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Wang JY, Roehrl MW, Roehrl VB, Roehrl MH. A master autoantigen-ome links alternative splicing, female predilection, and COVID-19 to autoimmune diseases. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 5:100147. [PMID: 35237749 PMCID: PMC8872718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and debilitating autoimmune sequelae pose a grave concern for the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. Based on our discovery that the glycosaminoglycan dermatan sulfate (DS) displays peculiar affinity to apoptotic cells and autoantigens (autoAgs) and that DS-autoAg complexes cooperatively stimulate autoreactive B1 cell responses, we compiled a database of 751 candidate autoAgs from six human cell types. At least 657 of these have been found to be affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection based on currently available multi-omic COVID data, and at least 400 are confirmed targets of autoantibodies in a wide array of autoimmune diseases and cancer. The autoantigen-ome is significantly associated with various processes in viral infections, such as translation, protein processing, and vesicle transport. Interestingly, the coding genes of autoAgs predominantly contain multiple exons with many possible alternative splicing variants, short transcripts, and short UTR lengths. These observations and the finding that numerous autoAgs involved in RNA-splicing showed altered expression in viral infections suggest that viruses exploit alternative splicing to reprogram host cell machinery to ensure viral replication and survival. While each cell type gives rise to a unique pool of autoAgs, 39 common autoAgs associated with cell stress and apoptosis were identified from all six cell types, with several being known markers of systemic autoimmune diseases. In particular, the common autoAg UBA1 that catalyzes the first step in ubiquitination is encoded by an X-chromosome escape gene. Given its essential function in apoptotic cell clearance and that X-inactivation escape tends to increase with aging, UBA1 dysfunction can therefore predispose aging women to autoimmune disorders. In summary, we propose a model of how viral infections lead to extensive molecular alterations and host cell death, autoimmune responses facilitated by autoAg-DS complexes, and ultimately autoimmune diseases. Overall, this master autoantigen-ome provides a molecular guide for investigating the myriad of autoimmune sequalae to COVID-19 and clues to the rare adverse effects of the currently available mRNA and viral vector-based COVID vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael H. Roehrl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine BCMB Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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Fukuhara Y, Miura A, Yamazaki N, So T, Kosuga M, Yanagi K, Kaname T, Yamagata T, Sakuraba H, Okuyama T. A cDNA analysis disclosed the discordance of genotype-phenotype correlation in a patient with attenuated MPS II and a 76-base deletion in the gene for iduronate-2-sulfatase. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100692. [PMID: 33335838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the genotype-phenotype correlation in MPS II is well-conserved in Japan (Kosuga et al., 2016). Almost all of our patients with attenuated MPS II have missense variants, which is expected to result in residual activity of iduronate-2-sulfatase. In contrast, our patients with severe MPS II have so-called null-type disease-associated variants, such as nonsense variants, frame-shifts, gene insertions, gene deletions and rearrangement with pseudogene (IDS2), none of which are expected to result in residual activity. However, we recently encountered a patient with attenuated MPS II who had a presumable null-type disease-associated variant and 76-base deletion located in exon 1 that extended into intron 1. To investigate this discordance, we extracted RNA from the leukocytes of the patient and performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. One of the bands of the cDNA analysis was found to include a nucleotide sequence whose transcript was expected to generate an almost full-length IDS mature peptide lacking only part of its signal peptide as well as only one amino acid at the end of the N-terminus. This suggests that an alternative splicing donor site is generated in exon 1 upstream of the deleted region. Based on these observations, we concluded that the phenotype-genotype discordance in this patient with MPS II was due to the decreased amount of IDS protein induced by the low level of the alternatively spliced mRNA, lacking part of the region coding for the signal peptide but including the region coding almost the full mature IDS protein. The first 25 amino acids at the N-terminus of IDS protein are a signal peptide. The alternative splice transcript has only 13 (1 M-13 L) of those 25 amino acids; 14G-25G are missing, suggesting that the exclusively hydrophobic 1 M-13 L of the signal peptide of IDS might have a crucial role in the signal peptide.
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Ritelli M, Chiarelli N, Zoppi N, Dordoni C, Quinzani S, Traversa M, Venturini M, Calzavara-Pinton P, Colombi M. Insights in the etiopathology of galactosyltransferase II (GalT-II) deficiency from transcriptome-wide expression profiling of skin fibroblasts of two sisters with compound heterozygosity for two novel B3GALT6 mutations. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014. [PMID: 28649518 PMCID: PMC5471164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in B3GALT6, encoding the galactosyltransferase II (GalT-II) involved in the synthesis of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) linkage region of proteoglycans (PGs), have recently been associated with a spectrum of connective tissue disorders, including spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 1 (SEMDJL1) and Ehlers–Danlos-like syndrome. Here, we report on two sisters compound heterozygous for two novel B3GALT6 mutations that presented with severe short stature and progressive kyphoscoliosis, joint hypermobility and laxity, hyperextensible skin, platyspondyly, short ilia, and elbow malalignment. Microarray-based transcriptome analysis revealed the differential expression of several genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) structural components, including COMP, SPP1, COL5A1, and COL15A1, enzymes involved in GAG synthesis and in ECM remodeling, such as CSGALNACT1, CHPF, LOXL3, and STEAP4, signaling transduction molecules of the TGFβ/BMP pathway, i.e., GDF6, GDF15, and BMPER, and transcription factors of the HOX and LIM families implicated in skeletal and limb development. Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed the down-regulated expression of some of these genes, in particular of the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and osteopontin, encoded by COMP and SPP1, respectively, and showed the predominant reduction and disassembly of the heparan sulfate specific GAGs, as well as of the PG perlecan and type III and V collagens. The key role of GalT-II in GAG synthesis and the crucial biological functions of PGs are consistent with the perturbation of many physiological functions that are critical for the correct architecture and homeostasis of various connective tissues, including skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, and generates the wide phenotypic spectrum of GalT-II-deficient patients. Clinical features/molecular characterization of two patients with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 1 Identification of two novel B3GALT6 mutations First report of transcriptome-wide gene expression profiling on GalT-II-deficient fibroblasts Immunofluorescence studies of several ECM structural components in GalT-II-deficient cells Enlargement of the knowledge on the GalT-II deficiency’s molecular pathogenesis
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Key Words
- ATCS, adducted-thumb club foot syndrome
- Abs, antibodies
- B3GALT6
- BMP, bone morphogenetic proteins
- C4ST, chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase
- C6ST, chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase
- COLLI, type I collagen
- COLLIII, type III collagen
- COLLV, type V collagen
- COLLs, collagens
- COMP, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
- CS, chondroitin sulfate
- CSGALNACT1, chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1
- CTDs, connective tissue disorders
- Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
- ChPF, chondroitin polymerizing factor
- ChSy, chondroitin synthase
- D4ST, dermatan 4 sulfotransferase 1
- DCN, decorin
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- DS, dermatan sulfate
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDS, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
- FN, fibronectin
- GAGs, glycosaminoglycans
- GO, gene ontology
- Gal, galactose
- GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine
- GalNAc4S-6ST, GalNAc 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase
- GalNAcT, β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
- GalNAcT-16, N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 16
- GalT-I/II, galactosyltransferase I and II
- GalT-II deficiency
- GlcA, glucuronic acid
- GlcAT, glucuronosyltransferase
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- GlcNAcT, α1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2
- HOX, homeobox gene family
- HPO, human phenotype ontology
- HS, heparan sulfate
- Hep, heparin
- IF, immunofluorescence microscopy studies
- IdoA, iduronic acid
- OPN, osteopontin
- Osteopontin
- PGs, proteoglycans
- PTC, premature termination codon of translation
- SEMDJL1, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 1
- Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 1
- TNs, tenascins
- Xyl, xylose
- XylT, xylosyltransferase
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ritelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Chiarelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Zoppi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Dordoni
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Quinzani
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Traversa
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Venturini
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Spedali Civili University Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Piergiacomo Calzavara-Pinton
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Spedali Civili University Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Colombi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Corresponding author at: Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Soto Y, Mesa N, Alfonso Y, Pérez A, Batlle F, Griñán T, Pino A, Viera J, Frómeta M, Brito V, Olivera A, Zayas F, Vázquez AM. Targeting arterial wall sulfated glycosaminoglycans in rabbit atherosclerosis with a mouse/human chimeric antibody. MAbs 2014; 6:1340-6. [PMID: 25517318 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of atherosclerosis is favored by increasing amounts of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the artery wall. We previously reported the reactivity of chP3R99 monoclonal antibody (mAb) with sulfated glycosaminoglycans and its association with the anti-atherogenic properties displayed. Now, we evaluated the accumulation of this mAb in atherosclerotic lesions and its potential use as a probe for specific in vivo detection of the disease. Atherosclerosis was induced in NZW rabbits (n = 14) by the administration of Lipofundin 20% using PBS-receiving animals as control (n = 8). Accumulation of chP3R99 mAb in atherosclerotic lesions was assessed either by immunofluorescence detection of human IgG in fresh-frozen sections of aorta, or by immunoscintigraphy followed by biodistribution of the radiotracer upon administration of (99m)Tc-chP3R99 mAb. Immunofluorescence studies revealed the presence of chP3R99 mAb in atherosclerotic lesions 24 h after intravenous administration, whereas planar images showed an evident accumulation of (99m)Tc-chP3R99 mAb in atherosclerotic rabbit carotids. Accordingly, (99m)Tc-chP3R99 mAb uptake by lesioned aortic arch and thoracic segment was increased 5.6-fold over controls and it was 3.9-folds higher in carotids, in agreement with immunoscintigrams. Moreover, the deposition of (99m)Tc-chP3R99 mAb in the artery wall was associated both with the presence and size of the lesions in the different portions of evaluated arteries and was greater than in non-targeted organs. In conclusion, chP3R99 mAb preferentially accumulates in arterial atherosclerotic lesions supporting the potential use of this anti-glycosaminoglycans antibody for diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Key Words
- % ID/g, percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue
- At-R, Atherosclerotic rabbits
- CS, chondroitin sulfate
- CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
- DS, dermatan sulfate
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- NZW rabbits, New Zealand White rabbits
- Non At-R, Non atherosclerotic rabbit
- PG, proteoglycans
- atherosclerosis
- glycosaminoglycans
- imaging
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibodies
- technetium-99m
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosdel Soto
- a Research and Development Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
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Yoshida H, Nagaoka A, Nakamura S, Sugiyama Y, Okada Y, Inoue S. Murine homologue of the human KIAA1199 is implicated in hyaluronan binding and depolymerization. FEBS Open Bio. 2013;3:352-356. [PMID: 24251095 PMCID: PMC3821019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have disclosed that human KIAA1199 (hKIAA1199) is a hyaluronan (HA) binding protein implicated in HA depolymerization. Although a murine homologue (mKiaa1199) was previously cloned, no information about the function of the molecule was available. Here, we show that cells transfected with mKiaa1199 cDNA selectively catabolized HA via the clathrin-coated pit pathway. A glycosaminoglycan-binding assay demonstrated the specific binding of mKiaa1199 to HA. These results were similar to our observations with hKIAA1199, although slight differences were found in the peak sizes of the minimum degradates of HA. We conclude that like hKIAA1199, mKiaa1199 is a hyaladherin, leading to HA depolymerization.
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Key Words
- CHC, clathrin heavy chain
- CPC, cetylpyridinium chloride
- CS, chondroitin sulfate
- Catabolism
- DS, dermatan sulfate
- Extracellular matrix
- FA, fluoresceinamine
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- HA, hyaluronan
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HS, heparan sulfate
- HYAL, hyaluronidase
- Hep, heparin
- Hyaluronan
- KIAA1199
- LDS, lithium dodecyl sulfate
- ORF, open reading frame
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PBS-T, PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
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