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Kim MH, Park SR, Choi BH. Comparative Analysis of the Expression of Chondroitin Sulfate Subtypes and Their Inhibitory Effect on Axonal Growth in the Embryonic, Adult, and Injured Rat Brains. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 18:165-178. [PMID: 32939673 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAGs) are the primary inhibitory GAGs for neuronal growth after central nervous system (CNS) injury. However, the inhibitory or permissive activity of CS-GAG subtypes is controversial and depends on the physiological needs of CNS tissues. In this study, we investigated the characteristics and effects of CS-GAGs on axonal growth, which was isolated from the brain cortices of normal rat embryo at E18, normal adult rat brain and injured adult rat brain. METHODS Isolated CS-GAGs from embryo, normal adult, and injured adult rat brains were used for analyzing their effect on attachment and axonal growth using modified spot assay with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants and cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). CS-GAGs were separated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the subtypes of CS-GAGs were analyzed. RESULTS CS-GAGs of all three groups inhibited CGN attachment and axonal growth of DRGs. However, CS-GAGs of normal adult rat brain exhibited higher inhibitory activity than those of the other groups in both assays. When subtypes of CS-GAGs were analyzed using HPLC, CS-A (4S) was the most abundant in all three groups and found in largest amount in normal adult rat brain. In contrast, unsulfated CS (CS0) and CS-C (6S) were more abundant by 3-4-folds in E18 group than in the two adult groups. CONCLUSION When compared with the normal adult rat brain, injured rat brain showed relatively similar patterns to that of embryonic rat brain at E18 in the expression of CS subtypes and their inhibitory effect on axonal growth. This phenomenon could be due to differential expression of CS-GAGs subtypes causing decrease in the amount of CS-A and mature-type CS proteoglycan core proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hang Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - So Ra Park
- Department of Physiology, Inha University College of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Guo JY, Chiu CH, Wang MJ, Li FA, Chen JY. Proteoglycan serglycin promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell migration through the interaction of its glycosaminoglycans with CD44. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:2. [PMID: 31898491 PMCID: PMC6939340 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serglycin (SRGN), previously recognized as an intracellular proteoglycan involved in the storage processes of secretory granules, has recently been shown to be upregulated in several solid tumors. We have previously shown that SRGN in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) promotes malignant phenotypes in a CD44-dependent manner and increased expression of SRGN predicts poor prognosis of primary lung adenocarcinomas. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be defined. Methods Overexpression, knockdown and knockout approaches were performed to assess the role of SRGN in cell motility using wound healing and Boyden chamber migration assays. SRGN devoid of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) modification was produced by site-directed mutagenesis or chondroitinase treatment. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was applied for quantitative analysis of the disaccharide compositions and sulfation extent of SRGN GAGs. Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation analyses were performed to determine the expression and interaction of proteins of interest. Actin cytoskeleton organization was monitored by immunofluorescence staining. Results SRGN expressed by NSCLC cells is readily secreted to the extracellular matrix in a heavily glycosylated form attached with mainly chondroitin sulfate (CS)-GAG chains, and to a lesser extent with heparin sulfate (HS). The CS-GAG moiety serves as the structural motif for SRGN binding to tumor cell surface CD44 and promotes cell migration. SRGN devoid of CS-GAG modification fails to interact with CD44 and has lost the ability to promote cell migration. SRGN/CD44 interaction promotes focal adhesion turnover via Src-mediated paxillin phosphorylation and disassembly of paxillin/FAK adhesion complex, facilitating cell migration. In support, depletion of Src activity or removal of CS-GAGs efficiently blocks SRGN-mediated Src activation and cell migration. SRGN also promotes cell migration via inducing cytoskeleton reorganization mediated through RAC1 and CDC42 activation accompanied with increased lamellipodia and filopodia formation. Conclusions Proteoglycan SRGN promotes NSCLC cell migration via the binding of its GAG motif to CD44. SRGN/CD44 interaction induces Rho-family GTPase-mediated cytoskeleton reorganization and facilitates Src-mediated focal adhesion turnover, leading to increased cell migration. These findings suggest that targeting specific glycans in tumor microenvironment that serve as ligands for oncogenic pathways may be a potential strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-You Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hsuan Chiu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jung Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jeou-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Andrews S, Cheng A, Stevens H, Logun MT, Webb R, Jordan E, Xia B, Karumbaiah L, Guldberg RE, Stice S. Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds for Cell and Recombinant Protein-Based Bone Regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:575-585. [PMID: 30666821 PMCID: PMC6525555 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2)‐loaded collagen sponges remain the clinical standard for treatment of large bone defects when there is insufficient autograft, despite associated complications. Recent efforts to negate comorbidities have included biomaterials and gene therapy approaches to extend the duration of BMP‐2 release and activity. In this study, we compared the collagen sponge clinical standard to chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS‐GAG) scaffolds as a delivery vehicle for recombinant human BMP‐2 (rhBMP‐2) and rhBMP‐2 expression via human BMP‐2 gene inserted into mesenchymal stem cells (BMP‐2 MSC). We demonstrated extended release of rhBMP‐2 from CS‐GAG scaffolds compared to their collagen sponge counterparts, and further extended release from CS‐GAG gels seeded with BMP‐2 MSC. When used to treat a challenging critically sized femoral defect model in rats, both rhBMP‐2 and BMP‐2 MSC in CS‐GAG induced comparable bone formation to the rhBMP‐2 in collagen sponge, as measured by bone volume, strength, and stiffness. We conclude that CS‐GAG scaffolds are a promising delivery vehicle for controlling the release of rhBMP‐2 and to mediate the repair of critically sized segmental bone defects. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:575–585
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Andrews
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Albert Cheng
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hazel Stevens
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meghan T Logun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Biomedical Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robin Webb
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin Jordan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Boao Xia
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of ADS, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of ADS, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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