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Ao Y, Xu J, Duan Z. A novel cardiovirus species identified in feces of wild Himalayan marmots. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 103:105347. [PMID: 35932998 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently a growing number of novel cardioviruses have been frequently discovered, which boosts interest in the search for the genetic diversity of cardioviruses. However, wild-marmot cardioviruses have been rarely reported. Here, a novel cardiovirus (tentatively named HHMCDV) was identified in fecal samples from wild Himalayan marmots in Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China, by viral metagenomics analysis. 3 out of 99 fecal samples from Himalayan marmots were positive for HHMCDV, with the viral loads ranging from 2.7 × 105 to 1.3 × 107 gene copies/g. The complete genomic sequence of HHMCDV was 8108 nucleotides in length, with the typical cardiovirus genome organization and motifs. Coincidentally, while the data was analyzing, one marmot cardiovirus HT7 partial sequence was available in the Genbank, showing 95.1%, 95.6% and 96.0% amino acid (aa) identity in P1, P2 and P3, respectively. However, sequence analysis revealed that HHMCDV and HT7 are more closely related to species Cardiovirus F strain with 65.7%, 61.9-65.6%, 58.9-59.7%, 71.1-71.7%, 69.1-69.4% and 71.4-72.2% aa identity in polyprotein, P1, P2, P3, 2C and 3CD proteins, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of P1, P2, P3 and 3CD aa sequences indicated that HHMCDV and HT7 clustered tightly and formed a distinct cluster in the Cardiovirus genus. Based on these data, we propose that HHMCDV and HT7 should be two different members of a potential novel species within the genus Cardiovirus. Further studies are needed to investigate the epidemiology and potential pathogenicity of the virus in Himalayan marmots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyun Ao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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Rauff B, Malik A, Bhatti YA, Chudhary SA, Fatima K, Rafiq S, Tahir A, Sharif S, Qadri I. Association of Viruses in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:3913-3923. [PMID: 33902408 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210426094502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), primarily inflammatory cardiomyopathy, are characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the myocardium. It has a relatively high risk of deteriorating heart function and has heterogeneous etiologies. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is mainly mediated by viral infections but can also be mediated by protozoa, fungal or bacterial infections. Besides that, there are a wide variety of drugs, toxic substances, and systemic immune-mediated diseases that result in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Despite broad research, inflammatory cardiomyopathy has a poor prognosis. The roles of the pathogens, host genomic counterparts and environmental triggers in the progression of disease are still under consideration, including the role of some viruses as active inducers and others as bystanders. In this review article, we review the available evidence on the types, pathogenesis and treatment of myocarditis, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis with a particular focus on virus-associated cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisma Rauff
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW. Australia
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), University of Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan
| | | | - Shafiq Ahmad Chudhary
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences (IBAHS), University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafquat Rafiq
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Croydon University Hospital NHS Trust, 503 London Road, Croydon CR7 7YE. United Kingdom
| | - Aisha Tahir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Sharif
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), University of Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaq Qadri
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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López GR, Martinez LM, Freyre L, Freire MC, Vladimirsky S, Rabossi A, Cisterna DM. Persistent Detection of Cosavirus and Saffold Cardiovirus in Riachuelo River, Argentina. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:64-73. [PMID: 33165867 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cosaviruses (CoSV) and Saffold cardiovirus (SAFV) are novel members of the Picornaviridae family. The Matanza-Riachuelo river basin covers a total area of 2200 km2 with approximately 60 km long. Its last section is called Riachuelo River. The aim of this study was to describe the circulation of both picornaviruses and their relationship with the environmental situation of the Riachuelo River using 274 samples collected from 2005 to 2015. CoSV and SAFV were investigated in samples available by two periods: 2005-2006 and 2014-2015 (103 and 101, respectively). Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters confirmed very high levels of human fecal contamination during the 11 years evaluated. CoSV was detected in 85.7% (66/77) and 65.4% (17/26) of the samples collected in 2005-2006 and 2014-2015 periods, respectively. Species A and D were identified, the first one being widely predominant: 74.1% (20/27) and 75.0% (3/4) in both periods. SAFV virus was detected in 47.1% (32/68) and 52.6% (10/19) in periods 2005-2006 and 2014-2015, respectively. SAFV-6 was the most identified genotype in the entire study, while SAFV-3 was predominant in 2005-2006. The contribution of genotypes 1, 2, 4 and 8 was minor. The high prevalence of CoSV and SAFV suggests that both viruses have been circulating in Argentina at least since 2005. Our results show that a watercourse with high rates of human fecal contamination can become a persistent source of new viruses which capacity to produce human diseases is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Riviello López
- Prefectura Naval Argentina, Av. Eduardo Madero 235 (1106ACC), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Leila Marina Martinez
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Av. Velez Sarsfield 563 (1282AFF), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Freyre
- Prefectura Naval Argentina, Av. Eduardo Madero 235 (1106ACC), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Freire
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Av. Velez Sarsfield 563 (1282AFF), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sara Vladimirsky
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Av. Velez Sarsfield 563 (1282AFF), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Rabossi
- IIBBA-CONICET and FIL, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405BWE), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Marcelo Cisterna
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Av. Velez Sarsfield 563 (1282AFF), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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O'Connor TW, Finlaison DS, Manning LK, Hazelton MS, Spiers ZB, Pinczowski P, Bolin EM, Kemsley PD, Horadagoda NU, Dart AJ, Cook RW, Kirkland PD. Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in alpacas. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:486-490. [PMID: 32794196 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection was detected by real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in four adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from two properties on the Far North Coast of New South Wales (NSW) in April and May 2018 and in two adult alpacas from a third property on the Central Coast of NSW in October 2018. Viral RNA was detected in a range of samples, including blood, fresh body organs and mucosal swabs. EMCV was isolated from the blood and body organs of five of these alpacas. These animals displayed a range of clinical signs, including inappetence, colic, recumbency and death. Necropsy findings included multifocal to coalescing areas of myocardial pallor, pulmonary congestion and oedema, hepatic congestion and serosal effusion. Histopathological changes comprised acute, multifocal myocardial degeneration and necrosis, with mild, neutrophilic and lymphocytic inflammation (5/5 hearts) and mild, perivascular neutrophilic meningoencephalitis (1/3 brains). This is the first report of disease due to EMCV in alpacas under farm conditions, and it identifies EMCV infection as a differential diagnosis for acute disease and death in this camelid species. In addition to the samples traditionally preferred for EMCV isolation (fresh heart, brain and spleen), blood samples are also appropriate for EMCV detection by qRT-PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W O'Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - D S Finlaison
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - L K Manning
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - M S Hazelton
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - Z B Spiers
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - P Pinczowski
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - E M Bolin
- North Coast Local Land Services, 24-26 Mulgi Drive, South Grafton, New South Wales, 2460, Australia
| | - P D Kemsley
- North Coast Local Land Services, 24-26 Mulgi Drive, South Grafton, New South Wales, 2460, Australia
| | - N U Horadagoda
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - A J Dart
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - R W Cook
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - P D Kirkland
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
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Boros Á, Orlovácz K, Pankovics P, Szekeres S, Földvári G, Fahsbender E, Delwart E, Reuter G. Diverse picornaviruses are prevalent among free-living and laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Hungary and can cause disseminated infections. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 75:103988. [PMID: 31377399 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the full length genomes of three phylogenetically distant picornaviruses (family Picornaviridae) belonging to the genus Rosavirus (rat08/rRoB/HUN, MN116648), Kobuvirus (rat08/rAiA/HUN, MN116647), and Cardiovirus (rat08/rCaB/HUN, MN116646) were obtained from a single faecal sample of a free-living Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) in Hungary using viral metagenomics and RT-PCR/Sanger sequencing. The acquired complete genomes were in silico analyzed in detail revealing the presence of a second minor open reading frame encoding an alternative Leader peptide (L*) in rat08/rCaB/HUN and a ca. 222 nt-long sequence repeat with compact secondary RNA structure in the 3' UTR of rat08/rRoB/HUN. The studied rat picornaviruses were frequently detectable by RT-PCR with relatively high viral loads ranged between 8.99E+02 and 1.29E+06 copies/ml in rat faecal samples collected from five geographically distant locations throughout Hungary. The VP1 sequence-based phylogenetic analyses show the presence of multiple, mostly location-specific lineages for all three picornaviruses. Rat rosavirus and rat cardiovirus were identified in spleen while rat cardiovirus was also detected in liver, muscle and kidney samples with variable copy numbers (6.42E+01-1.90E+05 copies/μg total RNA) suggesting extra-intestinal dissemination. Both viruses were also prevalent (70.0% and 18.2%) among two populations of laboratory rats ("Wistar-type" and "hooded-type") held in different, isolated laboratory animal units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Boros
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Orlovácz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Pankovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szekeres
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Földvári
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; Evolutionary Systems Research Group MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | | | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary.
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6
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Mahmood A, Shama S, Ni H, Wang H, Ling Y, Xu H, Yang S, Naseer QA, Zhang W. Viral Metagenomics Revealed a Novel Cardiovirus in Feces of Wild Rats. Intervirology 2019; 62:45-50. [PMID: 31207600 DOI: 10.1159/000500555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cardiovirus is a genus of viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Here, we used viral metagenomic techniques to detect the viral nucleic acid in the fecal samples from wild rats in Zhenjiang city in China. METHOD Fecal samples were collected from 20 wild rats and pooled into four sample pools and then subjected to libraries construction which were then sequenced on Illumina MiSeq platform. The sequenced reads were analyzed using viral metagenomic analysis pipeline. RESULTS A novel cardiovirus from feces of a wild rat was identified, named amzj-2018, of which the complete genome was acquired. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete amino acid sequence of polyprotein revealed that amzj-2018 formed a separate branch located between clusters of Saffold virus and Rat Theilovirus 1 (RTV-1). Phylogenetic analysis based on different regions of the polyproteins, including P1, P2, P3, and P2+P3, respectively, showed discordant trees, where the tree based on P3 region indicated that amzj-2018 clustered separately between Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and RTV-1. CONCLUSION The complete genome of a cardiovirus was determined from the feces of wild rats which belonged to a novel type of cardiovirus based on phylogenetic analysis. Whether it is associated with disease needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Mahmood
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shama Shama
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hao Ni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu Ling
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hui Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qais Ahmad Naseer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China,
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7
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Bauer L, Ferla S, Head SA, Bhat S, Pasunooti KK, Shi WQ, Albulescu L, Liu JO, Brancale A, van Kuppeveld FJM, Strating JRPM. Structure-activity relationship study of itraconazole, a broad-range inhibitor of picornavirus replication that targets oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP). Antiviral Res 2018; 156:55-63. [PMID: 29807040 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITZ) is a well-known, FDA-approved antifungal drug that is also in clinical trials for its anticancer activity. ITZ exerts its anticancer activity through several disparate targets and pathways. ITZ inhibits angiogenesis by hampering the functioning of the vascular endothelial growth receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and by indirectly inhibiting mTOR signaling. Furthermore, ITZ directly inhibits the growth of several types of tumor cells by antagonizing Hedgehog signaling. Recently, we reported that ITZ also has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enteroviruses, cardioviruses and hepatitis C virus, independent of established ITZ-activities but instead via a novel target, oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), a cellular lipid shuttling protein. In this study, we analyzed which structural features of ITZ are important for the OSBP-mediated antiviral activity. The backbone structure, consisting of five rings, and the sec-butyl chain are important for antiviral activity, whereas the triazole moiety, which is critical for antifungal activity, is not. The features required for OSBP-mediated antiviral activity of ITZ overlap mostly with published features required for inhibition of VEGFR2 trafficking, but not Hh signaling. Furthermore, we use in silico studies to explore how ITZ could bind to OSBP. Our data show that several pharmacological activities of ITZ can be uncoupled, which is a critical step in the development of ITZ-based antiviral compounds with greater specificity and reduced off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bauer
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Sarah A Head
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shridhar Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kalyan K Pasunooti
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wei Q Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lucian Albulescu
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen R P M Strating
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Maciejewski S, Ullmer W, Semler BL. VPg unlinkase/TDP2 in cardiovirus infected cells: Re-localization and proteolytic cleavage. Virology 2018; 516:139-146. [PMID: 29353210 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardioviruses cause diseases in many animals including, in rare cases, humans. Although they share common features with all picornaviruses, cardioviruses have unique properties that distinguish them from other family members, including enteroviruses. One feature shared by all picornaviruses is the covalent attachment of VPg to the 5' end of genomic RNA via a phosphotyrosyl linkage. For enteroviruses, this linkage is cleaved by a host cell protein, TDP2. Since TDP2 is divergently required during enterovirus infections, we determined if TDP2 is necessary during infection by the prototype cardiovirus, EMCV. We found that EMCV yields are reduced in the absence of TDP2. We observed a decrease in viral protein accumulation and viral RNA replication in the absence of TDP2. In contrast to enterovirus infections, we found that TDP2 is modified at peak times of EMCV infection. This finding suggests a unique mechanism for cardioviruses to regulate TDP2 activity during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maciejewski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Wendy Ullmer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Vyshemirskii OI, Agumava AA, Kalaydzyan AA, Leontyuk AV, Kuhn JH, Shchetinin AM, Vishnevskaya TV, Eremyan AA, Alkhovsky SV. Isolation and genetic characterization of encephalomyocarditis virus 1 from a deceased captive hamadryas baboon. Virus Res 2017; 244:164-172. [PMID: 29113825 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, numerous hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) died suddenly in an aviary of a primate institute in Sochi, Russia, in the absence of prior clinical signs. Necropsies were suggestive of encephalomyocarditis virus infection, but RT-PCR assays with commonly used primers were negative. Here we report the histopathological results obtained during necropsies and the isolation and genomic characterization of a divergent strain of encephalomyocarditis virus 1 (EMCV-1) from heart tissue of one of the succumbed hamadryas baboons. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the isolated virus belongs to the newly proposed EMCV-1 lineage G, which clusters alongside lineage C ("Mengo virus"). This study is the first report describing a lineage G strain of EMCV-1 as the etiological agent of a lethal disease outbreak among captive nonhuman primates in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aslan A Agumava
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi-Adler, Russia
| | - Akop A Kalaydzyan
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi-Adler, Russia
| | - Andrey V Leontyuk
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi-Adler, Russia
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Alexey M Shchetinin
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Vishnevskaya
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aykaz A Eremyan
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Alkhovsky
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
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10
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Miyamoto M, Komuro A. PACT is required for MDA5-mediated immunoresponses triggered by Cardiovirus infection via interaction with LGP2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:227-233. [PMID: 29032202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) cooperatively detect viral RNA in the cytoplasm of Cardiovirus-infected cells and activate innate immune responses. Here, we evaluated whether the double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT plays a role in this anti-viral response to further elucidate the mechanism. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that PACT interacts with LGP2 and that this interaction is enhanced by encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection. In vitro interaction analyses using purified recombinant proteins confirmed that the single-stranded Theiler's murine encephalitis virus genome enhanced the interaction between LGP2 and PACT. Small interfering RNA knockdown experiments further indicated that PACT is required for Cardiovirus-triggered interferon responses. To support this functional interaction with LGP2, overexpressed PACT was shown to enhance EMCV-triggered interferon promoter activity only when LGP2 and MDA5 were co-expressed but not when MDA5 is expressed alone. Together, our findings indicate a possible role of PACT in regulating the Cardiovirus-triggered immune responses mediated by MDA5 and LGP2, which opens the door to novel therapeutic strategies in interferon-related autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Akihiko Komuro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956-8603, Japan.
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Ciomperlik JJ, Basta HA, Palmenberg AC. Cardiovirus Leader proteins bind exportins: Implications for virus replication and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking inhibition. Virology 2016; 487:19-26. [PMID: 26492198 PMCID: PMC4679524 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovirus Leader proteins (LX) inhibit cellular nucleocytoplasmic trafficking by directing host kinases to phosphorylate Phe/Gly-containing nuclear pore proteins (Nups). Resolution of the Mengovirus LM structure bound to Ran GTPase, suggested this complex would further recruit specific exportins (karyopherins), which in turn mediate kinase selection. Pull-down experiments and recombinant complex reconstitution now confirm that Crm1 and CAS exportins form stable dimeric complexes with encephalomyocarditis virus LE, and also larger complexes with LE:Ran. shRNA knockdown studies support this idea. Similar activities could be demonstrated for recombinant LS and LT from Theiloviruses. When mutations were introduced to alter the LE zinc finger domain, acidic domain, or dual phosphorylation sites, there was reduced exportin selection. These regions are not involved in Ran interactions, so the Ran and Crm1 binding sites on LE must be non-overlapping. The involvement of exportins in this mechanism is important to viral replication and the observation of trafficking inhibition by LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Ciomperlik
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Holly A Basta
- Department of Biology, Rocky Mountain College, Billings, MT, United States
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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Leguia M, Loyola S, Rios J, Juarez D, Guevara C, Silva M, Prieto K, Wiley M, Kasper MR, Palacios G, Bausch DG. Full Genomic Characterization of a Saffold Virus Isolated in Peru. Pathogens 2015; 4:816-25. [PMID: 26610576 PMCID: PMC4693166 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4040816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While studying respiratory infections of unknown etiology we detected Saffold virus in an oropharyngeal swab collected from a two-year-old female suffering from diarrhea and respiratory illness. The full viral genome recovered by deep sequencing showed 98% identity to a previously described Saffold strain isolated in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the Peruvian Saffold strain belongs to genotype 3 and is most closely related to strains that have circulated in Asia. This is the first documented case report of Saffold virus in Peru and the only complete genomic characterization of a Saffold-3 isolate from the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Leguia
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao 2, Peru.
| | - Steev Loyola
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao 2, Peru.
| | - Jane Rios
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao 2, Peru.
| | - Diana Juarez
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao 2, Peru.
| | | | - Maria Silva
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao 2, Peru.
| | - Karla Prieto
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michael Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Daniel G Bausch
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao 2, Peru.
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Ciomperlik JJ, Basta HA, Palmenberg AC. Three cardiovirus Leader proteins equivalently inhibit four different nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways. Virology 2015; 484:194-202. [PMID: 26115166 PMCID: PMC4567469 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovirus infections inhibit nucleocytoplasmic trafficking by Leader protein-induced phosphorylation of Phe/Gly-containing nucleoporins (Nups). Recombinant Leader from encephalomyocarditis virus, Theiler׳s murine encephalomyelitis virus and Saffold virus target the same subset of Nups, including Nup62 and Nup98, but not Nup50. Reporter cell lines with fluorescence mCherry markers for M9, RS and classical SV40 import pathways, as well as the Crm1-mediated export pathway, all responded to transfection with the full panel of Leader proteins, showing consequent cessation of path-specific active import/export. For this to happen, the Nups had to be presented in the context of intact nuclear pores and exposed to cytoplasmic extracts. The Leader phosphorylation cascade was not effective against recombinant Nup proteins. The findings support a model of Leader-dependent Nup phosphorylation with the purpose of disrupting Nup-transportin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Ciomperlik
- Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Holly A Basta
- Department of Biology, Rocky Mountain College, Billings, MT, United States
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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Basta HA, Palmenberg AC. AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates EMCV, TMEV and SafV leader proteins at different sites. Virology 2014; 462-463:236-40. [PMID: 24999048 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardioviruses of the Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Theilovirus species encode small, amino-terminal proteins called Leaders (L). Phosphorylation of the EMCV L (LE) at two distinct sites by CK2 and Syk kinases is important for virus-induced Nup phosphorylation and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking inhibition. Despite similar biological activities, the LE phosphorylation sites are not conserved in the Theiloviruses, Saffold virus (LS, SafV) or Theiler׳s murine encephalitis virus (LT, TMEV) sequences even though these proteins also become phosphorylated in cells and cell-free extracts. Site prediction algorithms, combined with panels of site-specific protein mutations now identify analogous, but not homologous phosphorylation sites in the Ser/Thr and Theilo protein domains of LT and LS, respectively. In both cases, recombinant AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) was reactive with the proteins at these sites, and also with LE, modifying the same residue recognized by CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Basta
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Department of Biochemistry, Robert M. Bock Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Department of Biochemistry, Robert M. Bock Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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