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Pontén M, Jonsjö M, Vadenmark V, Moberg E, Grannas D, Andersson G, Boersma K, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Kleinstaeuber M, Weise C, Kaldo V, Ljótsson B, Andersson E, Axelsson E, Jensen K. Association between expectations and clinical outcomes in online v. face-to-face therapy - an individual participant data meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1207-1214. [PMID: 37905404 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online treatments are increasing in number and are currently available for a wide range of clinical problems. To date little is known about the role of treatment expectations and other placebo-like mechanisms in online settings compared to traditional face-to-face treatment. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed individual participant data from randomized clinical trials that compared online and face-to-face psychological interventions. METHODS MEDLINE (Ovid) and PsycINFO (Ovid) were last searched on 2 February 2021. Randomized clinical trials of therapist guided online v. face-to-face psychological interventions for psychiatric or somatic conditions using a randomized controlled design were included. Titles, abstracts, and full texts of studies were independently screened by multiple observers. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guideline was followed. Authors of the matching trials were contacted for individual participant data. Ratings from the Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire and the primary outcome measure from each trial were used to estimate the association between expectation ratings and treatment outcomes in online v. face-to-face interventions, using a mixed-effects model. RESULTS Of 7045 screened studies, 62 full-text articles were retrieved whereof six studies fulfilled the criteria and provided individual participant data (n = 491). Overall, CEQ ratings predicted clinical outcomes (β = 0.27) at end of treatment with no moderating effect of treatment modality (online v. face-to-face). CONCLUSIONS Online treatment appears to be equally susceptible to expectancy effects as face-to-face therapy. This furthers our understanding of the importance of placebo-like factors in online treatment and may aid the improvement of healthcare in online settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Pontén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Jonsjö
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Medical Unit Medical Psychology, Theme Women's Health and Allied Health Professionals, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Viktor Vadenmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Erica Moberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - David Grannas
- Biostatistics Core Facility, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Katja Boersma
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | | | - Cornelia Weise
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Kaldo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brjánn Ljótsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Erland Axelsson
- Liljeholmen Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Academic Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karin Jensen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Seo HS, Rockers L, Kim YG. The Effect of Response Conditions on Food Images-Evoked Emotions Measured Using the Valence × Arousal Circumplex-Inspired Emotion Questionnaire ( CEQ). Foods 2023; 12:foods12112250. [PMID: 37297493 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2020, a single-response-based, valence × arousal circumplex-inspired emotion questionnaire (CEQ) was developed. Using a between-participants design, previous studies have found that a multiple response (MR) condition better discriminated test samples (e.g., written food names) based on their evoked emotions than a single response (SR) condition. This research, comprising Studies 1 and 2, aimed to determine the effect of response conditions (i.e., SR vs. MR) on emotional responses to food image samples, using a within-participants design. In Study 1, 105 Korean participants were asked to select a pair of emotion terms (i.e., SR condition) or select all pairs representing their evoked emotions (i.e., MR condition) from a list of 12 pairs of emotion terms of the CEQ, in response to the 14 food images. Both SR and MR conditions were tested within a remote (online) session. To minimize both a potential carry-over effect of the "within-participants design" and an influence of environmental factors in the remote testing, Study 2 asked 64 U.S. participants to do so over two separated sessions on two different days in a controlled laboratory setting. In both Studies 1 and 2, participants selected the CEQ's emotion-term pairs in the MR condition more frequently than in the SR condition, leading to the MR condition's higher capacity to discriminate test samples. While the configurations of the correspondence analysis biplots drawn in the SR and MR conditions were similar, those in the MR condition were more likely to be similar to the configurations of the principal component analysis biplots drawn from the ratings of valence and arousal for food image samples. In conclusion, this study provides robust empirical evidence that the MR condition can perform better in capturing sample differences in food-evoked emotions, while the SR condition is also effective in characterizing emotional profiles of test samples. Our findings will provide practical insights to sensory professionals, enabling them to effectively leverage the CEQ or its variants when measuring food-evoked emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Seok Seo
- Department of Computer and Information Security, and Industry Academy Cooperation Foundation, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, 2650 North Young Avenue, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Lydia Rockers
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, 2650 North Young Avenue, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Young-Gab Kim
- Department of Computer and Information Security, and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Simonsson O, Hendricks PS, Chambers R, Osika W, Goldberg SB. Prevalence and associations of challenging, difficult or distressing experiences using classic psychedelics. J Affect Disord 2023; 326:105-110. [PMID: 36720405 PMCID: PMC9974873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated challenging, difficult, or distressing classic psychedelic experiences, but little is known about the prevalence and associations of such experiences. Using nationally representative data of the US adult population (N = 2822), this study examined the prevalence and associations of challenging, difficult, or distressing experiences using classic psychedelics, in a subsample of respondents who reported lifetime classic psychedelic use (n = 613). Of the 613 respondents who reported lifetime classic psychedelic use, the majority of them (59.1 %) had never had a challenging, difficult, or distressing experience using a classic psychedelic, but 8.9 % of respondents reported functional impairment that lasted longer than one day as a result of such experiences. Notably, 2.6 % reported seeking medical, psychiatric, or psychological assistance in the days or weeks following their most challenging, difficult, or distressing classic psychedelic experience. In covariate-adjusted regression models, co-use of lithium, co-use of other mood stabilizers, and six set and setting variables (no preparation, disagreeable physical environment, negative mindset, no psychological support, dose was too large, major life event prior to experience) were associated with the degree of difficulty; and co-use of lithium, co-use of other mood stabilizers, and three set and setting variables (negative mindset, no psychological support, major life event prior to experience) were associated with overall risk of harm. In summary, this study provides insight into the prevalence and associations of challenging, difficult, or distressing classic psychedelic experiences. The findings broadly correspond with findings from previous studies and can inform harm reduction efforts and future experimental research designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Simonsson
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Peter S Hendricks
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard Chambers
- Monash Centre for Consciousness & Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Walter Osika
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon B Goldberg
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Henriksen L, Debrecéniová J, Hrabovská A, Pufflerová Š, Blix E. Adaption and validation of the childbirth experience questionnaire ( CEQ-SK) in Slovakia. Eur J Midwifery 2023; 7:6. [PMID: 36926447 PMCID: PMC10012084 DOI: 10.18332/ejm/160973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Using validated and reliable instruments to examine women's birth experiences is important to ensure respectful care. There is a lack of validated instruments for evaluating childbirth care in the Slovak context. In this study, we aimed to adapt and validate the childbirth experience questionnaire (CEQ) in Slovakia (CEQ-SK). METHOD The CEQ-SK was developed and modified from the English version of the CEQ/CEQ2. Face validity was tested in two pre-tests. A convenience sample, recruited through social media, included 286 women who had given birth within the last six months. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Construct and discriminant validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis and known-group comparison. RESULTS The exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-dimensional structure, explaining 63.3% of the total variance. The factors were labelled 'Own capacity', 'Professional support' and 'Decision making'. No items were excluded. Internal consistency was demonstrated with an overall Cronbach's alpha of 0.94 for the total scale. Primiparous women, women who had an emergency cesarean section, and women who had been exposed to the Kristeller manoeuvre had a lower overall score on the CEQ-SK compared to parous women, women having a vaginal birth and women not exposed to the Kristeller manoeuvre. CONCLUSION The CEQ-SK was found to be a valid and reliable tool for evaluating childbirth experience in Slovakia. The original CEQ is a four-dimensional questionnaire; however, factor analysis showed a three-dimensional structure in the Slovak sample. This needs to be taken into consideration when comparing the results from the CEQ-SK with studies that use the four-dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Henriksen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Division of General Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anna Hrabovská
- Citizen, Democracy and Accountability, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Ellen Blix
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Lou G, Chen P, Zhou H, Li P, Xiong J, Wan S, Zheng Y, Alam M, Liu R, Zhou Y, Yang H, Tian Y, Bai J, Rao W, Tan X, Gao H, Li Y, Gao G, Zhang Q, Li X, Liu C, He Y. FLOURY ENDOSPERM19 encoding a class I glutamine amidotransferase affects grain quality in rice. Mol Breed 2021; 41:36. [PMID: 37309330 PMCID: PMC10236042 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-021-01226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a staple food for more than half of the world's population, the importance of rice is self-evident. Compared with ordinary rice, rice cultivars with superior eating quality and appearance quality are more popular with consumers due to their unique taste and ornamental value, even if their price is much higher. Appearance quality and CEQ (cooking and eating quality) are two very important aspects in the evaluation of rice quality. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study on floury endosperm in a diverse panel of 533 cultivated rice accessions. We identified a batch of potential floury genes and prioritize one (LOC_Os03g48060) for functional analyses. Two floury outer endosperm mutants (flo19-1 and flo19-2) were generated through editing LOC_Os03g48060 (named as FLO19 in this study), which encodes a class I glutamine amidotransferase. The different performances of the two mutants in various storage substances directly led to completely different changes in CEQ. The mutation of FLO19 gene caused the damage of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in rice, which affected the normal growth and development of rice, including decreased plant height and yield loss by decreased grain filling rate. Through haplotype analysis, we identified a haplotype of FLO19 that can improve both CEQ and appearance quality of rice, Hap2, which provides a selection target for rice quality improvement, especially for high-yield indica rice varieties. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-021-01226-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Lou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingli Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, The Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Hao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingbo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mufid Alam
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjia Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanyuan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yahong Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenting Rao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haozhou Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanjun Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinglu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanguang Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, The Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Yuqing He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Dencker A, Bergqvist L, Berg M, Greenbrook JTV, Nilsson C, Lundgren I. Measuring women's experiences of decision-making and aspects of midwifery support: a confirmatory factor analysis of the revised Childbirth Experience Questionnaire. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:199. [PMID: 32252679 PMCID: PMC7137445 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-02869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women’s experiences of labour and birth can have both short- and long-term effects on their physical and psychological health. The original Swedish version of the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) has shown to have good psychometric quality and ability to differentiate between groups known to differ in childbirth experience. Two subscales were revised in order to include new items with more relevant content about decision-making and aspects of midwifery support. The aim of the study was to develop new items in two subscales and to test construct validity and reliability of the revised version of CEQ, called CEQ2. Method A total of 11 new items (Professional Support and Participation) and 14 original items from the first CEQ (Own capacity and Perceived safety), were answered by 682 women with spontaneous onset of labour. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyse model fit. Results The hypothesised four-factor model showed good fit (CMIN = 2.79; RMR = 0.33; GFI = 0.94; CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.054 and PCLOSE = 0.12) Cronbach’s alpha was good for all subscales (0.82, 0.83, 0.76 and 0.73) and for the total scale (0.91). Conclusions CEQ2, like the first CEQ, yields four important aspects of experience during labour and birth showing good psychometric performance, including decision-making and aspects of midwifery support, in both primiparous and multiparous women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dencker
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 457, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Liselotte Bergqvist
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 457, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics, Sahlgrenska University hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Berg
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 457, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics, Sahlgrenska University hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josephine T V Greenbrook
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 457, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Mason Institute of Medicine, Life Science and the Law, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christina Nilsson
- Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Ingela Lundgren
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 457, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics, Sahlgrenska University hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Carvalho T, Cunha M, Pinto-Gouveia J, da Motta C. Development of the combat distress scale of the Combat Experiences Questionnaire ( CEQ). J Affect Disord 2015; 174:602-10. [PMID: 25569613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military combat exposure can be perceived as a great threat to the integrity of soldiers. However, no available assessment tools evaluate the degree of emotional distress that results from the exposure to various combat scenarios. This paper presents the second independent section of the Combat Exposure Questionnaire, the Combat Distress Scale (CEQ B). This questionnaire assesses Veterans׳ subjective emotional distress that is due to objective and typical military combat scenarios during war. METHODS A sample of 708 Portuguese Overseas War Veterans participated. The scale structure of the CEQ B was analyzed with a Rasch Model, and the internal consistency and convergent validity of the scale were studied. The temporal reliability was calculated in a subgroup of 112 participants. Two samples of war Veterans with and without war-related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (N=40 and N=47, respectively) were used to explore the scale׳s discriminant validity. RESULTS Overall, the CEQ B showed an acceptable fit to the data, excellent internal consistency, high temporal stability, adequate convergent validity and suitable discriminant validity. LIMITATIONS This study used a population of male war Veterans that did not equally represent genders or the full adult age span, which may hinder the generalization of the results. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that the CEQ B is valid, reliable and supported by convergent and discriminant data. This lends confidence in the use of the measure as an assessment of the subjective emotional distress resulting from exposure to military combat scenarios in clinical and research settings.
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Carvalho T, Pinto-Gouveia J, Cunha M, da Motta C. Development of exposure to combat severity scale of the combat experiences questionnaire ( CEQ). J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:938-46. [PMID: 25445084 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Combat exposure is detrimental to physical and mental health, and is an important risk factor for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The current study aimed to develop the first section of a self-report measure (Combat Experiences Questionnaire - CEQ), and to explore its psychometric properties on Portuguese Overseas War Veterans. The Exposure to Combat Severity Scale (CEQ A), assesses the exposure severity to objective scenarios related to military combat, common to contemporary and older theaters of operations. Studies included structural analysis through Rash Model, internal consistency, convergent validity (n=708), temporal reliability (n=112) and sensibility to differentiate war Veterans with and without war-related PTSD (N=40 and N=47, respectively). The scale's structure presented adequate fit to the data, adequate psychometric properties, and discriminant validity. Thus, the CEQ A is a valid and reliable tool presenting diverse combat scenarios to assess severity of combat exposure in war Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Carvalho
- CINEICC - Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José Pinto-Gouveia
- CINEICC - Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marina Cunha
- CINEICC - Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina da Motta
- CINEICC - Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Division of Psychology, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal
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Fernandez-Egea E, Scoriels L, Theegala S, Giro M, Ozanne SE, Burling K, Jones PB. Cannabis use is associated with increased CCL11 plasma levels in young healthy volunteers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 46:25-8. [PMID: 23820464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is a widely used recreational drug. Its effect on human health and psychosis remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to explore the possibility that cannabis use influenced CCL11 plasma levels. Increased CCL11 chemokine has been reported in schizophrenia and cannabis is a known trigger of schizophrenia. Additionally, plasma levels of the chemokine CCL11 have recently been shown to increase with age and with cognitive deficits and hippocampal neurogenesis. For this study, a total of 87 healthy volunteers (68% men, age range 18-35 years) completed the Cannabis Experience Questionnaire that included information on sociodemographic and morphometric data and provided a blood sample for CCL11 measurement. 'Current users' of cannabis (n=18) had significantly higher CCL11 plasma levels compared to 'past users' (n=33) and 'never users' (n=36) [F(3,84)=3.649; p=0.030]. The latter two groups had similar CCL11 levels. Higher CCL11 plasma levels could not be attributed to gender, age, body mass index, physical activity or use of other legal/illegal drugs. These results suggest that cannabis use increases CCL11 plasma levels and the effects are reversible when cannabis use ceases.
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