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Chida T, Ishida Y, Morioka S, Sugahara G, Han C, Lam B, Yamasaki C, Sugahara R, Li M, Tanaka Y, Liang TJ, Tateno C, Saito T. Persistent hepatic IFN system activation in HBV-HDV infection determines viral replication dynamics and therapeutic response. JCI Insight 2023; 8:162404. [PMID: 37154158 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a satellite virus of HBV, is regarded as the most severe type of hepatitis virus because of the substantial morbidity and mortality. The IFN system is the first line of defense against viral infections and an essential element of antiviral immunity; however, the role of the hepatic IFN system in controlling HBV-HDV infection remains poorly understood. Herein, we showed that HDV infection of human hepatocytes induced a potent and persistent activation of the IFN system whereas HBV was inert in triggering hepatic antiviral response. Moreover, we demonstrated that HDV-induced constitutive activation of the hepatic IFN system resulted in a potent suppression of HBV while modestly inhibiting HDV. Thus, these pathogens are equipped with distinctive immunogenicity and varying sensitivity to the antiviral effectors of IFN, leading to the establishment of a paradoxical mode of viral interference wherein HDV, the superinfectant, outcompetes HBV, the primary pathogen. Furthermore, our study revealed that HDV-induced constitutive IFN system activation led to a state of IFN refractoriness, rendering therapeutic IFNs ineffective. The present study provides potentially novel insights into the role of the hepatic IFN system in regulating HBV-HDV infection dynamics and its therapeutic implications through elucidating the molecular basis underlying the inefficacy of IFN-based antiviral strategies against HBV-HDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chida
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
- PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sho Morioka
- PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Go Sugahara
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
- PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Christine Han
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bill Lam
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Remi Sugahara
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Bioinformatics Service, Norris Medical Library, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology
- Department of Pathology, and
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Sakai K, Sugano-Nakamura N, Mihara E, Rojas-Chaverra NM, Watanabe S, Sato H, Imamura R, Voon DCC, Sakai I, Yamasaki C, Tateno C, Shibata M, Suga H, Takagi J, Matsumoto K. Designing receptor agonists with enhanced pharmacokinetics by grafting macrocyclic peptides into fragment crystallizable regions. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:164-176. [PMID: 36344661 PMCID: PMC9991925 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Short half-lives in circulation and poor transport across the blood-brain barrier limit the utility of cytokines and growth factors acting as receptor agonists. Here we show that surrogate receptor agonists with longer half-lives in circulation and enhanced transport rates across the blood-brain barrier can be generated by genetically inserting macrocyclic peptide pharmacophores into the structural loops of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of a human immunoglobulin. We used such 'lasso-grafting' approach, which preserves the expression levels of the Fc region and its affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor, to generate Fc-based protein scaffolds with macrocyclic peptides binding to the receptor tyrosine protein kinase Met. The Met agonists dimerized Met, inducing biological responses that were similar to those induced by its natural ligand. Moreover, lasso-grafting of the Fc region of the mouse anti-transferrin-receptor antibody with Met-binding macrocyclic peptides enhanced the accumulation of the resulting Met agonists in brain parenchyma in mice. Lasso-grafting may allow for designer protein therapeutics with enhanced stability and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. .,WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Sugano-Nakamura
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Emiko Mihara
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Sayako Watanabe
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Tumor Microenvironment Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryu Imamura
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Inflammation and Epithelial Plasticity Unit, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Cancer Model Research Innovative Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Itsuki Sakai
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamasaki
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio Co. Ltd, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio Co. Ltd, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Shibata
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,High-speed AFM for Biological Application Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. .,WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. .,Tumor Microenvironment Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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3
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Sugahara G, Yamasaki C, Yanagi A, Furukawa S, Ogawa Y, Fukuda A, Enosawa S, Umezawa A, Ishida Y, Tateno C. Humanized liver mouse model with transplanted human hepatocytes from patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:618-628. [PMID: 33336822 PMCID: PMC8247293 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is a metabolic and genetic disease caused by dysfunction of the hepatocytic urea cycle. To develop new drugs or therapies for OTCD, it is ideal to use models that are more closely related to human metabolism and pathology. Primary human hepatocytes (HHs) isolated from two patients (a 6-month-old boy and a 5-year-old girl) and a healthy donor were transplanted into host mice (hemi-, hetero-OTCD mice, and control mice, respectively). HHs were isolated from these mice and used for serial transplantation into the next host mouse or for in vitro experiments. Histological, biochemical, and enzyme activity analyses were performed. Cultured HHs were treated with ammonium chloride or therapeutic drugs. Replacement rates exceeded 80% after serial transplantation in both OTCD mice. These highly humanized OTCD mice showed characteristics similar to OTCD patients that included increased blood ammonia levels and urine orotic acid levels enhanced by allopurinol. Hemi-OTCD mice showed defects in OTC expression and significantly low enzymatic activities, while hetero-OTCD mice showed residual OTC expression and activities. A reduction in ammonium metabolism was observed in cultured HHs from OTCD mice, and treatment with the therapeutic drug reduced the ammonia levels in the culture medium. In conclusion, we established in vivo OTC mouse models with hemi- and hetero-patient HHs. HHs isolated from the mice were useful as an in vitro model of OTCD. These OTC models could be a source of valuable patient-derived hepatocytes that would enable large scale and reproducible experiments using the same donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sugahara
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Chihiro Yamasaki
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Ami Yanagi
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Suzue Furukawa
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Yuko Ogawa
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Akinari Fukuda
- National Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Shin Enosawa
- Division for Advanced Medical SciencesNational Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Regenerative MedicineNational Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
- Research Center for Hepatology and GastroenterologyHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
- Research Center for Hepatology and GastroenterologyHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
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Ishida Y, Yamasaki C, Iwanari H, Yamashita H, Ogawa Y, Yanagi A, Furukawa S, Kojima Y, Chayama K, Kamiie J, Tateno C. Detection of acute toxicity of aflatoxin B1 to human hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo using chimeric mice with humanized livers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239540. [PMID: 32966316 PMCID: PMC7510964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a mycotoxin, is acutely hepatotoxic to many animals including humans. However, there are marked interspecies differences in sensitivity to AFB1-induced toxicity depending on bioactivation by cytochrome P450s (CYPs). In the present study, we examined the applicability of chimeric mice with humanized livers and derived fresh human hepatocytes for in vivo and vitro studies on AFB1 cytotoxicity to human hepatocytes. Chimeric mice with highly humanized livers and SCID mice received daily injections of vehicle (corn oil), AFB1 (3 mg/kg), and carbon tetrachloride (50 mg/kg) for 2 days. Histological analysis revealed that AFB1 promoted hepatocyte vacuolation and inflammatory cell infiltration in the area containing human hepatocytes. A novel human alanine aminotransferase 1 specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated the acute toxicity of AFB1 to human hepatocytes in the chimeric mouse livers. The sensitivity of cultured fresh human hepatocytes isolated from the humanized liver mice for AFB1 cytotoxicity was comparable to that of primary human hepatocytes. Long-term exposure to AFB1 (6 or 14 days) produced a more severe cytotoxicity. The half-maximal lethal concentration was 10 times lower in the 2-week treatment than after 2 days of exposure. Lastly, the significant reduction of AFB1 cytotoxicity by a pan-CYP inhibitor or transfection with CYP3A4 specific siRNA clearly suggested that bioactivation of AFB1 catalyzed by CYPs was essential for AFB1 cytotoxicity to the human hepatocytes in our mouse model. Collectively, our results implicate the humanized liver mice and derived fresh human hepatocytes are useful models for studies of AFB1 cytotoxicity to human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishida
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamasaki
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwanari
- Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Ogawa
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ami Yanagi
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Suzue Furukawa
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuha Kojima
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Yamasaki C, Ishida Y, Yanagi A, Yoshizane Y, Kojima Y, Ogawa Y, Kageyama Y, Iwasaki Y, Ishida S, Chayama K, Tateno C. Culture density contributes to hepatic functions of fresh human hepatocytes isolated from chimeric mice with humanized livers: Novel, long-term, functional two-dimensional in vitro tool for developing new drugs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237809. [PMID: 32915792 PMCID: PMC7485858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric mice with humanized livers are considered a useful animal model for predicting human (h-) drug metabolism and toxicity. In this study, the characteristics of fresh h-hepatocytes (cFHHs, PXB-cells®) isolated from chimeric mice (PXB-mice®) were evaluated in vitro to confirm their utility for drug development. cFHHs cultured at high density (2.13 × 105 cells/cm2) displayed stable production of h-albumin and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activities for at least 21 days. The mRNA expression levels of 10 of 13 CYP, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and transporters were maintained at >10% of the levels of freshly isolated cFHHs after 21 days. From 1 week, many bile canaliculi were observed between cFHHs, and the accumulation of the multidrug resistance-associated protein and bile salt export pump substrates in these bile canaliculi was clearly inhibited by cyclosporin A. Microarray analysis of cFHHs cultured at high density and at low density (0.53 × 105 cells/cm2) revealed that high density culture maintained high expressions of some transcription factors (HNF4α, PXR, and FXR) perhaps involved in the high CYP, UGT and transporter gene expressions of cFHHs. These results strongly suggest that cFHHs could be a novel in vitro tool for drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ami Yanagi
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yuha Kojima
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Ogawa
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yumiko Iwasaki
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Watari R, Kakiki M, Yamasaki C, Ishida Y, Tateno C, Kuroda Y, Ishida S, Kusano K. Prediction of Human Hepatic Clearance for Cytochrome P450 Substrates via a New Culture Method Using the Collagen Vitrigel Membrane Chamber and Fresh Hepatocytes Isolated from Liver Humanized Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:348-353. [PMID: 30828066 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In drug discovery, hepatocytes have been widely utilized as in vitro tools for predicting the in vivo hepatic clearance (CL) of drug candidates. However, conventional hepatocyte models do not always reproduce in vivo physiological function, and CYP activities in particular decrease quite rapidly during culture. Furthermore, conventional in vitro assays have limitations in their ability to predict hepatic CL of metabolically stable drug candidates. In order to accurately predict hepatic CL of candidate drugs, a new method of culturing hepatocytes that activates their functional properties, including CYP activities, is in high demand. In the previous study, we established a novel long-term culture method for PXB-cells® using a collagen vitrigel membrane (CVM) chamber, which can maintain CYP activity and liver specific functions at high levels for several weeks. In this study, the vitrigel culture method was applied to predictions of hepatic CL for 22 CYP typical substrates with low to middle CL, and the prediction accuracy by this method was assessed by comparing CL data between predicted (in vitro intrinsic CL using the dispersion model) and observed (in vivo clinical data) values. The results of this study showed that in vitro CL values for approximately 60% (13/22) and 80% (18/22) of the compounds were predicted within a 2- and 3-fold difference with in vivo CL, respectively. These results suggest that the new culture method using the CVM chamber and PXB-cells is a promising in vitro system for predicting human hepatic CL with high accuracy for CYP substrates, including metabolically stable drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Watari
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co., Ltd.,Department of Genomics-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Motoharu Kakiki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co., Ltd
| | | | | | | | - Yukie Kuroda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Kazutomi Kusano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co., Ltd
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Watari R, Kakiki M, Oshikata A, Takezawa T, Yamasaki C, Ishida Y, Tateno C, Kuroda Y, Ishida S, Kusano K. A long-term culture system based on a collagen vitrigel membrane chamber that supports liver-specific functions of hepatocytes isolated from mice with humanized livers. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:521-529. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Watari
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co., Ltd
- Department of Genomics-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Motoharu Kakiki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co., Ltd
| | - Ayumi Oshikata
- Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Toshiaki Takezawa
- Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | | | | | | | - Yukie Kuroda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Kazutomi Kusano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co., Ltd
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Yamasaki C, Ogawa Y, Kageyama Y, Sanoh S, Ishida Y, Tateno C. Detection of aflatoxin B1 hepatotoxicity using PXB-cells®. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.10.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fujino C, Sanoh S, Shinagawa A, Yamasaki C, Ishida Y, Kakuni M, Tateno C, Ohta S. Predictability of metabolic activities of CYP2D6 substrates using chimeric mice transplanted with human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sanada T, Hirata Y, Naito Y, Yamamoto N, Kikkawa Y, Ishida Y, Yamasaki C, Tateno C, Ochiya T, Kohara M. Transmission of HBV DNA Mediated by Ceramide-Triggered Extracellular Vesicles. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:272-283. [PMID: 28275693 PMCID: PMC5331779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS An extracellular vesicle (EV) is a nanovesicle that shuttles proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, thereby influencing cell behavior. A recent crop of reports have shown that EVs are involved in infectious biology, influencing host immunity and playing a role in the viral life cycle. In the present work, we investigated the EV-mediated transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS We investigated the EV-mediated transmission of HBV infection by using a HBV infectious culture system that uses primary human hepatocytes derived from humanized chimeric mice (PXB-cells). Purified EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation. To analyze the EVs and virions, we used stimulated emission depletion microscopy. RESULTS Purified EVs from HBV-infected PXB-cells were shown to contain HBV DNA and to be capable of transmitting HBV DNA to naive PXB-cells. These HBV-DNA-transmitting EVs were shown to be generated through a ceramide-triggered EV production pathway. Furthermore, we showed that these HBV-DNA-transmitting EVs were resistant to antibody neutralization; stimulated emission depletion microscopy showed that EVs lacked hepatitis B surface antigen, the target of neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that EVs harbor a DNA cargo capable of transmitting viral DNA into hepatocytes during HBV infection, representing an additional antibody-neutralization-resistant route of HBV infection.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
- EV, extracellular vesicle
- Extracellular Vesicles
- GEq, genome equivalent
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HBIG, hepatitis B immune globulin
- HBV
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBc, hepatitis B core
- HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- MVB, multivesicular body
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PXB-cells, primary human hepatocytes derived from chimeric mice with human liver
- STED, stimulated emission depletion
- Transmission Pathway
- anti-HBs, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- nSMase, neutral sphingomyelinase
- nts, nucleotides
- qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirata
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Naito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kikkawa
- Mammalian Genetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co, Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co, Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Michinori Kohara, PhD, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan. fax: (81) 3-5316-3137.Department of Microbiology and Cell BiologyTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science2-1-6 KamikitazawaSetagaya-kuTokyo 156-8506Japan
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Ishida Y, Yamasaki C, Yanagi A, Yoshizane Y, Fujikawa K, Watashi K, Abe H, Wakita T, Hayes CN, Chayama K, Tateno C. Novel robust in vitro hepatitis B virus infection model using fresh human hepatocytes isolated from humanized mice. Am J Pathol 2015; 185:1275-85. [PMID: 25791527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle are poorly understood because of the lack of appropriate in vitro infection models. Herein, we report a highly effective in vitro HBV infection system using fresh human hepatocytes (HHs) isolated from chimeric mice with humanized livers. After the inoculation of sera collected from HBV-infected chimeric mice or patients to HHs, we measured levels of HBV DNA, mRNA, covalently closed circular DNA, and viral protein expression in HHs. We investigated the neutralization activity of hepatitis B immune globulin and the effects of siRNA against sodium taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide and clathrin heavy chain on HBV infection. We confirmed the expression of viral antigens in HHs and the presence of extracellular HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen. The maximum infection rate was approximately 80%. Lamivudine and hepatitis B immune globulin treatment reduced HBV DNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of sodium taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide and clathrin heavy chain significantly reduced the levels of hepatitis B surface antigen. Infection was successfully established using different donor HHs and inocula. Elevation of extracellular HBV DNA levels and the increase of HBV-positive HHs were blocked by continuous hepatitis B immune globulin treatment, indicating virus spread in this model. Chimeric mouse-derived HHs provide a robust in vitro infection model that can completely support the HBV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishida
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan; Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamasaki
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ami Yanagi
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasumi Yoshizane
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Fujikawa
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medical and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medical and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medical and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medical and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan; Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Tateno C, Yamamoto T, Utoh R, Yamasaki C, Ishida Y, Myoken Y, Oofusa K, Okada M, Tsutsui N, Yoshizato K. Chimeric Mice with Hepatocyte-humanized Liver as an Appropriate Model to Study Human Peroxisome Proliferator–activated Receptor-α. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:233-48. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314544378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator (PP)–activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonists exhibit species-specific effects on livers of the rodent and human (h), which has been considered to reside in the difference of PPARα gene structures. However, the contribution of h-hepatocytes (heps) to the species-specificity remains to be clarified. In this study, the effects of fenofibrate were investigated using a hepatocyte-humanized chimeric mouse (m) model whose livers were replaced with h-heps at >70%. Fenofibrate induced hepatocellular hypertrophy, cell proliferation, and peroxisome proliferation in livers of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, but not in the h-hep of chimeric mouse livers. Fenofibrate increased the expression of the enzymes of β- and ω-hydroxylation and deoxygenation of lipids at both gene and protein levels in SCID mouse livers, but not in the h-heps of chimeric mouse livers, supporting the studies with h-PPARα-transgenic mice, a hitherto reliable model for studying the regulation of h-PPARα in the h-liver in most respects, except the induction of the peroxisome proliferation. This study indicates the importance of not only h-PPARα gene but also h-heps themselves to correctly predict effects of fibrates on h-livers, and, therefore, suggests that the chimeric mouse is a currently available, consistent, and reliable model to obtain pharmaceutical data concerning the effects of fibrates on h-livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chise Tateno
- Yoshizato Project, Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization (CLUSTER), Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Higashihiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Yamamoto
- Safety Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Rie Utoh
- Yoshizato Project, Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization (CLUSTER), Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Higashihiroshima, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamasaki
- Yoshizato Project, Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization (CLUSTER), Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Higashihiroshima, Japan
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Myoken
- Prophoenix Co., Ltd., Developmental Biology Laboratory, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Ken Oofusa
- Prophoenix Co., Ltd., Developmental Biology Laboratory, Higashihiroshima, Japan
- Prophoenix Division, Idea Consultants, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyoko Okada
- Safety Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Naohisa Tsutsui
- Safety Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Yoshizato Project, Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization (CLUSTER), Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Higashihiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
- Hiroshima University 21st Century COE Program for Advanced Radiation Casualty Medicine, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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Kakuni M, Yamasaki C, Tachibana A, Yoshizane Y, Ishida Y, Tateno C. Chimeric mice with humanized livers: a unique tool for in vivo and in vitro enzyme induction studies. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 15:58-74. [PMID: 24362577 PMCID: PMC3907798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed in vivo and in vitro studies to determine the induction of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) using chimeric mice with humanized liver (PXB-mice®) and human hepatocytes isolated from the PXB-mice (PXB-cells), which were derived from the same donor. For the in vivo study, PXB-mice were injected with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC, 2 or 20 mg/kg) or rifampicin (0.1 or 10 mg/kg) for four days. For the in vitro study, PXB-cells were incubated with 3-MC (10, 50, or 250 ng/mL) or with rifampicin (5 or 25 μg/mL). The CYP1A1 and 1A2, and CYP3A4 mRNA expression levels increased significantly in the PXB-mouse livers with 20 mg/kg of 3-MC (Cmax, 12.2 ng/mL), and 10 mg/kg rifampicin (Cmax, 6.9 μg/mL), respectively. The CYP1A1 mRNA expression level increased significantly in PXB-cells with 250 ng/mL of 3-MC, indicating lower sensitivity than in vivo. The CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 mRNA expression levels increased significantly with 50 ng/mL of 3-MC, and 5 μg/mL of rifampicin, respectively, which indicated that the sensitivities were similar between in vivo and in vitro studies. In conclusion, PXB-mice and PXB-cells provide a robust model as an intermediate between in vivo and in vitro human metabolic enzyme induction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kakuni
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan; E-Mails: (M.K.); (C.Y.); (A.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Chihiro Yamasaki
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan; E-Mails: (M.K.); (C.Y.); (A.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Asato Tachibana
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan; E-Mails: (M.K.); (C.Y.); (A.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yasumi Yoshizane
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan; E-Mails: (M.K.); (C.Y.); (A.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan; E-Mails: (M.K.); (C.Y.); (A.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.)
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan; E-Mails: (M.K.); (C.Y.); (A.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.I.)
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-82-431-0016; Fax: +81-82-431-0017
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Tateno C, Miya F, Wake K, Kataoka M, Ishida Y, Yamasaki C, Yanagi A, Kakuni M, Wisse E, Verheyen F, Inoue K, Sato K, Kudo A, Arii S, Itamoto T, Asahara T, Tsunoda T, Yoshizato K. Morphological and microarray analyses of human hepatocytes from xenogeneic host livers. J Transl Med 2013; 93:54-71. [PMID: 23147226 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously produced mice with human hepatocyte (h-hep) chimeric livers by transplanting h-heps into albumin enhancer/promoter-driven urokinase-type plasminogen activator-transgenic severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with liver disease. The chimeric livers were constructed with h-heps, mouse hepatocytes, and mouse hepatic sinusoidal cells (m-HSCs). Here, we investigated the morphological features of the chimeric livers and the h-hep gene expression profiles in the xenogeneic animal body. To do so, we performed immunohistochemistry, morphometric analyses, and electron microscopic observations on chimeric mouse livers, and used microarray analyses to compare gene expression patterns in hepatocytes derived from chimeric mouse hepatocytes (c-heps) and h-heps. Morphometric analysis revealed that the ratio of hepatocytes to m-HSCs in the chimeric mouse livers were twofold higher than those in the SCID mouse livers, corresponding to twin-cell plates in the chimeric mouse liver. The h-heps in the chimeric mouse did not show hypoxia even in the twin-cell plate structure, probably because of low oxygen consumption by the h-heps relative to the mouse hepatocytes (m-heps). Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations revealed that the sinusoids in the chimeric mouse livers were normally constructed with h-heps and m-HSCs. However, a number of microvilli projected into the intercellular clefts on the lateral aspects of the hepatocytes, features typical of a growth phase. Microarray profiles indicated that ∼82% of 16 605 probes were within a twofold range difference between h-heps and c-heps. Cluster and principal component analyses showed that the gene expression patterns of c-heps were extremely similar to those of h-heps. In conclusion, the chimeric mouse livers were normally reconstructed with h-heps and m-HSCs, and expressed most human genes at levels similar to those in human livers, although the chimeric livers showed morphological characteristics typical of growth.
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Amano H, Hino H, Tateno C, Emoto K, Imaoka Y, Yamasaki C, Itamoto T, Tashiro H, Asahara T, Ohdan H, Yoshizato K. Therapeutic Potential of Propagated Hepatocyte Transplantation in Liver Failure. J Surg Res 2011; 167:e29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yamasaki C, Kataoka M, Kato Y, Kakuni M, Usuda S, Ohzone Y, Matsuda S, Adachi Y, Ninomiya SI, Itamoto T, Asahara T, Yoshizato K, Tateno C. In vitro evaluation of cytochrome P450 and glucuronidation activities in hepatocytes isolated from liver-humanized mice. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 25:539-50. [PMID: 20930422 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreserved human (h-) hepatocytes are currently regarded as the best in vitro model for predicting human intrinsic clearance of xenobiotics. Although fresh h-hepatocytes have greater plating efficiency on dishes and greater metabolic activities than cryopreserved cells, performing reproducible studies using fresh hepatocytes from the same donor and having an "on demand" supply of fresh hepatocytes are not possible. In this study, cryopreserved h-hepatocytes were transplanted into albumin enhancer/promoter-driven, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, transgenic/severe combined immunodeficient (uPA/SCID) mice to produce chimeric mice, the livers of which were largely replaced with h-hepatocytes. We determined whether the chimeric mouse could serve as a novel source of fresh h-hepatocytes for in vitro studies. h-Hepatocytes were isolated from chimeric mice (chimeric hepatocytes), and cytochrome P450 (P450) activities were determined. Compared with cryopreserved cells, the P450 (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A) activities of fresh chimeric hepatocytes were similar or greater. Moreover, ketoprofen was more actively metabolized through glucuronide conjugates by fresh chimeric hepatocytes than by cryopreserved cells. We conclude that chimeric mice may be a useful tool for supplying fresh h-hepatocytes on demand that provide high and stable phase I enzyme and glucuronidation activities.
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Utoh R, Tateno C, Kataoka M, Tachibana A, Masumoto N, Yamasaki C, Shimada T, Itamoto T, Asahara T, Yoshizato K. Hepatic hyperplasia associated with discordant xenogeneic parenchymal-nonparenchymal interactions in human hepatocyte-repopulated mice. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:654-65. [PMID: 20522646 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Liver mass is optimized in relation to body mass. Rat (r) and human (h) hepatocytes were transplanted into liver-injured immunodeficient mice and allowed to proliferate for 3 or 11 weeks, respectively, when the transplants stopped proliferating. Liver/body weight ratio was normal throughout in r-hepatocyte-bearing mice (r-hep-mice), but increased continuously in h-hepatocyte-bearing mice (h-hep-mice), until reaching approximately three times the normal m-liver size, which was considered to be hyperplasia of h-hepatocytes because there were no significant differences in cell size among host (mouse [m-]) and donor (r- and h-) hepatocytes. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) type I receptor, TGF-beta type II receptor, and activin A type IIA receptor mRNAs in proliferating r-hepatocytes of r-hep-mice were lower than in resting r-hepatocytes (normal levels) and increased to normal levels during the termination phase. Concomitantly, m-hepatic stellate cells began to express TGF-beta proteins. In stark contrast, TGF-beta type II receptor and activin A type IIA receptor mRNAs in h-hepatocytes remained low throughout and m-hepatic stellate cells did not express TGF-beta in h-hep-mice. As expected, Smad2 and 3 translocated into nuclei in r-hep-mice but not in h-hep-mice. Histological analysis showed a paucity of m-stellate cells in h-hepatocyte colonies of h-hep-mouse liver. We conclude that m-stellate cells are able to normally interact with concordant r-hepatocytes but not with discordant h-hepatocytes, which seems to be at least partly responsible for the failure of the liver size optimization in h-hep-mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Utoh
- Yoshizato Project, Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization, Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
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Jin B, Yamasaki C, Yamada N, Seki S, Valdez DM, Kasai M, Edashige K. The mechanism by which mouse spermatozoa are injured during freezing. J Reprod Dev 2008; 54:265-9. [PMID: 18520128 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the cryopreservation protocol for mouse sperm, we attempted to estimate the type and extent of cryoinjury at various steps of the process. First, we demonstrated that mouse sperm are sensitive to chilling at -15 C and that the sensitivity is dependent on the length of exposure. To estimate cryoinjuries, sperm suspensions were ice-seeded at -5 or -15 C, frozen with liquid nitrogen (LN(2)) gas and then frozen in LN(2). In one experiment, sperm seeded at -5 C were cooled slowly to -15 C before deep freezing. At various steps of the cryopreservation process, the sperm were warmed and their viability was assessed based on motility and the integrities of the plasma membrane and acrosome. The motility of frozen-thawed sperm was higher on seeding at -5 C (28%) than at -15 C (9%). The motility did not decrease when the sample was transferred from LN(2) gas to LN(2). To estimate cryoinjury of sperm, we presumed the viability of frozen sperm to be decreased by chilling, hypertonic stress and formation of intracellular ice. When the sperm suspension was cooled and seeded at -5 C, the motility decreased by 25% due to hypertonic stress. When the sperm were cooled in LN(2) gas, the motility decreased by 17% with the formation of intracellular ice. When the sperm were cooled to -15 C, the motility decreased by 51% from chilling. After seeding, the motility decreased by 18% due to formation of intracellular ice and by 7% due to hypertonic stress. Considering the results, it would be preferable to seed samples at a higher temperature to prevent intracellular ice from forming and to cool seeded samples rapidly enough to minimize chilling injury and hypertonic stress, but not too rapidly to allow intracellular ice to form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Laboratory of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
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Utoh R, Tateno C, Yamasaki C, Hiraga N, Kataoka M, Shimada T, Chayama K, Yoshizato K. Susceptibility of chimeric mice with livers repopulated by serially subcultured human hepatocytes to hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 2008; 47:435-46. [PMID: 18098326 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We previously identified a small population of replicative hepatocytes in long-term cultures of human adult parenchymal hepatocytes (PHs) at a frequency of 0.01%-0.09%. These hepatocytes were able to grow continuously through serial subcultures as colony-forming parenchymal hepatocytes (CFPHs). In the present study, we generated gene expression profiles for cultured CFPHs and found that they expressed cytokeratin 19, CD90 (Thy-1), and CD44, but not mature hepatocyte markers such as tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TO) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P), confirming that these cells are hepatic progenitor-like cells. The cultured CFPHs were resistant to infection with human hepatitis B virus (HBV). To examine the growth and differentiation capacity of the cells in vivo, serially subcultured CFPHs were transplanted into the progeny of a cross between albumin promoter/enhancer-driven urokinase plasminogen activator-transgenic mice and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The cells were engrafted into the liver and were able to grow for at least 10 weeks, ultimately reaching a maximum occupancy rate of 27%. The CFPHs in the host liver expressed differentiation markers such as TO, G6P, and cytochrome P450 subtypes and could be infected with HBV. CFPH-chimeric mice with a relatively high replacement rate exhibited viremia and had high serum levels of hepatitis B surface antigen. CONCLUSION Serially subcultured human hepatic progenitor-like cells from postnatal livers successfully repopulated injured livers and exhibited several phenotypes of mature hepatocytes, including susceptibility to HBV. In vitro-expanded CFPHs can be used to characterize the differentiation state of human hepatic progenitor-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Utoh
- Yoshizato Project, Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization (CLUSTER), Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
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Asahina K, Shiokawa M, Ueki T, Yamasaki C, Aratani A, Tateno C, Yoshizato K. Multiplicative mononuclear small hepatocytes in adult rat liver: Their isolation as a homogeneous population and localization to periportal zone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:1160-7. [PMID: 16516159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adult rat liver contains a minor population of hepatocytes called small hepatocytes (SHs) that are smaller in size and show a higher replicative potential than conventional parenchymal hepatocytes (PHs). However, SHs have been hitherto characterized using a "SH-fraction" that was contaminated with PHs. In the present study, we isolated a PH-free SH-fraction from the adult rat liver using fluorescence-activated cell sorter combined with centrifugal elutriation and characterized the hepatocytes in the fraction. These hepatocytes were designated R3Hs in this study. R3Hs were mononuclear and of lower ploidy. They expressed at high levels genes of Cdc2, connexin 26, hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase, pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, and prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype. We conclude that SHs dominate the periportal zone in the adult liver, because mRNA or proteins of these genes were exclusively expressed by periportal hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinji Asahina
- Hiroshima Tissue Regeneration Project, Hiroshima Prefecture Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancement of Technological Excellence, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology
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Yamasaki C, Tateno C, Aratani A, Ohnishi C, Katayama S, Kohashi T, Hino H, Marusawa H, Asahara T, Yoshizato K. Growth and differentiation of colony-forming human hepatocytes in vitro. J Hepatol 2006; 44:749-57. [PMID: 16469405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 10/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Parenchymal hepatocytes (PHs) of rat contain colony-forming parenchymal hepatocytes (CF-PHs) as a small fraction. We aimed to demonstrate the presence of CF-PHs in humans and characterize them with respect to growth and differentiation potential. METHODS Human PHs were co-cultured with Swiss 3T3 cells in the medium containing human serum, EGF, nicontinamide, and ascorbic acid 2-phosphate. To examine differentiation potential hepatocytes were cultured on gels of Matrigel Matrix. RESULTS Few PHs formed colonies, the colony-forming efficiency being as low as 0.01-0.09%. The CF-PHs could be subcultured up to 7 passages. They showed a liver epithelial cell-like morphology, and immunocytochemically positive for albumin (ALB), cytokeratin (CK) 7, 8, 18, and 19 in a pre- and early phase-confluence, whereas they showed a typical differentiated hepatocyte-like morphology, and positive for alpha(1)-antitrypsin, but negative for CK7 and 19 in condensed regions at confluence. The CF-PHs at late confluence expressed mRNAs of ALB, HNF4, and isoforms of cytochrome P450 at low levels. However, when cultured on Matrigel, these cells expressed them at high levels comparable to those of original PHs. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the human liver contains highly replicative hepatic progenitor-like cells as a minute population that retain a normal differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamasaki
- Yoshizato Project, Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization , CLUSTER, Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
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Tateno C, Yoshizane Y, Saito N, Kataoka M, Utoh R, Yamasaki C, Tachibana A, Soeno Y, Asahina K, Hino H, Asahara T, Yokoi T, Furukawa T, Yoshizato K. Near completely humanized liver in mice shows human-type metabolic responses to drugs. Am J Pathol 2004; 165:901-12. [PMID: 15331414 PMCID: PMC1618591 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatocytes were transplanted into urokinase-type plasminogen activator-transgenic SCID mice (uPA/SCID mice), which are immunodeficient and undergo liver failure. The transplanted cells were characterized in terms of their in vivo growth potential and functions. The human hepatocytes progressively repopulated the murine host liver. However, the recipients died when the replacement index (RI) of the human hepatocytes exceeded 50%. The hosts (chimeric mice) survived at RI >50% when treated with a drug that has anti-human complement factor activity, and these mice developed livers with RI values as high as 96%. In total, 36 chimeric mice were generated, and the rate of successful engraftment was as high as 92%. The yield of chimeric mice with RI >70% was 32%. The human hepatocytes in the murine host liver expressed mRNAs for a variety of human cytochrome P450 (hCYP) subtypes, in a manner that was similar to the donor liver. The mRNAs for hCYP3A4 and hCYP1A1/2 were induced in the liver in a CYP type-specific manner when the mice were treated with rifampicin and 3-methylcholanthrene, respectively. These results indicate that human hepatocytes that propagate in mice retain their normal pharmacological responses. We conclude that the chimeric mouse developed in the present study is a useful model for assessing the functions and pharmacological responses of human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chise Tateno
- Yoshizato Project, Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization (CLUSTER), Hiroshima, Japan
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Asahina K, Sato H, Yamasaki C, Kataoka M, Shiokawa M, Katayama S, Tateno C, Yoshizato K. Pleiotrophin/heparin-binding growth-associated molecule as a mitogen of rat hepatocytes and its role in regeneration and development of liver. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:2191-205. [PMID: 12057922 PMCID: PMC1850835 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previously pleiotrophin (PTN) was identified among proteins secreted by Swiss 3T3 cells as a mitogen for cultured adult rat hepatocytes. The present study showed that the growth of rat hepatocytes was enhanced when cultured with rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). HSCs expressed PTN mRNA and secreted its protein in the co-cultures. Recombinant PTN enhanced the growth of hepatocytes in culture, suggesting that HSCs stimulate the growth of hepatocytes through the action of PTN. To know the biological role of PTN in the growth of hepatocytes in vivo, we examined the expression of PTN in four regeneration models of adult liver and embryonic liver of rat. The expression of PTN mRNA in the liver was markedly up-regulated by the treatment with D-galactosamine (GalN) or with acetylaminofluorene followed by partial hepatectomy. HSCs expressed PTN mRNA in response to GalN treatment and its protein was found on hepatocytes. The mRNA expression of N-syndecan, a PTN receptor, was up-regulated in GalN-treated hepatocytes. The mesenchymal cells in the septum transversum enclosing the embryonic liver, but not embryonic HSCs, expressed PTN mRNA. We suggest that PTN is secreted from activated adult HSCs and embryonic mesenchymal cells as a mitogen of parenchymal cells in adult and embryonic liver, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinji Asahina
- Hiroshima Tissue Regeneration Project, Hiroshima Prefecture Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancement of Technological Excellence, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology
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24
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Abstract
Nearly pure populations of small hepatocytes (SHs), parenchymal hepatocytes (PHs), and nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) were prepared from the adult rat, and cocultures of hepatocytes and NPCs were reconstituted from them first to obtain the direct evidence that NPCs promote the growth of hepatocytes and second to compare the growth potential between SHs and PHs. SHs and PHs underwent multiple divisions when cocultured with NPCs, whereas neither SHs nor PHs formed colonies at 10 days when cultured alone. Stellate cells in the NPCs were shown to be responsible for this growth promotion. SHs showed a higher growth capacity than PHs. To clearly show the relationship between the growth potential and the size of hepatocytes, SHs and PHs were further fractionated by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, because the size distribution of SHs and PHs was half overlapped. SHs produced 2 cell populations, SH-R2 and SH-R3. The former showed a greater extent of granularity and autofluorescence than the latter. In contrast, PHs produced only 1 population (PH-R2), which corresponded to the SH-R2. The size of hepatocytes of SH-R3 was smaller (17.1 +/- 0.2 microm) than those of SH-R2 (22.6 +/- 0.5 microm) and PH-R2 (24.1 +/- 0.1 microm) and there was not a significant overlap in the size distribution between the 2 groups. The hepatocytes of SH-R3 were highly replicative and 4 or 5 times higher in their growth potential than those of SH-R2 and PH-R2. We concluded that the growth potential of hepatocytes is heterogeneous and is correlated with their size and the extent of their granularity and autofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tateno
- Yoshizato MorphoMatrix Project, ERATO, JST, Hiroshima, Japan
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Hino H, Tateno C, Sato H, Yamasaki C, Katayama S, Kohashi T, Aratani A, Asahara T, Dohi K, Yoshizato K. A long-term culture of human hepatocytes which show a high growth potential and express their differentiated phenotypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256:184-91. [PMID: 10066444 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study succeeded for the first time in cultivating for more than 2 months human normal hepatocytes which showed a high growth potential and expressed their differentiated phenotypes. Constituents of culture medium were critical for this culture, and the medium optimized for their growth contained fresh human serum, fetal bovine serum, Swiss 3T3-cell conditioned medium, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, epidermal growth factor, nicotinamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Hepatocytes steadily replicated and formed colonies which continued to increase in size up to around 35 days. The number of hepatocytes in the most replicative colonies increased 17-fold during 31 days. Cells in colonies expressed normal differentiated hepatocytic phenotypes for as long as 35 days. These hepatocytes retained normal liver functions at least for 70 days such as to secrete albumin, and to metabolize lidocaine and D-galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hino
- Yoshizato MorphoMatrix Project, ERATO, JST, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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Yamasaki C, Natori Y, Zeng XT, Ohmura M, Yamasaki S, Takeda Y, Natori Y. Induction of cytokines in a human colon epithelial cell line by Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and Stx2 but not by non-toxic mutant Stx1 which lacks N-glycosidase activity. FEBS Lett 1999; 442:231-4. [PMID: 9929007 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stx1 and Stx2 produced by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are cytotoxic due to their N-glycosidase activity on 28S rRNA. In this study, we have shown that proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs, especially IL-8, were induced by Stx1 and Stx2 in Caco-2 cells. A non-toxic mutant of Stxl which lacks N-glycosidase activity did not induce cytokine mRNAs. IL-8 production at the protein level was enhanced by Stx1 and Stx2, but not by the mutant Stx1. These results demonstrate that Shiga toxins induce expression and synthesis of cytokines in Caco-2 cells and their N-glycosidase activity is essential for the induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yamasaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ubukata
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yoshida
- Yoshizato MorphoMatrix Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Hiroshima Technoplaza, 3-13-26, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamasaki
- Yoshizato MorphoMatrix Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Hiroshima Technoplaza, 3-13-26, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Yoshizato MorphoMatrix Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Hiroshima Technoplaza, 3-13-26, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739, Japan
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