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Chen HJ, Qi R, Ke J, Qiu J, Xu Q, Zhong Y, Lu GM, Chen F. Evaluation of gray matter reduction in patients with typhoon-related posttraumatic stress disorder using causal network analysis of structural MRI. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1481-1490. [PMID: 32938511 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The structural changes recent-onset posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subjects were rarely investigated. This study was to compare temporal and causal relationships of structural changes in recent-onset PTSD with trauma-exposed control (TEC) subjects and non-TEC subjects. METHODS T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of 27 PTSD, 33 TEC and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy control (HC) subjects were studied. The causal network of structural covariance was used to evaluate the causal relationships of structural changes in PTSD patients. RESULTS Volumes of bilateral hippocampal and left lingual gyrus were significantly smaller in PTSD patients and TEC subjects than HC subjects. As symptom scores increase, reduction in gray matter volume began in the hippocampus and progressed to the frontal lobe, then to the temporal and occipital cortices (p < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). The hippocampus might be the primary hub of the directional network and demonstrated positive causal effects on the frontal, temporal and occipital regions (p < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). The frontal regions, which were identified to be transitional points, projected causal effects to the occipital lobe and temporal regions and received causal effects from the hippocampus (p < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). CONCLUSIONS The results offer evidence of localized abnormalities in the bilateral hippocampus and remote abnormalities in multiple temporal and frontal regions in typhoon-exposed PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Juan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), NO. 19, XIUHUA ST, XIUYING DIC, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Rongfeng Qi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Jun Ke
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215006, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), NO. 19, XIUHUA ST, XIUYING DIC, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Guang Ming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), NO. 19, XIUHUA ST, XIUYING DIC, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, P.R. China
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Cadiz MP, Jensen TD, Sens JP, Zhu K, Song WM, Zhang B, Ebbert M, Chang R, Fryer JD. Culture shock: microglial heterogeneity, activation, and disrupted single-cell microglial networks in vitro. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:26. [PMID: 35346293 PMCID: PMC8962153 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, play a critical role in numerous diseases, but are a minority cell type and difficult to genetically manipulate in vivo with viral vectors and other approaches. Primary cultures allow a more controlled setting to investigate these cells, but morphological and transcriptional changes upon removal from their normal brain environment raise many caveats from in vitro studies. METHODS To investigate whether cultured microglia recapitulate in vivo microglial signatures, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to compare microglia freshly isolated from the brain to primary microglial cultures. We performed cell population discovery, differential expression analysis, and gene co-expression module analysis to compare signatures between in vitro and in vivo microglia. We constructed causal predictive network models of transcriptional regulators from the scRNAseq data and identified a set of potential key drivers of the cultured phenotype. To validate this network analysis, we knocked down two of these key drivers, C1qc and Prdx1, in primary cultured microglia and quantified changes in microglial activation markers. RESULTS We found that, although often assumed to be a relatively homogenous population of cells in culture, in vitro microglia are a highly heterogeneous population consisting of distinct subpopulations of cells with transcriptional profiles reminiscent of macrophages and monocytes, and are marked by transcriptional programs active in neurodegeneration and other disease states. We found that microglia in vitro presented transcriptional activation of a set of "culture shock genes" not found in freshly isolated microglia, characterized by strong upregulation of disease-associated genes including Apoe, Lyz2, and Spp1, and downregulation of homeostatic microglial markers, including Cx3cr1, P2ry12, and Tmem119. Finally, we found that cultured microglia prominently alter their transcriptional machinery modulated by key drivers from the homeostatic to activated phenotype. Knockdown of one of these drivers, C1qc, resulted in downregulation of microglial activation genes Lpl, Lyz2, and Ccl4. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggest that when removed from their in vivo home environment, microglia suffer a severe case of "culture shock", drastically modulating their transcriptional regulatory network state from homeostatic to activated through upregulation of modules of culture-specific genes. Consequently, cultured microglia behave as a disparate cell type that does not recapitulate the homeostatic signatures of microglia in vivo. Finally, our predictive network model discovered potential key drivers that may convert activated microglia back to their homeostatic state, allowing for more accurate representation of in vivo states in culture. Knockdown of key driver C1qc partially attenuated microglial activation in vitro, despite C1qc being only weakly upregulated in culture. This suggests that even genes that are not strongly differentially expressed across treatments or preparations may drive downstream transcriptional changes in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika P Cadiz
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Tanner D Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Jonathon P Sens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Kuixi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Won-Min Song
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Mark Ebbert
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Biomedical Informatics, and Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Rui Chang
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - John D Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.
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Amaral-Zettler LA, Ballerini T, Zettler ER, Asbun AA, Adame A, Casotti R, Dumontet B, Donnarumma V, Engelmann JC, Frère L, Mansui J, Philippon M, Pietrelli L, Sighicelli M. Diversity and predicted inter- and intra-domain interactions in the Mediterranean Plastisphere. Environ Pollut 2021; 286:117439. [PMID: 34438479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the biogeography, the presence and diversity of potentially harmful taxa harbored, and potential interactions between and within bacterial and eukaryotic domains of life on plastic debris in the Mediterranean. Using a combination of high-throughput DNA sequencing (HTS), Causal Network Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), we show regional differences and gradients in the Mediterranean microbial communities associated with marine litter, positive causal effects between microbes including between and within domains of life, and how these might impact the marine ecosystems surrounding them. Adjacent seas within the Mediterranean region showed a gradient in the microbial communities on plastic with non-overlapping endpoints (Adriatic and Ligurian Seas). The largest predicted inter-domain effects included positive effects of a novel red-algal Plastisphere member on its potential microbiome community. Freshwater and marine samples housed a diversity of fungi including some related to disease-causing microbes. Algal species related to those responsible for Harmful Blooms (HABs) were also observed on plastic pieces including members of genera not previously reported on Plastic Marine Debris (PMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Amaral-Zettler
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands; Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tosca Ballerini
- Association "Expédition MED" - Mer En Danger, 4, Allée des Avettes, 56230, Questembert, France; Thalassa - Marine Research and Science Communication, 40 Rue Francis Davso, 13001, Marseille, France
| | - Erik R Zettler
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Abdala Asbun
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
| | - Alvaro Adame
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaella Casotti
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Bruno Dumontet
- Association "Expédition MED" - Mer En Danger, 4, Allée des Avettes, 56230, Questembert, France
| | | | - Julia C Engelmann
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
| | - Laura Frère
- Association "Expédition MED" - Mer En Danger, 4, Allée des Avettes, 56230, Questembert, France
| | - Jeremy Mansui
- Association "Expédition MED" - Mer En Danger, 4, Allée des Avettes, 56230, Questembert, France
| | - Marion Philippon
- Association "Expédition MED" - Mer En Danger, 4, Allée des Avettes, 56230, Questembert, France
| | - Loris Pietrelli
- Chemistry Department - Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Sighicelli
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
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