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Ginnis J, Ferreira Zandoná AG, Slade GD, Cantrell J, Antonio ME, Pahel BT, Meyer BD, Shrestha P, Simancas-Pallares MA, Joshi AR, Divaris K. Measurement of Early Childhood Oral Health for Research Purposes: Dental Caries Experience and Developmental Defects of the Enamel in the Primary Dentition. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1922:511-523. [PMID: 30838597 PMCID: PMC6642073 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9012-2_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations of early childhood oral health rely upon the collection of high-quality clinical measures of health and disease. However, ascertainment of valid and accurate clinical measures presents unique challenges among young, preschool-age children. The paper presents a clinical research protocol for the conduct of oral epidemiological examinations among children, implemented in ZOE 2.0, a large-scale population-based genetic epidemiologic study of early childhood caries (ECC). The protocol has been developed for the collection of information on tooth surface-level dental caries experience and tooth-level developmental defects of the enamel in the primary dentition. Dental caries experience is recorded using visual criteria modified from the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), and measurement of developmental defects is based upon the modified Clarkson and O'Mullane Developmental Defects of the Enamel Index. After a dental prophylaxis (toothbrushing among all children and flossing as needed), children's teeth are examined by trained and calibrated examiners in community locations, using portable dental equipment, compressed air, and uniform artificial light and magnification conditions. Data are entered directly onto a computer using a custom Microsoft Access-based data entry application. The ZOE 2.0 clinical protocol has been implemented successfully for the conduct of over 6000 research examinations to date, contributing phenotype data to downstream genomics and other "omics" studies of ECC and DDE, as well as traditional clinical and epidemiologic dental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie Ginnis
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrea G Ferreira Zandoná
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary D Slade
- Department of Dental Ecology, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John Cantrell
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mikafui E Antonio
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bhavna T Pahel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beau D Meyer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Poojan Shrestha
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Miguel A Simancas-Pallares
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ashwini R Joshi
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kimon Divaris
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Jälevik B, Szigyarto-Matei A, Robertson A. The prevalence of developmental defects of enamel, a prospective cohort study of adolescents in Western Sweden: a Barn I TAnadvarden (BITA, children in dental care) study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2018; 19:187-195. [PMID: 29761341 PMCID: PMC5976686 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-018-0347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the prevalence of different types of developmental defects of the enamel (DDE) in varying age-cohorts and habitations, and to analyse if early trauma to the primary teeth and early subsequent serious health problems were related to DDE in the permanent dentition. Dental fear and anxiety, and aesthetic problems as a consequence of DDE were also investigated. METHODS DDE was registered over 5 years annually in three age cohorts (796 children). The DDE index (FDI Commision on Oral Health, Research and Epidemiology, Int Dent J 42:411-426, 1992) was used. Information on diseases in early childhood, trauma to the primary teeth, and dental fear and anxiety were collected. RESULTS The prevalence of DDE was 33.2% (boys 37.1%, girls 29.3%, p = 0.02). Demarcated opacities (DEO), solely, were the most frequent kind of defect, affecting 18%. Five percent (5%) had diffuse opacities (DIO) and 1% had hypoplasias, whereas 7% had teeth with both DEO and DIO. The most frequently affected teeth of DEO, as well as of DIO, were the first permanent molars and maxillary central incisors. Dental injuries to the primary anterior teeth raised the risk for DDE in the permanent teeth, but early serious health problems did not. Generalised DDE was common (8.4%). The paediatric dentists assessed the DDE in the maxillary anterior teeth as more serious than did the affected children and their parents. CONCLUSIONS Generalised DDE was more frequent than expected, as well as the occurrence of both DEO and DIO in the same individual. The first permanent molars and the upper central incisors were the most affected teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jälevik
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Odontology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - A Szigyarto-Matei
- Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry, Public Dental Service, VGR, Uddevalla, Sweden
| | - A Robertson
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Odontology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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