89154-4015.
| | | | - Asad Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 89154-4015.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prediger J, Ježková J, Holubová N, Sak B, Konečný R, Rost M, McEvoy J, Rajský D, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium sciurinum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Eurasian Red Squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102050. [PMID: 34683369 PMCID: PMC8537388 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are common protozoan pathogens in mammals. The diversity and biology of Cryptosporidium in tree squirrels are not well studied. A total of 258 Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) from 25 and 15 locations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, respectively, were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and specific DNA at the SSU, actin, HSP70, TRAP-C1, COWP, and gp60 loci. Out of 26 positive animals, only juveniles (9/12) were microscopically positive (18,000 to 72,000 OPG), and molecular analyses revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. ferret genotype in all specimens. Oocysts obtained from naturally-infected squirrels measured 5.54-5.22 μm and were not infectious for laboratory mice (BALB/c and SCID), Mongolian gerbils, Guinea pigs, Southern multimammate mice, chickens, or budgerigars. None of naturally infected squirrels showed clinical signs of disease. The frequency of occurrence of the ferret genotype in squirrels did not vary statistically based on host age, gender or country of capture. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from six loci revealed that Cryptosporidium sp. ferret genotype is genetically distinct from the currently accepted Cryptosporidium species. Morphological and biological data from this and previous studies support the establishment of Cryptosporidium sp. ferret genotype as a new species, Cryptosporidium sciurinum n. sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Prediger
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (J.J.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Jana Ježková
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (J.J.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (J.J.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (J.J.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (J.J.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - John McEvoy
- Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, 1523 Centennial Blvd, Van Es Hall, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Dušan Rajský
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (J.J.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-387775419
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kopacz Ż, Kváč M, Piesiak P, Szydłowicz M, Hendrich AB, Sak B, McEvoy J, Kicia M. Cryptosporidium baileyi Pulmonary Infection in Immunocompetent Woman with Benign Neoplasm. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1958-1961. [PMID: 32687044 PMCID: PMC7392468 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.201117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium baileyi, a bird-specific parasite, infects gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and urinary tracts of its host. We report on a C. baileyi infection associated with pulmonary hamartoma in an immunocompetent patient in Poland. Further work is needed to investigate the association between Cryptosporidium infections and tumors.
Collapse
|
10
|
Martin MA, Sivaguru J, McEvoy J, Sonthiphand P, Khan E. Photolytic fate of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen in water and treated wastewater exposed to sunlight. Environ Res 2021; 197:111121. [PMID: 33823193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endoxifen is the main active metabolite of a common cytostatic drug, tamoxifen. Endoxifen has been recently detected in the final effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants. The antiestrogenic activity of endoxifen could bring negative effects to aquatic life if released to the water environment. This study elucidated the fate and susceptibility of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen (2 μg mL-1, 1:1 wt ratio between the two easily interchangeable isomers) in wastewater and receiving surface water to sunlight. Phototransformation by-products (PBPs) and their toxicity were determined. Sunlight reduced at least 83% of endoxifen concentration in wastewater samples, whereas in surface water samples, 60% of endoxifen was photodegraded after 180 min of the irradiation. In ultrapure water samples spiked with endoxifen, PBPs were mainly generated via con-rotatory 6π-photocyclization, followed by oxidative aromatization. These PBPs underwent secondary reactions leading to a series of PBPs with different molecular weights. Eight PBPs were identified and the toxicity analysis via the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool revealed that seven of these PBPs are more toxic than endoxifen itself. This is likely due to the formation of poly-aromatic core in the PBPs due to exposure to sunlight. Therefore, highly toxic PBPs may be generated if endoxifen is present in water and wastewater exposed to sunlight. The presence, fates and activities of these PBPs in surface water especially at locations close to treated wastewater discharge points should be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ariño Martin
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA; International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
| | | | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stojanovic D, McEvoy J, Alves F, Rayner L, Heinsohn R, Saunders D, Webb M. Parental care does not compensate for the effects of bad years on reproductive success of a vagile bird. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Stojanovic
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - J. McEvoy
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Front Royal VA USA
| | - F. Alves
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - L. Rayner
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - R. Heinsohn
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - D. Saunders
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - M. Webb
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ježková J, Limpouchová Z, Prediger J, Holubová N, Sak B, Konečný R, Květoňová D, Hlásková L, Rost M, McEvoy J, Rajský D, Feng Y, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the Species Adapted to the Nutria ( Myocastor coypus). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040813. [PMID: 33921541 PMCID: PMC8069493 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., common parasites of vertebrates, remain poorly studied in wildlife. This study describes the novel Cryptosporidium species adapted to nutrias (Myocastor coypus). A total of 150 faecal samples of feral nutria were collected from locations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and specific DNA at the SSU, actin, HSP70, and gp60 loci. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of C. parvum (n = 1), C. ubiquitum subtype family XIId (n = 5) and Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. XXIIa (n = 2), and XXIIb (n = 3). Only nutrias positive for C. myocastoris shed microscopically detectable oocysts, which measured 4.8–5.2 × 4.7–5.0 µm, and oocysts were infectious for experimentally infected nutrias with a prepatent period of 5–6 days, although not for mice, gerbils, or chickens. The infection was localised in jejunum and ileum without observable macroscopic changes. The microvilli adjacent to attached stages responded by elongating. Clinical signs were not observed in naturally or experimentally infected nutrias. Phylogenetic analyses at SSU, actin, and HSP70 loci demonstrated that C. myocastoris n. sp. is distinct from other valid Cryptosporidium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ježková
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Zlata Limpouchová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Jitka Prediger
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - John McEvoy
- Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, 1523 Centennial Blvd, Van Es Hall, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Dušan Rajský
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-3877-75419
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dodd P, McEvoy J, Lockhart K, Burke T, O'Keeffe L, Guerin S. An exploratory study of self-reported complicated grief symptoms in parentally bereaved adults with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res 2021; 65:297-305. [PMID: 33426748 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complicated grief involves the experience of grief-related symptoms at a time, and severity, beyond which could be considered adaptive, while persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD) has been identified as a condition that requires further study in the typical population. The aims of this study are to (1) explore the symptoms of complicated grief associated with parental bereavement as self-reported by adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) who have experienced a parental bereavement and (2) conduct an initial examination of how the existing criteria for PCBD apply to this group. METHODS This study uses a comparative group design, assessing self and staff (proxy) reports for a group of parentally bereaved individuals and a matched group of non-bereaved individuals using the Complicated Grief Questionnaire - ID Self-Report. Participants were 46 individuals with ID, 30 (65%) of whom who had experienced a parental bereavement within the previous 2 years. The age range was 23-67 years (mean = 43.8; SD = 10.3). RESULTS The results highlight the presence of a range of symptoms of complicated grief in individuals' self-reports, although there was some evidence that separation distress-related symptoms were more apparent. An analysis of individual symptoms showed patterns of higher reports among the bereaved group as would be expected. Comparing staff and self-reports, key criteria showed higher levels in self-reports among the bereaved group. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated the capacity of people with ID to self-report personal experience of symptoms of complicated grief, when appropriate and accessible assessment tools are used. Some symptoms were more evident among bereaved individuals (compared with non-bereaved participants), and they tended to be from separation distress criteria. This may indicate the relevance of these symptoms for people with ID and question the existing criteria for PCBD in this population, which may have clinical implications for supporting people with ID experiencing a more complicated bereavement response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Dodd
- Department of Psychiatry, St Michael's House Disability Services, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J McEvoy
- UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Prosper Services, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Lockhart
- Department of Psychiatry, St Michael's House Disability Services, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T Burke
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- KARE Services, Kildare, Ireland
| | - L O'Keeffe
- UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Guerin
- UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kvac M, Myskova E, Holubova N, Kellnerova K, Kicia M, Rajsky D, McEvoy J, Feng Y, Hanzal V, Sak B. Occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild foxes, wolves, jackals, and bears in central Europe. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 33543733 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 are one of the most common protistan parasites of vertebrates. Faecal samples from 179 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes [Linnaeus]), 100 grey wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus), 11 golden jackals (Canis aureus Linnaeus), and 63 brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus) were collected in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopy and PCR/sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU), actin and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes using the maximum likelihood method revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium tyzzeri Ren, Zhao, Zhang, Ning, Jian et al., 2012 (n = 1) and C. andersoni Lindsay, Upton, Owens, Morgan, Mead et Blackburn, 2000 (n = 2) in red foxes, C. canis Fayer, Trout, Xiao, Morgan, Lai et Dubey, 2001 (n = 2) and C. ubiquitum Fayer, Santín et Macarisin, 2010 (n = 2) in grey wolves, and C. galli Pavlásek, 1999 in brown bears (n = 1) and red foxes (n = 1). Subtyping of isolates of C. ubiquitum and C. tyzzeri based on sequence analysis of gp60 showed that they belong to the XIId and IXa families, respectively. The presence of specific DNA of C. tyzzeri, C. andersoni and C. galli, which primarily infect the prey of carnivores, is probably the result of their passage through the gastrointestinal tract of the carnivores. Finding C. ubiquitum XIId in wolves may mean broadening the host spectrum of this subtype, but it remains possible this is the result of infected prey passing through the wolf - in this case deer, which is a common host of this parasite. The dog genotype of C. canis was reported for the first time in wolves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kvac
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Myskova
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Holubova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Kellnerova
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dusan Rajsky
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vladimir Hanzal
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ježková J, Prediger J, Holubová N, Sak B, Konečný R, Feng Y, Xiao L, Rost M, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium ratti n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus) in the Czech Republic. Parasitology 2021; 148:84-97. [PMID: 32981543 PMCID: PMC11010154 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The diversity and biology of Cryptosporidium that is specific for rats (Rattus spp.) are not well studied. We examined the occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing targeting the small subunit rDNA (SSU), actin and HSP70 genes. Out of 343 faecal samples tested, none were positive by microscopy and 55 were positive by PCR. Sequence analysis of SSU gene revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium muris (n = 4), C. andersoni (n = 3), C. ryanae (n = 1), C. occultus (n = 3), Cryptosporidium rat genotype I (n = 23), Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV (n = 16) and novel Cryptosporidium rat genotype V (n = 5). Spherical oocysts of Cryptosporidium rat genotype I obtained from naturally-infected rats, measuring 4.4-5.4 μm × 4.3-5.1 μm, were infectious to the laboratory rats, but not to the BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) nor Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). The prepatent period was 3 days post infection and the patent period was longer than 30 days. Naturally- and experimentally-infected rats showed no clinical signs of disease. Percentage of nucleotide similarities at the SSU, actin, HSP70 loci between C. ratti n. sp. and the rat derived C. occultus and Cryptosporidium rat genotype II, III, IV, and V ranged from 91.0 to 98.1%. These genetic variations were similar or greater than that observed between closely related species, i.e. C. parvum and C. erinacei (93.2-99.5%). Our morphological, genetic and biological data support the establishment of Cryptosporidium rat genotype I as a new species, Cryptosporidium ratti n. sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ježková
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Prediger
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, 1523 Centennial Blvd, Van Es Hall, Fargo, ND58102, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abbas T, Wadhawan T, Khan A, McEvoy J, Khan E. Virgin (Fe 0) and microbially regenerated (Fe 2+) iron turning waste for treating chlorinated pesticides in water. J Hazard Mater 2020; 398:122980. [PMID: 32492619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the applicability of iron turning waste as filtration media for treating mixture of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water and the ability of non-pathogenic bacterium Shewanella oneidensis to regenerate the exhausted iron turning waste for reuse. In batch experiments, 1.5 × 104 mg/L of iron turning waste efficiently removed (≥85%) five out of six pesticides in 200 mL of water (20 μg/L for each pesticide) in 10 min. Increasing the iron dose from 2.5 × 103 to 1.5 × 104 mg/L enhanced the removal of heptachlor, endosulfan, dieldrin, and endrin by 5.7, 13.2, 23.3, and 39.4%, respectively, whereas lindane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane removal was comparable when using 2.5 × 103 and 1.5 × 104 mg/L of iron. Better pesticide removal (except lindane) was achieved when the initial concentration of each pesticide was higher (20 μg/L versus 1 μg/L) in the solution. Acidic pH favored OCPs (except endosulfan) removal. S. oneidensis efficiently reduced 80 ± 5% of dissolved ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+) in 72 h. Microbially regenerated Fe2+ iron removed all six OCPs in water efficiently (52-91%) and at similar levels as provided by virgin iron turning (38-100%). Lindane, endosulfan, and dieldrin removal increased 4-fold using S. oneidensis regenerated iron compared to exhausted iron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeer Abbas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4015, USA
| | | | - Asad Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4015, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Holubová N, Tůmová L, Sak B, Hejzlarová A, Konečný R, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Description of Cryptosporidium ornithophilus n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in farmed ostriches. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:340. [PMID: 32641157 PMCID: PMC7346416 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian cryptosporidiosis is a common parasitic disease that is caused by five species, which are well characterised at the molecular and biological level, and more than 18 genotypes for which we have limited information. In this study, we determined the occurrence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in farmed ostriches in the Czech Republic. Methods The occurrence and genetic identity of Cryptosporidium spp. were analysed by microscopy and PCR/sequencing of the small subunit rRNA, actin, HSP70 and gp60 genes. Cryptosporidium avian genotype II was examined from naturally and experimentally infected hosts and measured using differential interference contrast. The localisation of the life-cycle stages was studied by electron microscopy and histologically. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II for cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr)), chickens (Gallus gallus f. domestica (L.)), geese (Anser anser f. domestica (L.)), SCID and BALB/c mice (Mus musculus L.) was verified. Results A total of 204 individual faecal samples were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. using differential staining and PCR/sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rRNA, actin, HSP70 and gp60 gene sequences showed the presence of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II (n = 7) and C. ubiquitum Fayer, Santín & Macarisin, 2010 IXa (n = 5). Only ostriches infected with Cryptosporidium avian genotype II shed oocysts that were detectable by microscopy. Oocysts were purified from a pooled sample of four birds, characterised morphometrically and used in experimental infections to determine biological characteristics. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II measure on average 6.13 × 5.15 μm, and are indistinguishable by size from C. baileyi Current, Upton & Haynes, 1986 and C. avium Holubová, Sak, Horčičková, Hlásková, Květoňová, Menchaca, McEvoy & Kváč, 2016. Cryptosporidium avian genotype II was experimentally infectious for geese, chickens and cockatiels, with a prepatent period of four, seven and eight days post-infection, respectively. The infection intensity ranged from 1000 to 16,000 oocysts per gram. None of the naturally or experimentally infected birds developed clinical signs in the present study. Conclusions The molecular and biological characteristics of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II, described here, support the establishment of a new species, Cryptosporidium ornithophilus n. sp.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Holubová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Tůmová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Hejzlarová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Roy D, McEvoy J, Khan E. Abundance and activity of ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria in bulk water and biofilm in water supply systems practicing chlorination and chloramination: Full and laboratory scale investigations. Sci Total Environ 2020; 715:137043. [PMID: 32041059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and nitrification activity of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in bulk water and biofilm in chloraminated and chlorinated water supply systems were investigated. The abundance of AOB varied between cold and warm periods while that was the case for AOA only in biofilm. Lower ammonia concentrations favored the abundance of AOA over AOB. AOA and AOB were found more in distal zones of the distribution system (DS). Higher numbers of AOA and AOB were observed in DS associated with chloramination compared to those associated with chlorination. Significant positive correlations between ammonia-N in bulk water and AOA indicate a possibility of involvement of AOA in nitrification in DS. A separate laboratory-based experiment simulating DS condition was conducted to understand the effects of chlorine and chloramine dosages and temperature on AOA and AOB. AOA were inhibited less than AOB in the presence of lower concentrations of chlorine and chloramine (1.5 and 2.0 mg/L chlorine; 0.05-0.1 and 0.3-0.4 mg/L chloramine) while both of them were not detected at higher dosages (2.5 mg/L chlorine and 1.5-1.6 mg/L chloramine). At a low temperature (10-12 °C), chloramine and chlorine provided similar inhibition trends in which AOB were inhibited more than AOA. At a high temperature (25 °C), chloramine was less inhibitory to AOA and AOB than chlorine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhritikshama Roy
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martin MA, Sivaguru J, McEvoy J, Sonthiphand P, Delorme A, Khan E. Photodegradation of (E)- and (Z)-Endoxifen in water by ultraviolet light: Efficiency, kinetics, by-products, and toxicity assessment. Water Res 2020; 171:115451. [PMID: 31901682 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endoxifen is an effective metabolite of a common chemotherapy agent, tamoxifen. Endoxifen, which is toxic to aquatic animals, has been detected in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. This research investigates ultraviolet (UV) radiation (253.7 nm) application to degrade (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen in water and wastewater and phototransformation by-products (PBPs) and their toxicity. The effects of light intensity, pH and initial concentrations of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen on the photodegradation rate were examined. Endoxifen in water was eliminated ≥99.1% after 35 s of irradiation (light dose of 598.5 mJ cm-2). Light intensity and initial concentrations of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen exhibited positive trends with the photodegradation rates while pH had no effect. Photodegradation of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen in water resulted in three PBPs. Toxicity assessments through modeling of the identified PBPs suggest higher toxicity than the parent compounds. Photodegradation of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen in wastewater at light doses used for disinfection in WWTPs (16, 30 and 97 mJ cm-2) resulted in reductions of (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen from 30 to 71%. Two of the three PBPs observed in the experiments with water were detected in the wastewater experiments. Therefore, toxic compounds are potentially generated at WWTPs by UV disinfection if (E)- and (Z)-endoxifen are present in treated wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ariño Martin
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA; International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
| | | | - Andre Delorme
- Department of Science, Valley City State University, Valley City, ND, 58072, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abbas T, Wadhawan T, Khan A, McEvoy J, Khan E. Iron turning waste media for treating Endosulfan and Heptachlor contaminated water. Sci Total Environ 2019; 685:124-133. [PMID: 31174112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the application of iron turning waste for the degradation of heptachlor and endosulfan. In batch experiments, 2.5 g of iron turning waste efficiently removed 96% of heptachlor and 85% of endosulfan in 200 mL of water (20 μg/L for each pesticide) in ten minutes. By increasing the iron turning dose from 1 g to 2.5 g, pseudo second order removal rates of heptachlor and endosulfan increased 1.5-fold and 1.37-fold, respectively. Among the minerals in groundwater, calcium and potassium lowered heptachlor removal (8-10%), whereas their effect on endosulfan removal was minimal. Endosulfan removal increased 16%, when water pH was raised from 4 to 10. The effect of water pH on heptachlor removal was minimal. The removal of heptachlor and endosulfan dropped to 55% and 46%, respectively, when the initial concentration was 1 μg/L. In a continuous flow system, iron turning worked better in combination with sand media. Water flow rate (5-15 mL/min) had a limited effect on the removal of both pesticides (initial concentration of 2 μg/L) which increased with increasing iron turning dose (100-150 g) for endosulfan. Heptachlor removal remained stable (100%) regardless of the iron turning amount (100-150 g) used in a filtration column. Iron turning based filter completely removed heptachlor throughout the filtration period (600 h), whereas endosulfan removal dropped from 100% to 88-90% after 300 h. Endosulfan and heptachlor were degraded into nonanal and heptanal, respectively. Iron turning waste was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before and after its reactions with both pesticides. XRD and XPS analyses revealed that virgin iron turning waste consisted of zerovalent iron (Fe0) and iron oxides, and Fe0 was transformed to magnetite (Fe3O4) after reacting with both pesticides. Based on detected degradation by-products, the removal mechanism and degradation pathways for both pesticides were elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeer Abbas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| | | | - Asad Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Anh Le TT, Thuptimdang P, McEvoy J, Khan E. Phage shock protein and gene responses of Escherichia coli exposed to carbon nanotubes. Chemosphere 2019; 224:461-469. [PMID: 30831497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electrophoretic, western blotting, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of Escherichia coli cells exposed to pristine single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and hydroxyl and carboxylic functionalized SWCNTs (SWCNT-OHs and SWCNT-COOHs) were conducted. SWCNT concentration and length were experimental variables. Exposing E. coli cells to SWCNTs led to changes in protein and gene expressions. Several proteins altered their regulations at a low SWCNT concentration (10 μg/ml) and were shut down at a high SWCNT concentration (100 μg/ml). The expressions of the phage shock protein (psp) operon including pspA, pspB, and pspC genes responded to the membrane stressors, SWCNTs, were also examined. While pspA and pspC expressions were influenced by the length, concentration, and functional groups of SWCNTs, pspB expression was not induced by SWCNTs. The alterations in phage shock protein and gene expressions indicated that SWCNTs caused cell membrane perturbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tu Thi Anh Le
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; Biology Department, Dalat University, Dalat, Lamdong, Viet Nam.
| | - Pumis Thuptimdang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - John McEvoy
- Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sak B, Vecková T, Brdíčková K, Smetana P, Hlásková L, Kicia M, Holubová N, McEvoy J, Kváč M. ExperimentalEncephalitozoon cuniculiInfection Acquired from Fermented Meat Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:394-398. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vecková
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Brdíčková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Smetana
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sakpirom J, Kantachote D, Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi S, McEvoy J, Khan E. Simultaneous bioprecipitation of cadmium to cadmium sulfide nanoparticles and nitrogen fixation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris TN110. Chemosphere 2019; 223:455-464. [PMID: 30784752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the abilities of a purple non-sulfur bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris TN110 to bioremediate cadmium through the biosynthesis of CdS nanoparticles and to fix nitrogen simultaneously. Under microaerobic-light conditions, R. palustris TN110 synthesized CdS nanoparticles. The produced CdS nanoparticles had a spherical shape and an average size of 4.85 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the nanoparticles reveals the carbonyl groups, bending vibrations of the amide I and II bands of proteins, and CN stretching vibrations of aromatic and aliphatic amines. These bands and groups suggest protein capping/binding on the surface of the nanoparticles. R. palustris TN110 converted 25.61% of 0.2 mM CdCl2 to CdS nanoparticles under optimal conditions (pH 7.5, 30 °C and 3000 lux). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of the produced CdS nanoparticles was 1.76 mM. The produced CdS nanoparticles at IC50 up-regulated two genes associated with nitrogen fixation: Mo-Fe nitrogenase gene (nifH) and V-Fe nitrogenase gene (vnfG) at 2.83 and 2.27 fold changes, respectively. On the contrary, the produced CdS nanoparticles slightly down-regulated Fe-Fe nitrogenase gene (anfG). The amounts of ammonia released by the strain support the gene expression results. R. palustris TN110 has great potential to serve concurrently as a cadmium bioremediation agent and a nitrogen fixer. The strain could be beneficial to paddy fields that are contaminated with Cd through run off from mining and chemical fertilizer applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakkapan Sakpirom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand.
| | - Duangporn Kantachote
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sumana Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Edwards AM, Cameron EZ, Wapstra E, McEvoy J. Maternal effects obscure condition-dependent sex allocation in changing environments. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:181885. [PMID: 31183124 PMCID: PMC6502394 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change increases environmental fluctuations which thereby impact population demography. Species with temperature-dependent sex determination may experience more extreme sex ratio skews, but this has not been considered in species with chromosomally determined sex. However, anticipatory maternal effects cause lifelong physiological changes impacting sex ratios. Here we show, in mice, that more sons were born to mothers in good condition when their breeding environment matched their gestational environment, consistent with theoretical predictions, but mothers in mismatched environments have no condition-sex ratio relationship. Thus, the predicted effect of condition on sex ratio was obscured by maternal effects when the environment changed. This may explain extreme sex ratio skews in reintroduced or translocated populations, and sex ratio skews may become more common and less predictable with accelerating environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Edwards
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - E. Z. Cameron
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - E. Wapstra
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - J. McEvoy
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Holubová N, Zikmundová V, Limpouchová Z, Sak B, Konečný R, Hlásková L, Rajský D, Kopacz Z, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium proventriculi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Psittaciformes birds. Eur J Protistol 2019; 69:70-87. [PMID: 30981203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a common parasitic infection in birds that is caused by more than 25 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes. Many of the genotypes that cause avian cryptosporidiosis are poorly characterized. The genetic and biological characteristics of avian genotype III are described here and these data support the establishment of a new species, Cryptosporidium proventriculi. Faecal samples from the orders Passeriformes and Psittaciformes were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium by microscopy and sequencing, and infections were detected in 10 of 98 Passeriformes and in 27 of 402 Psittaciformes. Cryptosporidium baileyi was detected in both orders. Cryptosporidium galli and avian genotype I were found in Passeriformes, and C. avium and C. proventriculi were found in Psittaciformes. Cryptosporidium proventriculi was infectious for cockatiels under experimental conditions, with a prepatent period of six days post-infection (DPI), but not for budgerigars, chickens or SCID mice. Experimentally infected cockatiels shed oocysts more than 30 DPI, with an infection intensity ranging from 4,000 to 60,000 oocysts per gram (OPG). Naturally infected cockatiels shed oocysts with an infection intensity ranging from 2,000 to 30,000 OPG. Cryptosporidium proventriculi infects the proventriculus and ventriculus, and oocysts measure 7.4 × 5.8 μm. None of the birds infected C. proventriculi developed clinical signs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Holubová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zikmundová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zlata Limpouchová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Rajský
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Applied Zoology and Game Management, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Zaneta Kopacz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kopacz Ż, Kváč M, Karpiński P, Hendrich AB, Sąsiadek MM, Leszczyński P, Sak B, McEvoy J, Kicia M. The First Evidence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis Infection in a Colon Adenocarcinoma From an Immunocompetent Patient. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:35. [PMID: 30886833 PMCID: PMC6409345 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The potential linkage between Cryptosporidium spp. infection and colorectal human cancer was suggested by limited reports showing higher prevalence of C. parvum and C. hominis in patients with colon cancer. Here we conducted research concerning presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in malignant tissue collected from patients with colorectal cancer. Methods: Cancerous colon tissue samples collected from 145 non-HIV infected patients with colorectal cancer were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by immunofluorescence antibody test and genus-specific nested polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing. Results: Screened pathogen was found in cancerous tissue originating from immunocompetent man with colon adenocarcinoma. Genotyping revealed presence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. The presence of Cryptosporidium life cycle stages (oocysts and endogenous stages) in colon carcinoma tissue was confirmed by genus-specific FITC-labeling. Conclusions: Herein, we report on a C. meleagridis infection of a colon adenocarcinoma in an immunocompetent patient. This is the first report of C. meleagridis infection in the human colon and first evidence of active development of this species in cancer tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Kopacz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Paweł Karpiński
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Hendrich
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria M Sąsiadek
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Leszczyński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Čondlová Š, Horčičková M, Havrdová N, Sak B, Hlásková L, Perec-Matysiak A, Kicia M, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Apodemus spp. in Europe. Eur J Protistol 2019; 69:1-13. [PMID: 30826667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Apodemus spp. (striped field mouse, yellow-necked mouse and wood mouse) from 16 European countries was examined by PCR/sequencing of isolates from 437 animals. Overall, 13.7% (60/437) of animals were positive for Cryptosporidium by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of small-subunit rRNA, Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein and actin gene sequences showed the presence of Cryptosporidium ditrichi (22/60), Cryptosporidium apodemi (13/60), Cryptosporidium apodemus genotype I (8/60), Cryptosporidium apodemus genotype II (9/60), Cryptosporidium parvum (2/60), Cryptosporidium microti (2/60), Cryptosporidium muris (2/60) and Cryptosporidium tyzzeri (2/60). At the gp60 locus, novel gp60 families XVIIa and XVIIIa were identified in Cryptosporidium apodemus genotype I and II, respectively, subtype IIaA16G1R1b was identified in C. parvum, and subtypes IXaA8 and IXcA6 in C. tyzzeri. Only animals infected with C. ditrichi, C. apodemi, and Cryptosporidium apodemus genotypes shed oocysts that were detectable by microscopy, with the infection intensity ranging from 2000 to 52,000 oocysts per gram of faeces. None of the faecal samples was diarrheic in the time of the sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Čondlová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Horčičková
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Havrdová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - John McEvoy
- Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Holubová N, Sak B, Hlásková L, Květoňová D, Hanzal V, Rajský D, Rost M, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Host specificity and age-dependent resistance to Cryptosporidium avium infection in chickens, ducks and pheasants. Exp Parasitol 2018; 191:62-65. [PMID: 29959916 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Host- and age-specificity of Cryptosporidium avium were studied in 1-, 21- and 365-day-old chickens (Gallus gallus), domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) under experimental conditions. Cryptosporidium avium was not infectious for ring-necked pheasants, but it was infectious for ducks and chickens at all age categories. The course of infection in ducks did not differ among age categories, but 365-day-old chickens had less severe infections than 1- and 21-day-old chickens. The patent period in chickens and ducks was >30 DPI, but ducks started to shed oocysts of C. avium earlier (5-6 DPI) and at a lower intensity (accumulated value of infection intensity of 58,000-65,000 OPG) than chickens (9-11 DPI and accumulated value of infection intensity of 100,000-105,000 OPG). Experimentally infected birds showed no clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Holubová
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Hanzal
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Rajský
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sampson C, McEvoy J, Oo ZM, Chit AM, Chan AN, Tonkyn D, Soe P, Songer M, Williams AC, Reisinger K, Wittemyer G, Leimgruber P. New elephant crisis in Asia-Early warning signs from Myanmar. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29534096 PMCID: PMC5849331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the southern Bago Yoma mountain range in Myanmar, Asian elephants are being killed at a disturbing rate. This emerging crisis was identified initially through a telemetry study when 7 of 19 of collared elephants were poached within a year of being fitted with a satellite-GPS collar. Subsequent follow up of ground teams confirmed the human caused death or disappearance of at least 19 elephants, including the seven collared individuals, within a 35 km2 area in less than two years. The carcasses of 40 additional elephants were found in areas located across south-central Myanmar once systematic surveys began by our team and collaborators. In addition to the extreme rate of loss, this study documents the targeting of elephants for their skin instead of the more common ivory, an increasing trend in Myanmar. Intensive research programs focused on other conservation problems identified this issue and are now encouraging local authorities to prioritize anti-poaching efforts and improve conservation policies within the country. Myanmar represents one of the last remaining countries in Asia with substantial wildlands suitable for elephants. Increasing rates of human-elephant conflict and poaching events in this country pose a dire threat to the global population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christie Sampson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John McEvoy
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, United States of America
| | - Zaw Min Oo
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aung Myo Chit
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, United States of America
| | - Aung Nyein Chan
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, United States of America
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- WWF–Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - David Tonkyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | | | - Melissa Songer
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, United States of America
| | | | | | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Peter Leimgruber
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Knijnik L, Cardoso R, Rivera M, Filho GCF, Fernandes A, McEvoy J, Whelton S, Gluckman T, Blumenthal R. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY VERSUS ANTIPLATELET MONOTHERAPY AFTER CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT SURGERY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(18)30613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
31
|
Shah R, Ibrahim K, Goli R, Kickler TS, Clarke WA, Schulman S, McEvoy J. EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS FENTANYL ADMINISTRATION ON MYOCARDIAL INJURY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: A SUB-ANALYSIS OF THE PACIFY RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(18)31902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Čondlová Š, Horčičková M, Sak B, Květoňová D, Hlásková L, Konečný R, Stanko M, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium apodemi sp. n. and Cryptosporidium ditrichi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Apodemus spp. Eur J Protistol 2018; 63:1-12. [PMID: 29360041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Faecal samples from striped field mice (n = 72) and yellow-necked mice (n = 246) were screened for Cryptosporidium by microscopy and PCR/sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of small-subunit rRNA, Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein and actin gene sequences revealed the presence of C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris and two new species, C. apodemi and C. ditrichi. Oocysts of C. apodemi are smaller than C. ditrichi and both are experimentally infectious for yellow-necked mice but not for common voles. Additionally, infection by C. ditrichi was established in one of three BALB/c mice. The prepatent period was 7-9 and 5-6 days post infection for C. apodemi and C. ditrichi, respectively. The patent period was greater than 30 days for both species. Infection intensity of C. ditrichi ranged from 4000-50,000 oocyst per gram of faeces and developmental stages of C. ditrichi were detected in the jejunum and ileum. In contrast, neither oocysts nor endogenous developmental stages of C. apodemi were detected in faecal or tissue samples, although C. apodemi DNA was detected in contents from the small and large intestine. Morphological, genetic, and biological data support the establishment of C. apodemi and C. ditrichi as a separate species of the genus Cryptosporidium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Čondlová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Horčičková
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - John McEvoy
- Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Buckley S, Dodd P, Burke A, Guerin S, McEvoy J, Hillery J. Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults with and without learning disability. Psychiatr bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/pb.30.7.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims and MethodAnecdotal evidence suggests that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is underdiagnosed in adults and people of all ages with learning disability. This study examines the clinical practice of Irish consultant psychiatrists when assessing and treating symptoms of ADHD in children and adults with and without a learning disability. A postal questionnaire was sent to 302 consultant psychiatrists working in Ireland.ResultsNinety-seven consultants (32%) responded, 62 working in general adult psychiatry, 23 in child and adolescent psychiatry and 12 in learning disability. Overall, respondents were more confident about making a diagnosis of ADHD in people without a learning disability. Those working with children were significantly more confident in diagnosing and treating ADHD than those working with adults, irrespective of whether the patient had a learning disability.Clinical ImplicationsThere is general agreement that symptoms of ADHD exist in children and adults both with and without a learning disability. It is likely that ADHD may be undertreated in patients with learning disability, especially in the adult population.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kvac M, Hofmannova L, Ortega Y, Holubova N, Horcickova M, Kicia M, Hlaskova L, Kvetonova D, Sak B, McEvoy J. Stray cats are more frequently infected with zoonotic protists than pet cats. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2017; 64. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
36
|
Chow AYM, McEvoy J, Chan IKN, Borschel M, Yuen JHL, Lo JYM. Do men and women with intellectual disabilities understand death? J Intellect Disabil Res 2017; 61:1130-1139. [PMID: 29044766 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with ID are often withheld information about the death of their loved ones as it has often been thought that they do not understand death or cannot grieve. This grief exacerbates the stress of individuals with ID as they often encounter secondary losses such as transitioning to a care facility. The aim of this study is to investigate men and women with ID understanding death concepts and to what extent. METHOD Adopting a stratified random sampling method, 156 Chinese people with ID were invited to join the study. One hundred and ten participants were interviewed using simple death related vignettes expanding upon and replicating a published study carried out in Ireland. The understanding of the five death concepts: causality, irreversibility, nonfunctionality, universality and inevitability was examined. The correlates of demographics, bereavement experiences and comprehension were explored. RESULTS The majority of the participants did understand concepts such as death is irreversible and that the deceased no longer function. One third of the participants understood causality and the universality of death. One fifth understood the inevitability of death. Previous bereavement experiences were correlated with higher understanding. Communication and community skills were correlated with all concepts of death except universality. CONCLUSION The results indicate that individuals with ID do have a partial to full understanding of the concepts of death. The culture of Hong Kong is one that considers death to be a taboo or unlucky subject. Therefore, the results mirror the the lack of understanding of universality and inevitability concepts as it is forbidden to speak of these concepts. An open and honest environment is encouraged to educate individuals with ID about death and bereavement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Y M Chow
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Sau Po Centre on Ageing, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - J McEvoy
- Centre for Disability Studies, School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - I K N Chan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - M Borschel
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - J H L Yuen
- Jockey Club Rehabilitation Complex, Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, Hong Kong
| | - J Y M Lo
- Jockey Club Rehabilitation Complex, Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Aharon-Rotman Y, McEvoy J, Zhaoju Z, Yu H, Wang X, Si Y, Xu Z, Yuan Z, Jeong W, Cao L, Fox AD. Water level affects availability of optimal feeding habitats for threatened migratory waterbirds. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10440-10450. [PMID: 29238566 PMCID: PMC5723607 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive ephemeral wetlands at Poyang Lake, created by dramatic seasonal changes in water level, constitute the main wintering site for migratory Anatidae in China. Reductions in wetland area during the last 15 years have led to proposals to build a Poyang Dam to retain high winter water levels within the lake. Changing the natural hydrological system will affect waterbirds dependent on water level changes for food availability and accessibility. We tracked two goose species with different feeding behaviors (greater white‐fronted geese Anser albifrons [grazing species] and swan geese Anser cygnoides [tuber‐feeding species]) during two winters with contrasting water levels (continuous recession in 2015; sustained high water in 2016, similar to those predicted post‐Poyang Dam), investigating the effects of water level change on their habitat selection based on vegetation and elevation. In 2015, white‐fronted geese extensively exploited sequentially created mudflats, feeding on short nutritious graminoid swards, while swan geese excavated substrates along the water edge for tubers. This critical dynamic ecotone successively exposes subaquatic food and supports early‐stage graminoid growth during water level recession. During sustained high water levels in 2016, both species selected mudflats, but also to a greater degree of habitats with longer established seasonal graminoid swards because access to tubers and new graminoid growth was restricted under high‐water conditions. Longer established graminoid swards offer less energetically profitable forage for both species. Substantial reduction in suitable habitat and confinement to less profitable forage by higher water levels is likely to reduce the ability of geese to accumulate sufficient fat stores for migration, with potential carryover effects on subsequent survival and reproduction. Our results suggest that high water levels in Poyang Lake should be retained during summer, but permitted to gradually recede, exposing new areas throughout winter to provide access for waterbirds from all feeding guilds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Aharon-Rotman
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - John McEvoy
- Conservation Ecology Centre National Zoological Park Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA USA
| | - Zheng Zhaoju
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yali Si
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing China.,Resource Ecology Group Wageningen Universit Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Zhenggang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing Based Big Data Ecological Security for Hunan Province Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha China
| | - Zeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wooseog Jeong
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do Korea
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shijingshan District, Beijing China
| | - Anthony D Fox
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Rønde Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Roy D, McEvoy J, Blonigen M, Amundson M, Khan E. Seasonal variation and ex-situ nitrification activity of ammonia oxidizing archaea in biofilm based wastewater treatment processes. Bioresour Technol 2017; 244:850-859. [PMID: 28841790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was investigated in full-scale two-stage trickling filters (TF) and moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) treating municipal wastewater. Biofilm samples were collected for 17months from nitrifying TF (NTF), biochemical oxygen demand TF (BTF), and MBBR media. The abundance of AOA and AOB was determined using a quantitative PCR approach targeting the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A gene of archaea and bacteria. AOA were dominant in the NTF and MBBR, while AOB dominated in the BTF. AOA and AOB were more abundant during warmer months, and AOA were detected in the BTF only during warmer months. In laboratory nitrification activity experiments, ammonia oxidation to nitrite decreased when AOA populations from the NTF and MBBR were inhibited, demonstrating that AOA contributed to nitrification. This study has shown that AOA outnumber AOB and contribute to ammonia oxidation in full-scale nitrifying biofilm processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhritikshama Roy
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program (#2820), North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (#2470), North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Science (#7690), North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Mark Blonigen
- City of Fargo, 3400 North Broadway, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Maria Amundson
- City of Moorhead, 2121 28th Street N, Moorhead, MN 56560, USA
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (#2470), North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kellnerová K, Holubová N, Jandová A, Vejčík A, McEvoy J, Sak B, Kváč M. First description of Cryptosporidium ubiquitum XIIa subtype family in farmed fur animals. Eur J Protistol 2017; 59:108-113. [PMID: 28482327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in farmed fur animals in the Czech Republic and Poland. A total of 480 faecal samples were collected from fur animals, including 300 American mink (Mustela vison), 60 silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 50 long-tailed chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera), and 70 nutrias (Myocastor coypus), at 14 farms. Samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium using microscopy (following aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining) and sequence analysis of PCR amplified products. Three mink and two chinchillas from two different farms tested positive for Cryptosporidium ubiquitum DNA. The presence of C. ubiquitum DNA was not associated with diarrhoea. Subtyping of C. ubiquitum isolates by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene showed that isolates belonged to the XIIa subtype family, which was previously restricted to humans and ruminants. This suggests that C. ubiquitum subtype XIIa has a broader host range than previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Kellnerová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jandová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Vejčík
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Madan N, Lee A, Matsushita K, Hoogeveen R, Ballantyne C, Selvin E, McEvoy J. ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION AND PULSE PRESSURE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-SENSITIVITY CARDIAC TROPONIN-T AND NT-PRO BNP IN OLDER ADULTS. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(17)35190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
41
|
Leigh J, McEvoy J, Sandfort V, Qureshi W, Carr J, Oelsner EC, Budoff M, Herrington D, Yeboah J. CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORES FOR ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK STRATIFICATION IN SMOKERS: MESA. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(17)34946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
42
|
McEvoy J, Treacy B, Quigley J. A matter of life and death: knowledge about the body and concept of death in adults with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res 2017; 61:89-98. [PMID: 27862508 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased awareness of how people with intellectual disabilities (ID) understand death and dying is necessary in supporting life-long learning, post-bereavement support and planning end-of-life care. Previous research suggests that adults with ID have a limited or 'patchy' understanding of the basic biological components of death. However, the relationship between biological understanding of how the body works and conceptualisation of death remains unexplored in this population. METHOD Thirty adults with ID were interviewed to assess their knowledge of human body function and their understanding of the concept of death. Using pictures, participants were asked if they recognised certain organs, asked to explain the function of various body parts and what would happen if certain body parts were missing or did not work. Participants who referred to 'life' or 'not dying' as the goal of body function were categorised as 'Life Theorisers'. In addition, participants were asked about the causes of death, whether all things die and the status of the body after death. RESULTS The results support previous studies suggesting that understanding of death in adults with ID varies from partial to full comprehension and is associated with level of ID. Also, death comprehension was positively correlated with total body interview scores and 'Life Theorisers' who understood that body parts maintain life and who spontaneously appealed to 'vitalistic' concepts when reasoning about the human body were also more sophisticated in their understanding of death. CONCLUSION The study highlights the relationship between knowledge about the goal of human body functioning and death comprehension in adults with ID. The potential that learning to adopt a 'vitalistic' approach to human functioning may have on the acquisition of a greater understanding of death and dying, understanding illness and supporting end-of-life planning is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J McEvoy
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Treacy
- School of Psychology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Quigley
- School of Psychology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jezkova J, Horcickova M, Hlaskova L, Sak B, Kvetonova D, Novak J, Hofmannova L, McEvoy J, Kvac M. Cryptosporidium testudinis sp. n., Cryptosporidium ducismarci Traversa, 2010 and Cryptosporidium tortoise genotype III (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in tortoises. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [PMID: 27827334 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the diversity of species of Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 in tortoises remains incomplete due to the limited number of studies on these hosts. The aim of the present study was to characterise the genetic diversity and biology of cryptosporidia in tortoises of the family Testudinidae Batsch. Faecal samples were individually collected immediately after defecation and were screened for presence of cryptosporidia by microscopy using aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining, and by PCR amplification and sequence analysis targeting the small subunit rRNA (SSU), Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) and actin genes. Out of 387 faecal samples from 16 tortoise species belonging to 11 genera, 10 and 46 were positive for cryptosporidia by microscopy and PCR, respectively. All samples positive by microscopy were also PCR positive. Sequence analysis of amplified genes revealed the presence of the Cryptosporidium tortoise genotype I (n = 22), C. ducismarci Traversa, 2010 (n = 23) and tortoise genotype III (n = 1). Phylogenetic analyses of SSU, COWP and actin gene sequences revealed that Cryptosporidium tortoise genotype I and C. ducismarci are genetically distinct from previously described species of Cryptosporidium. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium tortoise genotype I, measuring 5.8-6.9 µm × 5.3-6.5 µm, are morphologically distinguishable from C. ducismarci, measuring 4.4-5.4 µm × 4.3-5.3 µm. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium tortoise genotype I and C. ducismarci obtained from naturally infected Russian tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii Gray) were infectious for the same tortoise but not for Reeve's turtles (Mauremys reevesii [Gray]), common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis [Linnaeus]), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata [Vieillot]) and SCID mice (Mus musculus Linnaeus). The prepatent period was 11 and 6 days post infection (DPI) for Cryptosporidium tortoise genotype I and C. ducismarci, respectively; the patent period was longer than 200 days for both cryptosporidia. Naturally or experimentally infected tortoises showed no clinical signs of disease. Our morphological, genetic, and biological data support the establishment of Cryptosporidium tortoise genotype I as a new species, Cryptosporidium testudinis sp. n., and confirm the validity of C. ducismarci as a separate species of the genus Cryptosporidium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jezkova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Horcickova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlaskova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Kvetonova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novak
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Complex Systems, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lada Hofmannova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Martin Kvac
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Le TTA, McEvoy J, Khan E. Mitigation of bactericidal effect of carbon nanotubes by cell entrapment. Sci Total Environ 2016; 565:787-794. [PMID: 27178755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the alginate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) entrapment on the viability of Escherichia coli cells exposed to single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a diameter of 1-2nm. Viability was examined using a galactosidase enzyme assay, LIVE/DEAD BacLight assay, and total ribonucleic acid quantity. Variables studied included SWCNT concentration (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000μg/ml), SWCNT length (0.5-2μm for short SWCNTs and 5-30μm for long SWCNTs), and initial bacterial concentration (6.5 log10 CFU and 9 log10 CFU per test). Results showed that both alginate and PVA entrapments mitigate the bactericidal effect of SWCNTs. At the highest SWCNT concentration tested (1000μg/ml), the viability of the cells relative to controls (systems with only E. coli, no SWCNTs), was 0-60% for free cells and 60-90% for alginate and PVA entrapped cells. The bactericidal effect depended on SWCNT type and concentration, and bacterial concentration. In general, long SWCNTs (5-30μm) caused significantly greater reductions in the viability of entrapped cells than the short SWCNTs except for the two highest SWCNT concentrations studied, 500 and 1000μg/ml. Microscopy showed that the entrapment matrices prevented SWCNTs from entering the beads. This study shows that bacterial entrapment is effective at limiting the bactericidal effect of SWCNTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tu Thi Anh Le
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; Biology Department, Da Lat University, Da Lat, Vietnam
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Holubová N, Sak B, Horčičková M, Hlásková L, Květoňová D, Menchaca S, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium avium n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in birds. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2243-51. [PMID: 26905074 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium avian genotype V are described, and the species name Cryptosporidium avium is proposed to reflect its specificity for birds under natural and experimental conditions. Oocysts of C. avium measured 5.30-6.90 μm (mean = 6.26 μm) × 4.30-5.50 μm (mean = 4.86 μm) with a length to width ratio of 1.29 (1.14-1.47). Oocysts of C. avium obtained from four naturally infected red-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezealandiae) were infectious for 6-month-old budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and hens (Gallus gallus f. domestica). The prepatent periods in both susceptible bird species was 11 days postinfection (DPI). The infection intensity of C. avium in budgerigars and hens was low, with a maximum intensity of 5000 oocysts per gram of feces. Oocysts of C. avium were microscopically detected at only 12-16 DPI in hens and 12 DPI in budgerigars, while PCR analyses revealed the presence of specific DNA in fecal samples from 11 to 30 DPI (the conclusion of the experiment). Cryptosporidium avium was not infectious for 8-week-old SCID and BALB/c mice (Mus musculus). Naturally or experimentally infected birds showed no clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis, and no pathology was detected. Developmental stages of C. avium were detected in the ileum and cecum using scanning electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit rRNA, actin, and heat shock protein 70 gene sequences revealed that C. avium is genetically distinct from previously described Cryptosporidium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Holubová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Horčičková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Menchaca
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chelladurai JJ, Clark ME, Kváč M, Holubová N, Khan E, Stenger BLS, Giddings CW, McEvoy J. Cryptosporidium galli and novel Cryptosporidium avian genotype VI in North American red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1901-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
47
|
Kotkova M, Nemejc K, Sak B, Hanzal V, Kvetonova D, Hlaskova L, Condlova S, McEvoy J, Kvac M. Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, C. muris and Cryptosporidium deer genotype in wild cervids and caprines in the Czech Republic. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [PMID: 26857135 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kotkova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Nemejc
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Education and Communication, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Hanzal
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Kvetonova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlaskova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Condlova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Martin Kvac
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kváč M, Havrdová N, Hlásková L, Daňková T, Kanděra J, Ježková J, Vítovec J, Sak B, Ortega Y, Xiao L, Modrý D, Chelladurai JRJJ, Prantlová V, McEvoy J. Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): Molecular and Biological Evidence of Cryptic Species within Gastric Cryptosporidium of Mammals. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147090. [PMID: 26771460 PMCID: PMC4714919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium muris strain TS03 are described, and the species name Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. is proposed. Cryptosporidium proliferans obtained from a naturally infected East African mole rat (Tachyoryctes splendens) in Kenya was propagated under laboratory conditions in rodents (SCID mice and southern multimammate mice, Mastomys coucha) and used in experiments to examine oocyst morphology and transmission. DNA from the propagated C. proliferans isolate, and C. proliferans DNA isolated from the feces of an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Central African Republic, a donkey (Equus africanus) in Algeria, and a domestic horse (Equus caballus) in the Czech Republic were used for phylogenetic analyses. Oocysts of C. proliferans are morphologically distinguishable from C. parvum and C. muris HZ206, measuring 6.8–8.8 (mean = 7.7 μm) × 4.8–6.2 μm (mean = 5.3) with a length to width ratio of 1.48 (n = 100). Experimental studies using an isolate originated from T. splendens have shown that the course of C. proliferans infection in rodent hosts differs from that of C. muris and C. andersoni. The prepatent period of 18–21 days post infection (DPI) for C. proliferans in southern multimammate mice (Mastomys coucha) was similar to that of C. andersoni and longer than the 6–8 DPI prepatent period for C. muris RN66 and HZ206 in the same host. Histopatologicaly, stomach glands of southern multimammate mice infected with C. proliferans were markedly dilated and filled with necrotic material, mucus, and numerous Cryptosporidium developmental stages. Epithelial cells of infected glands were atrophic, exhibited cuboidal or squamous metaplasia, and significantly proliferated into the lumen of the stomach, forming papillary structures. The epithelial height and stomach weight were six-fold greater than in non-infected controls. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit rRNA, Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein, thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of Cryptosporidium-1, heat shock protein 70, actin, heat shock protein 90 (MS2), MS1, MS3, and M16 gene sequences revealed that C. proliferans is genetically distinct from C. muris and other previously described Cryptosporidium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Nikola Havrdová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Daňková
- Grammar School and High School of Economics, Vimperk, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kanděra
- Grammar School and High School of Economics, Vimperk, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ježková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vítovec
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ynes Ortega
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Veronika Prantlová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wagnerová P, Sak B, McEvoy J, Rost M, Sherwood D, Holcomb K, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium parvum and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in American Mustangs and Chincoteague ponies. Exp Parasitol 2015; 162:24-7. [PMID: 26688100 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Cryptosporidium and microsporidia in feral horses, which have minimal contact with livestock and humans, is not currently known. We report the findings of a study on Cryptosporidium and microsporidia in 34 Mustangs and 50 Chincoteague ponies in the USA. Fecal samples were screened for presence of Cryptosporidium spp. by analysis of the small-subunit rRNA (SSU) and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. by analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS). Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi were detected in 28/84 (33.3%) and 7/84 (8.3%) samples, respectively. Sequence analysis of SSU and ITS revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 20) and E. bieneusi genotype horse 1 (n = 7), respectively. Subtyping of C. parvum isolates at the gp60 locus showed the presence of subtype IIaA17G2R1 in Mustangs and subtypes IIaA13G2R1 and IIaA15G2R1 in Chincoteague ponies. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype horse 1 was detected in Mustangs (n = 2) and Chincoteague ponies (n = 5). No Cryptosporidium or E. bieneusi positive animals had diarrhea. The finding that Mustangs and Chincoteague ponies are host to the zoonotic pathogen C. parvum suggests that their infrequent contact with humans and livestock is sufficient to maintain transmission; however, we should also consider the possibility that C. parvum is an established parasite of Mustangs and Chincoteague ponies that persists in these animals independently of contact with humans or livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Wagnerová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dawn Sherwood
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kevin Holcomb
- Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Chincoteague Island, VA, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kváč M, Tomanová V, Samková E, Koubová J, Kotková M, Hlásková L, McEvoy J, Sak B. Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Raw Cow's Milk Remains Infectious After Pasteurization. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 13:77-9. [PMID: 26650923 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the prevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in raw cow's milk and evaluates the effect of different milk pasteurization treatments on E. cuniculi infectivity for severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Using a nested polymerase chain reaction approach, 1 of 50 milking cows was found to repeatedly shed E. cuniculi in its feces and milk. Under experimental conditions, E. cuniculi spores in milk remained infective for SCID mice following pasteurization treatments at 72 °C for 15 s or 85 °C for 5 s. Based on these findings, pasteurized cow's milk should be considered a potential source of E. cuniculi infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kváč
- 1 Institute of Parasitology , Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic .,2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice , České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Tomanová
- 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice , České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Samková
- 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice , České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Koubová
- 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice , České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kotková
- 1 Institute of Parasitology , Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic .,2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice , České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- 1 Institute of Parasitology , Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Bohumil Sak
- 1 Institute of Parasitology , Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|