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Mori T, Fujimaru T, Liu C, Patterson K, Yamamoto K, Suzuki T, Chiga M, Sekine A, Ubara Y, Miller DE, Zalusky MPG, Mandai S, Ando F, Mori Y, Kikuchi H, Susa K, Chong JX, Bamshad MJ, Tan YQ, Zhang F, Uchida S, Sohara E. CFAP47 is a novel causative gene implicated in X-linked polycystic kidney disease. medRxiv 2024:2024.04.05.24304760. [PMID: 38633811 PMCID: PMC11023651 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.24304760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a well-described condition in which ~80% of cases have a genetic explanation, while the genetic basis of sporadic cystic kidney disease in adults remains unclear in ~30% of cases. This study aimed to identify novel genes associated with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in patients with sporadic cystic kidney disease in which a clear genetic change was not identified in established genes. A next-generation sequencing panel analyzed known genes related to renal cysts in 118 sporadic cases, followed by whole-genome sequencing on 47 unrelated individuals without identified candidate variants. Three male patients were found to have rare missense variants in the X-linked gene Cilia And Flagella Associated Protein 47 (CFAP47). CFAP47 was expressed in primary cilia of human renal tubules, and knockout mice exhibited vacuolation of tubular cells and tubular dilation, providing evidence that CFAP47 is a causative gene involved in cyst formation. This discovery of CFAP47 as a newly identified gene associated with PKD, displaying X-linked inheritance, emphasizes the need for further cases to understand the role of CFAP47 in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujimaru
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Soong Ching Ling Institute of Maternal and Child Health, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Karynne Patterson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takefumi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Chiga
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinari Sekine
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Toranomon Hospital, Japan
- Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ubara
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Toranomon Hospital, Japan
- Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Danny E Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357371, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357657, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miranda PG Zalusky
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357371, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shintaro Mandai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kikuchi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jessica X. Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357371, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357657, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357371, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357657, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Soong Ching Ling Institute of Maternal and Child Health, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu M, Dai S, Zhang J, Yang Y, Shen Y, Liu H, Yang Y, Jiang C, Tian E. A novel mutation in CFAP47 causes male infertility due to multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1155639. [PMID: 37424856 PMCID: PMC10326514 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1155639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A previous study suggested that loss of CFAP47 function is involved in multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) in humans and mice. However, the comprehensive role of CFAP47 in spermatogenesis is largely unknown. Methods Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was conducted to identify pathogenic variant in two patients with MMAF. The functional effect of the identified mutations was investigated by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was used to assist fertilization for the patient with MMAF. Results In this study, we identified a novel missense mutation (c.1414G>A; p.V472M) in CFAP47 in two unrelated patients with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Intriguingly, in addition to the MMAF phenotype very analogous to the previous report, the two patients notably presented abnormal morphology of sperm heads, the sperm mitochondrial sheath was obviously disorganized, and the sperm annulus were almost defective. Further functional experiments confirmed that the expression of CFAP47 was markedly reduced in the spermatozoa of the patients. Mechanism analysis suggested that CFAP47 might regulate the expression of CFAP65, CFAP69 and SEPTIN4 through their physical interactions and thus modulating sperm morphogenesis. Conclusion we revealed a novel mutation in CFAP47 and further expanded the phenotype and mutation spectrum of CFAP47, as well as the potential mechanism of CFAP47 manipulating spermatogenesis, finally providing important guidance for genetic counseling and targeted treatment for CFAP47 mutation-related male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Medical Genetics Department/Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Reproduction Medical Center of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongqian Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Medical Genetics Department/Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Medical Genetics Department/Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Erpo Tian
- Department of Andrology, Xi’nan Gynecology Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Liao HQ, Guo ZY, Huang LH, Liu G, Lu JF, Zhang YF, Xing XW. WDR87 interacts with CFAP47 protein in the middle piece of spermatozoa flagella to participate in sperm tail assembly. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 29:6960929. [PMID: 36571501 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex process that includes spermatogonia self-renewal, spermatocyte meiosis and spermatozoa assembly. Recent studies have revealed that WD40-repeat domain-containing (WDR) proteins play important roles in spermatocyte division, spermatozoa flagella assembly and head shaping. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of WDR87 and found that it was highly expressed in the testis of both humans and mice. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that mouse WDR87 was distributed in the perinuclear cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes and round spermatids. In the spermiogenesis stage, with extension of the nucleus, WDR87 migrated to the manchette and finally localized to the middle piece of the spermatozoa tail. Furthermore, we identified a cilia- and flagella-associated protein, CFAP47, which interacted with WDR87 in the flagellar midpiece of the spermatozoa, suggesting that WDR87 may be associated with multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF). Subsequently, we screened gene mutations in seven MMAF individuals and found two novel mutations in CFAP47 (c.706G>A, Val236Met; c.1337C>T, Thr446Met) in one case. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence revealed that CFAP47 was dramatically reduced in spermatozoa from the CFAP47-mutated man. Meanwhile, the expression of WDR87 was also significantly decreased, and weak signals were detected adjacent to the spermatozoa nuclei, indicating that CFAP47 was necessary for WDR87 transportation during spermatozoa flagella biogenesis. These data indicate that WDR87 is located in the middle piece of the sperm tail and interacts with CFAP47 to form a complex which is involved in spermatozoa tail assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Liao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hengyang Nanhua-Xinghui Reproductive Health Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Zi-Yi Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hengyang Nanhua-Xinghui Reproductive Health Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- The Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Feng Lu
- Hengyang Nanhua-Xinghui Reproductive Health Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Xing
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Liu C, Tu C, Wang L, Wu H, Houston BJ, Mastrorosa FK, Zhang W, Shen Y, Wang J, Tian S, Meng L, Cong J, Yang S, Jiang Y, Tang S, Zeng Y, Lv M, Lin G, Li J, Saiyin H, He X, Jin L, Touré A, Ray PF, Veltman JA, Shi Q, O'Bryan MK, Cao Y, Tan YQ, Zhang F. Deleterious variants in X-linked CFAP47 induce asthenoteratozoospermia and primary male infertility. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:309-323. [PMID: 33472045 PMCID: PMC7895902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthenoteratozoospermia characterized by multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) has been identified as a sub-type of male infertility. Recent progress has identified several MMAF-associated genes with an autosomal recessive inheritance in human affected individuals, but the etiology in approximately 40% of affected individuals remains unknown. Here, we conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES) and identified hemizygous missense variants in the X-linked CFAP47 in three unrelated Chinese individuals with MMAF. These three CFAP47 variants were absent in human control population genome databases and were predicted to be deleterious by multiple bioinformatic tools. CFAP47 encodes a cilia- and flagella-associated protein that is highly expressed in testis. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays revealed obviously reduced levels of CFAP47 in spermatozoa from all three men harboring deleterious missense variants of CFAP47. Furthermore, WES data from an additional cohort of severe asthenoteratozoospermic men originating from Australia permitted the identification of a hemizygous Xp21.1 deletion removing the entire CFAP47 gene. All men harboring hemizygous CFAP47 variants displayed typical MMAF phenotypes. We also generated a Cfap47-mutated mouse model, the adult males of which were sterile and presented with reduced sperm motility and abnormal flagellar morphology and movement. However, fertility could be rescued by the use of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSIs). Altogether, our experimental observations in humans and mice demonstrate that hemizygous mutations in CFAP47 can induce X-linked MMAF and asthenoteratozoospermia, for which good ICSI prognosis is suggested. These findings will provide important guidance for genetic counseling and assisted reproduction treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Chaofeng Tu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China; Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha 410000, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Lingbo Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Brendan J Houston
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Francesco K Mastrorosa
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wen Zhang
- Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiaxiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Shixiong Tian
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Lanlan Meng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Jiangshan Cong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Shenmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Yiwen Jiang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Shuyan Tang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yuyan Zeng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Mingrong Lv
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China; Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha 410000, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaojin He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Jin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Aminata Touré
- Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Institute for Advance Biosciences, Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM U1209, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5309, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Institute for Advance Biosciences, Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM U1209, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5309, Grenoble 38000, France; UM de genetique de l'infertilite et de diagnostic pre-implantatoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Qinghua Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China; Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha 410000, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China.
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