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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID Innov 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Claeys W, Van Hoecke L, Lefere S, Geerts A, Verhelst X, Van Vlierberghe H, Degroote H, Devisscher L, Vandenbroucke RE, Van Steenkiste C. The neurogliovascular unit in hepatic encephalopathy. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100352. [PMID: 34611619 PMCID: PMC8476774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of hepatic dysfunction and portosystemic shunting. It is highly prevalent in patients with cirrhosis and is associated with poor outcomes. New insights into the role of peripheral origins in HE have led to the development of innovative treatment strategies like faecal microbiota transplantation. However, this broadening of view has not been applied fully to perturbations in the central nervous system. The old paradigm that HE is the clinical manifestation of ammonia-induced astrocyte dysfunction and its secondary neuronal consequences requires updating. In this review, we will use the holistic concept of the neurogliovascular unit to describe central nervous system disturbances in HE, an approach that has proven instrumental in other neurological disorders. We will describe HE as a global dysfunction of the neurogliovascular unit, where blood flow and nutrient supply to the brain, as well as the function of the blood-brain barrier, are impaired. This leads to an accumulation of neurotoxic substances, chief among them ammonia and inflammatory mediators, causing dysfunction of astrocytes and microglia. Finally, glymphatic dysfunction impairs the clearance of these neurotoxins, further aggravating their effect on the brain. Taking a broader view of central nervous system alterations in liver disease could serve as the basis for further research into the specific brain pathophysiology of HE, as well as the development of therapeutic strategies specifically aimed at counteracting the often irreversible central nervous system damage seen in these patients.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AD, acute decompensation
- ALF, acute liver failure
- AOM, azoxymethane
- AQP4, aquaporin 4
- Acute Liver Failure
- Ammonia
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- Blood-brain barrier
- Brain edema
- CCL, chemokine ligand
- CCR, C-C chemokine receptor
- CE, cerebral oedema
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CLDN, claudin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Cirrhosis
- Energy metabolism
- GS, glutamine synthetase
- Glymphatic system
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- IL-, interleukin
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- MRP, multidrug resistance associated protein
- NGVU
- NGVU, neurogliovascular unit
- NKCC1, Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 1
- Neuroinflammation
- OCLN, occludin
- ONS, oxidative and nitrosative stress
- Oxidative stress
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PCA, portacaval anastomosis
- PSS, portosystemic shunt
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SUR1, sulfonylurea receptor 1
- Systemic inflammation
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- TJ, tight junction
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TNFR1, tumour necrosis factor receptor 1
- ZO, zonula occludens
- mPT, mitochondrial pore transition
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Claeys
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Lefere
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anja Geerts
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Verhelst
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helena Degroote
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Steenkiste
- Antwerp University, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maria Middelares Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Senger S, Ingano L, Freire R, Anselmo A, Zhu W, Sadreyev R, Walker WA, Fasano A. Human Fetal-Derived Enterospheres Provide Insights on Intestinal Development and a Novel Model to Study Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC). Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:549-568. [PMID: 29930978 PMCID: PMC6009798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Untreated necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can lead to massive inflammation resulting in intestinal necrosis with a high mortality rate in preterm infants. Limited access to human samples and relevant experimental models have hampered progress in NEC pathogenesis. Earlier evidence has suggested that bacterial colonization of an immature and developing intestine can lead to an abnormally high inflammatory response to bacterial bioproducts. The aim of our study was to use human fetal organoids to gain insights into NEC pathogenesis. METHODS RNA sequencing analysis was performed to compare patterns of gene expression in human fetal-derived enterospheres (FEnS) and adult-derived enterospheres (AEnS). Differentially expressed genes were analyzed using computational techniques for dimensional reduction, clustering, and gene set enrichment. Unsupervised cluster analysis, Gene Ontology, and gene pathway analysis were used to predict differences between gene expression of samples. Cell monolayers derived from FEnS and AEnS were evaluated for epithelium function and responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide and commensal bacteria. RESULTS Based on gene expression patterns, FEnS clustered according to their developmental age in 2 distinct groups: early and late FEnS, with the latter more closely resembling AEnS. Genes involved in maturation, gut barrier function, and innate immunity were responsible for these differences. FEnS-derived monolayers exposed to either lipopolysaccharide or commensal Escherichia coli showed that late FEnS activated gene expression of key inflammatory cytokines, whereas early FEnS monolayers did not, owing to decreased expression of nuclear factor-κB-associated machinery. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide insights into processes underlying human intestinal development and support the use of FEnS as a relevant human preclinical model for NEC. Accession number of repository for expression data: GSE101531.
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Key Words
- AD, adult duodenal
- AEnS, adult-derived enterospheres
- CLDN, claudin
- CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- Enteroids
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FEnS, fetal-derived enterospheres
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Fetal Organoids
- HIO, human intestinal organoid
- HS, Escherichia coli human commensal isolate
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide A
- MAMP, microbe-associated molecular pattern
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RPKM, reads per kilobase of transcript per million
- RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- WAE, wound-associated epithelial cells
- ΔΔCT, relative threshold cycle
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Senger
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Ingano
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Freire
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antony Anselmo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weishu Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William Allan Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Alessio Fasano, MD, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center - MGHfC Harvard Medical School 114 16th Street (114-3501), Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129-4404. fax: (617) 724-1731.
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