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Upadhyay A. Natural compounds in the regulation of proteostatic pathways: An invincible artillery against stress, ageing, and diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2995-3014. [PMID: 34729300 PMCID: PMC8546668 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have different sets of molecules for performing an array of physiological functions. Nucleic acids have stored and carried the information throughout evolution, whereas proteins have been attributed to performing most of the cellular functions. To perform these functions, proteins need to have a unique conformation and a definite lifespan. These attributes are achieved by a highly coordinated protein quality control (PQC) system comprising chaperones to fold the proteins in a proper three-dimensional structure, ubiquitin-proteasome system for selective degradation of proteins, and autophagy for bulk clearance of cell debris. Many kinds of stresses and perturbations may lead to the weakening of these protective cellular machinery, leading to the unfolding and aggregation of cellular proteins and the occurrence of numerous pathological conditions. However, modulating the expression and functional efficiency of molecular chaperones, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and autophagic proteins may diminish cellular proteotoxic load and mitigate various pathological effects. Natural medicine and small molecule-based therapies have been well-documented for their effectiveness in modulating these pathways and reestablishing the lost proteostasis inside the cells to combat disease conditions. The present article summarizes various similar reports and highlights the importance of the molecules obtained from natural sources in disease therapeutics.
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Key Words
- 17-AAG, 17-allylamino-geldanamycin
- APC, anaphase-promoting complex
- Ageing
- Autophagy
- BAG, BCL2-associated athanogene
- CAP, chaperone-assisted proteasomal degradation
- CASA, chaperone-assisted selective autophagy
- CHIP, carboxy-terminus of HSC70 interacting protein
- CMA, chaperone-mediated autophagy
- Cancer
- Chaperones
- DUBs, deubiquitinases
- Drug discovery
- EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
- HECT, homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus
- HSC70, heat shock cognate 70
- HSF1, heat shock factor 1
- HSP, heat shock protein
- KFERQ, lysine-phenylalanine-glutamate-arginine-glutamine
- LAMP2a, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2a
- LC3, light chain 3
- NBR1, next to BRCA1 gene 1
- Natural molecules
- Neurodegeneration
- PQC, protein quality control
- Proteinopathies
- Proteostasis
- RING, really interesting new gene
- UPS, ubiquitin–proteasome system
- Ub, ubiquitin
- Ubiquitin proteasome system
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Upadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindari, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
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Abstract
Pyroptosis is the process of inflammatory cell death. The primary function of pyroptosis is to induce strong inflammatory responses that defend the host against microbe infection. Excessive pyroptosis, however, leads to several inflammatory diseases, including sepsis and autoimmune disorders. Pyroptosis can be canonical or noncanonical. Upon microbe infection, the canonical pathway responds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), while the noncanonical pathway responds to intracellular lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. The last step of pyroptosis requires the cleavage of gasdermin D (GsdmD) at D275 (numbering after human GSDMD) into N- and C-termini by caspase 1 in the canonical pathway and caspase 4/5/11 (caspase 4/5 in humans, caspase 11 in mice) in the noncanonical pathway. Upon cleavage, the N-terminus of GsdmD (GsdmD-N) forms a transmembrane pore that releases cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 and disturbs the regulation of ions and water, eventually resulting in strong inflammation and cell death. Since GsdmD is the effector of pyroptosis, promising inhibitors of GsdmD have been developed for inflammatory diseases. This review will focus on the roles of GsdmD during pyroptosis and in diseases.
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Key Words
- 7DG, 7-desacetoxy-6,7-dehydrogedunin
- ADRA2B, α-2B adrenergic receptor
- AIM, absent in melanoma
- ASC, associated speck-like protein
- Ac-FLTD-CMK, acetyl-FLTD-chloromethylketone
- BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- CARD, caspase activation
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- CTM, Chinese traditional medicine
- CTSG, cathepsin G
- Caspase
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- DFNA5, deafness autosomal dominant 5
- DFNB59, deafness autosomal recessive type 59
- DKD, diabetic kidney disease
- DMF, dimethyl fumarate
- Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
- ELANE, neutrophil expressed elastase
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
- FADD, FAS-associated death domain
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FIIND, function to find domain
- FMF, familial Mediterranean fever
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- Gasdermin
- GsdmA/B/C/D/E, gasdermin A/B/C/D/E
- HAMP, homeostasis altering molecular pattern
- HIN, hematopoietic expression, interferon-inducible nature, and nuclear localization
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HMGB1, high mobility group protein B1
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IFN, interferon
- ITPR1, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1
- Inflammasome
- Inflammation
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- MAP3K7, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7
- MCC950, N-[[(1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)amino]carbonyl]-4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-furansulfonamide
- NAIP, NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein
- NBD, nucleotide-binding domain
- NEK7, NIMA-related kinase 7
- NET, neutrophil extracellular trap
- NIK, NF-κB inducing kinase
- NLR, NOD-like receptor
- NLRP, NLR family pyrin domain containing
- NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- NSP, neutrophil specific serine protease
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKN1/2, protein kinase1/2
- PKR, protein kinase-R
- PRR, pattern recognition receptors
- PYD, pyrin domain
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
- Pyroptosis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- Sepsis
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cGAS, cyclic GMP–AMP synthase
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E. Burdette
- Biology Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Ashley N. Esparza
- Biology Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Biology Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
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Sanada T, Hirata Y, Naito Y, Yamamoto N, Kikkawa Y, Ishida Y, Yamasaki C, Tateno C, Ochiya T, Kohara M. Transmission of HBV DNA Mediated by Ceramide-Triggered Extracellular Vesicles. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:272-283. [PMID: 28275693 PMCID: PMC5331779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS An extracellular vesicle (EV) is a nanovesicle that shuttles proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, thereby influencing cell behavior. A recent crop of reports have shown that EVs are involved in infectious biology, influencing host immunity and playing a role in the viral life cycle. In the present work, we investigated the EV-mediated transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS We investigated the EV-mediated transmission of HBV infection by using a HBV infectious culture system that uses primary human hepatocytes derived from humanized chimeric mice (PXB-cells). Purified EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation. To analyze the EVs and virions, we used stimulated emission depletion microscopy. RESULTS Purified EVs from HBV-infected PXB-cells were shown to contain HBV DNA and to be capable of transmitting HBV DNA to naive PXB-cells. These HBV-DNA-transmitting EVs were shown to be generated through a ceramide-triggered EV production pathway. Furthermore, we showed that these HBV-DNA-transmitting EVs were resistant to antibody neutralization; stimulated emission depletion microscopy showed that EVs lacked hepatitis B surface antigen, the target of neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that EVs harbor a DNA cargo capable of transmitting viral DNA into hepatocytes during HBV infection, representing an additional antibody-neutralization-resistant route of HBV infection.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
- EV, extracellular vesicle
- Extracellular Vesicles
- GEq, genome equivalent
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HBIG, hepatitis B immune globulin
- HBV
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBc, hepatitis B core
- HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- MVB, multivesicular body
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PXB-cells, primary human hepatocytes derived from chimeric mice with human liver
- STED, stimulated emission depletion
- Transmission Pathway
- anti-HBs, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- nSMase, neutral sphingomyelinase
- nts, nucleotides
- qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirata
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Naito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kikkawa
- Mammalian Genetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co, Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co, Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Michinori Kohara, PhD, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan. fax: (81) 3-5316-3137.Department of Microbiology and Cell BiologyTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science2-1-6 KamikitazawaSetagaya-kuTokyo 156-8506Japan
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Ha D, Yang N, Nadithe V. Exosomes as therapeutic drug carriers and delivery vehicles across biological membranes: current perspectives and future challenges. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:287-96. [PMID: 27471669 PMCID: PMC4951582 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small intracellular membrane-based vesicles with different compositions that are involved in several biological and pathological processes. The exploitation of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles offers important advantages compared to other nanoparticulate drug delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles; exosomes are non-immunogenic in nature due to similar composition as body׳s own cells. In this article, the origin and structure of exosomes as well as their biological functions are outlined. We will then focus on specific applications of exosomes as drug delivery systems in pharmaceutical drug development. An overview of the advantages and challenges faced when using exosomes as a pharmaceutical drug delivery vehicles will also be discussed.
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Key Words
- ALIX, ALG-2 interacting protein X
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CCK-8, cell counting kit-8
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- DIL, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- Drug delivery systems
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
- EV, extracellular vesicle
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- Exosomes
- Extracellular vesicles
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney cell line 293
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HMGA2, high-mobility group AT-hook protein
- HeLa, Henrietta Lacks cells
- Hsp, heat shock proteins
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- ILVs, intraluminal vesicles
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MAPK-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MPS, mononuclear phagocyte system
- MVB, multi-vesicular body biogenesis
- Nanocarrier
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPE1, retinal pigment epithelial cells 1
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- TSG101, tumor susceptibility gene 101
- VPS4, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4
- kRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- miRNA, micro RNA
- siRNA, small interference RNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Venkatareddy Nadithe
- Manchester University, College of Pharmacy, Natural & Health Sciences, Fort Wayne, IN 46845, USA
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