Electromagnetic Modulation of Cell Behavior: Unraveling the Positive Impacts in a Comprehensive Review

There are numerous effective procedures for cell signaling, in which humans directly transmit detectable signals to cells to govern their essential behaviors. From a biomedical perspective, the cellular response to the combined influence of electrical and magnetic fields holds significant promise in various domains, such as cancer treatment, targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, and wound healing. Among these modern cell signaling methods, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) play a pivotal role; however, there remains a paucity of knowledge concerning the effects of EMFs across all wavelengths. It's worth noting that most wavelengths are incompatible with human cells, and as such, this study excludes them from consideration. In this review, we aim to comprehensively explore the most effective and current EMFs, along with their therapeutic impacts on various cell types. Specifically, we delve into the influence of alternating electromagnetic fields (AEMFs) on diverse cell behaviors, encompassing proliferation, differentiation, biomineralization, cell death, and cell migration. Our findings underscore the substantial potential of these pivotal cellular behaviors in advancing the treatment of numerous diseases. Moreover, AEMFs wield a significant role in the realms of biomaterials and tissue engineering, given their capacity to decisively influence biomaterials, facilitate non-invasive procedures, ensure biocompatibility, and exhibit substantial efficacy. It is worth mentioning that AEMFs often serve as a last-resort treatment option for various diseases. Much about electromagnetic fields remains a mystery to the scientific community, and we have yet to unravel the precise mechanisms through which wavelengths control cellular fate. Consequently, our understanding and knowledge in this domain predominantly stem from repeated experiments yielding similar effects. In the ensuing sections of this article, we delve deeper into our extended experiments and research.

Early protection against bone stress injuries by mobilization of endogenous targeted bone remodeling

Bone stress injuries are common overuse injuries, especially in soldiers, athletes, and performers. In contrast to various post-injury treatments, early protection against bone stress injuries can provide greater benefit. This study explored the early protection strategies against bone stress injuries by mobilization of endogenous targeted bone remodeling. The effects of various pharmaceutical/biophysical approaches, individual or combinational, were investigated by giving intervention before fatigue loading. We optimized the dosage and administration parameters and found that early intervention with pulsed electromagnetic field and parathyroid hormone (i.e., PEMF+PTH) resulted in the most pronounced protective effects among all the approaches against the bone stress injuries. In addition, the mechanisms by which the strategy mobilizes targeted bone remodeling and enhances the self-repair capacity of bone were systematically investigated. This study proposes strategies to reduce the incidence of bone stress injuries in high-risk populations (e.g., soldiers and athletes), particularly for those before sudden increased physical training.

Electromagnetic field exposure to human head model with various metal objects at sub-6 GHz frequencies

In recent years, the interactions of metal objects in human body with electromagnetic fields caused by devices working at fifth-generation (5G) frequencies have been studied by various researchers. A motivation behind this research was to evaluate the human body absorption of electromagnetic energy operating at sub-6 GHz 5G applications. According to this, the specific absorption rate (SAR) caused by new generation mobile phones was investigated in human heads wearing metal-framed spectacles and having metallic implants or earrings to analyse electromagnetic field exposure. A realistic human head model, including some metal objects, was numerically calculated, and analysed in terms of non-ionizing dosimetry. Simulations were carried out with the finite integration technique (FIT) based commercial software in the frequencies of 0.9, 1.8, 2.1, 2.45, 3.5 and 5 GHz, respectively. The maximum SAR of 14 × 10-5 W/kg for 10 g average tissue was calculated at 2.45 GHz frequency in the head model with earrings. The highest electric field strength of 0.52 V/m was observed at a 1.8 GHz frequency in the head model with all metal objects equipped. Results show that metal objects such as spectacles, dental implants and earrings can cause an increase in the SAR values for external biological tissues, and metal objects can behave as a kind of shield for deeper tissues. However, the obtained values are below the limits of international organisations.

In-situ preparation of CoFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles on eggshell membrane-activated carbon for microwave absorption

This study explores the potential of using cobalt ferrite (CF) nanoparticles grown in situ on eggshell membranes (ESM) to mitigate the increasing problem of electromagnetic interference (EMI). A simple carbonization process was adopted to synthesize CF nanoparticles on ESM. The study further examines the composites' surface morphology and chemical composition and evaluates their microwave absorption performance (MAP) at X-band frequency. Results showed that the composite of CF and ESM - CESM@CF, exhibited a strong RL peak value of -39.03 mm with an optimal thickness of 1.5 mm. The combination of CF and ESM demonstrates excellent impedance matching and EM wave attenuation. The presence of numerous interfaces, conduction loss from the morphology, interfacial polarisation, and dual influence from both CF and ESM contribute to the high MAP of the composite. CESM@CF composite is projected as an excellent biomass-based nano-composite for EM wave absorption applications.

Investigation of Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of Ni-Co and MWCNT Nanocomposites

BACKGROUND

In recent years, severe electromagnetic interference among electronic devices has been caused by the unprecedented growth of communication systems. Therefore, microwave absorbing materials are required to relieve these problems by absorbing the unwanted microwave. In the design of microwave absorbers, magnetic nanomaterials have to be used as fine particles dispersed in an insulating matrix. Besides the intrinsic properties of these materials, the structure and morphology are also crucial to the microwave absorption performance of the composite. In this study, Ni-Co-MWCNT composites were synthesized, and the changes in electric permittivity, magnetic permeability, and reflectance loss of the samples were evaluated at frequencies of 2 to 18 GHz.

METHODS

Nickel-Cobalt-Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) composites were successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation chemical method. The structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the samples were characterized and investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).

RESULTS

The results revealed that the Ni-Co-MWCNT composite has the highest electromagnetic wave absorption rate with a reflectance loss of -70.22 dB at a frequency of 10.12 GHz with a thickness of 1.8 mm. The adequate absorption bandwidth (RL <-10 dB) was 6.9 GHz at the high-frequency region, exhibiting excellent microwave absorbing properties as a good microwave absorber.

CONCLUSION

Based on this study, it can be argued that the Ni-Co-MWCNT composite can be a good candidate for making light absorbers of radar waves at frequencies 2- 18 GHz.

Combating Coronavirus Using Resonant Electromagnetic Irradiation

The interaction of electromagnetic (EM) waves with the COVID-19 virus is studied to define the frequencies that cause maximum energy absorption by the virus and the power level needed to cause a lethal temperature rise. The full-wave EM simulator is used to model the virus and study the effects of its size and dielectric properties on the absorbed power across a wide range of frequencies. The results confirm potential resonance conditions, where specific frequencies produce maximum absorption and subsequent temperature rise that can destroy the virus. Furthermore, the study confirms that maximum power deposition in the virus occurs at specific wavelengths depending on its size. Also, the simulation is used to find the power required to destroy the virus and determine the total power required to destroy it in an oral activity, such as coughing, made by infected individuals. Furthermore, the study explained why irradiation by UV-C band is effective to decrease virus activity or even eradicate it.

Human mind has microwave electromagnetic nature and can be recorded and processed

INTRODUCTION

In 2014 and 2015 Professor of neurology Andrey Bryukhovetskiy published a novel theory of the information-commutation organization of the human brain in Russia, China and the USA. The theory posits the hypothesis that the higher nervous activity (cognitive, intellectual, mnestic) of the humans and their mind are material and have microwave electromagnetic nature. The theory perceives the human mind as a result of dynamic extracortical information-commutation relations of the super-positions of the electromagnetic waves of ultra high frequency emitted by different areas of the human brain in the inter-membrane cerebrospinal fluid space of the human head at a certain period of time. The inter-membrane cerebrospinal fluid space of the human head (the space between the dura, arachnoid and pia mater filled with the cerebrospinal fluid) of about 10mm size, has all morphological attributes to realize the holography. It is a universal natural bioprocessor for processing, analysis and synthesis of the input data and their record or reproduction on the pia as on the biological holographic membrane. The theory suggested that the processes of the mind can be recorded and digitalized with the last generation contemporary microwave receptors of the UHF band.

GOAL

The goal is to experimentally test the theory of the information-commutation organization of the human brain, particularly, the postulate that the human mind has material, and, namely, electromagnetic nature represented by the microwave bioelectric activity; it must be detected, recorded and statistically processed, i.e. its existence must be confirmed.

METHODS

On their own initiative, the team of mathematicians, radioengineers and neurologists performed the non-invasive research of the electromagnetic radiation of human brain in the broad frequency range varying from 850MHz to 26.5GHz with the last generation specialized measuring equipment with high sensitivity and recording speed, specialized measuring antennas and low noise amplifying equipment in the anechoic chamber of the 1st class of protection according to the Russian system of certification GOST R 50414-92.

RESULTS

The previously unknown microwave electromagnetic radiation of the EHF/UHF range (from 1.5GHz to 4.5GHz) with signal strength of -130dBm .. -100dBm (1e^-15 .. 1e^-13 W) are discovered. The detected electromagnetic waves have zonal variations in the different areas of the human head and are absent in other areas of the human body. The method of recording of the microwave electromagnetic activity of the human brain is patented in the Russian Federation. The microwave electromagnetic activity of the brain is billion-fold different from the bioelectric activity recorded by the encephalography.

CONCLUSION

Discovery of the phenomenon of the microwave radiation of the human brain provides evidence to the idea that thinking and mind are material. This phenomenon has the potential to become a new informational channel of the diagnostics of the functional and pathological state of the higher nervous activity of the human brain. It can provide the basis for the development of the equipment for real-time analysis of the microwave bioelectric activity of the brain in norm and pathology, for objective early diagnostics of the functional and emotional conditions as well as of the psychiatric disorders at the preclinical stage, for the biocontrol of the human brain and the artificial simulators of the human brain. It also can provide the foundation for new systems of the artificial intellect, brain-computer interface and systems of the closed-loop biomanagement of the damaged brain.

Impact of 2.45 GHz Microwave Irradiation on the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster

Simple Summary

The physiological and behavioral influences of 2.45 GHz microwaves on Drosophila melanogaster were examined. This study indicated that there was no concern regarding the thermal effects of microwave irradiation for levels of daily usage if it is traveling waves. However, it still gave non-thermal effects. We detected genotoxicity and behavioral alterations associated with travelling wave irradiation. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that fruit flies possessed paramagnetic substances in the body such as Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, and organic radicals, and the behavioral tests supported the microwave susceptibility of the insects.

Abstract

The physiological and behavioral influences of 2.45 GHz microwaves on Drosophila melanogaster were examined. Standing waves transitioned into heat energy effectively when passing through the insect body. On the contrary, travelling waves did not transit into heat energy in the insect body. This indicated that there was no concern regarding the thermal effects of microwave irradiation for levels of daily usage. However, we detected genotoxicity and behavioral alterations associated with travelling wave irradiation, which can be attributed to the non-thermal effects of the waves. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that fruit flies possessed paramagnetic substances in the body such as Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, and organic radicals. The temperature dependent intensities of these paramagnetic substances indicated that females possessed more of the components susceptible to electromagnetic waves than males, and the behavioral tests supported the differences between the sexes.

Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus after Exposure to Electromagnetic Waves Emitted from Mobile Phone Simulator

Background:

The increasing use of telecommunication devices such as Wi-Fi modems and mobile phones in the recent years can change the cellular structure of microorganisms so the generation of electromagnetic waves has led to concern in the community whenever be exposed to these fields and may have harmful effects on human health.

Material and Methods:

In this experimental study, standard strains of bacteria were prepared on Mueller-Hinton agar for bacterial growth to obtain 0.5 McFarland turbidity (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU) of bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility test using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was done. For Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibiotics susceptibility test was conducted. The test group was exposed to electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phone simulator with a frequency of 900 MHz and the control group were not exposed.

Results:

The results revealed that increasing duration of exposure to electromagnetic waves emitted by the mobile simulators with a frequency of 900 MHz especially after 24 h of exposure, can increase bacterial resistance in S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa.

Conclusion:

Several factors can cause bacterial resistance against antibiotics. One of these factors is the electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile simulator with a frequency of 900 MHz, which can increase the permeability of the cell wall of bacteria.

Clogging in constructed wetlands: Indirect estimation of medium porosity by analysis of ground-penetrating radar images

Identification of the degree of porous medium clogging in constructed wetlands (CWs) is a complex procedure because bed obstruction is a phenomenon that occurs in the subsurface and involves several factors. Ideal methods must allow for subsurface analysis and be non-invasive, what is the case of ground penetrating radar (GPR or georadar) used for soil characterization. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the use of GPR for clogging characterization of two full-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs), one unit planted with cattail (Typha latifolia) and the other unit with no vegetation. Both units received municipal sewage (50 p.e. each) previously treated in an anaerobic reactor, had been in operation for seven years (at the time the GPR was used) and showed signs of heavy clogging, leading to surface flow. In order to produce a standard for GPR image (created by the response of the reflected wave in the passage through different media) identification and association of colors with the environmental conditions inside the medium (cleaner or more obstructed condition), a clean granular rock filter (in operation for only one month), similar to the unplanted unit, was used. Equations developed for indirectly estimating the porosity, based on the RGB (red, green and blue) color scale, indicated that the methodology was in agreement with the visual conditions of surface flow occurrence in the HSSF-CW, showing to be a suitable non-invasive method to characterize the advancement of clogging in CWs.

Dataset on significant role of Candesartan on cognitive functions in rats having memory impairment induced by electromagnetic waves

Rapid growing of mobile phones users has raised about the possible effects of these electromagnetic waves (EMW) on human health. Many studies have examined the role of these EMW on biological systems, but the results are still contradictory and controversial. In addition to EMW, over-activation of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) has been associated with cognitive decline, incidence and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Candesartan, an AT1R blocker, is well recognized for treatment of hypertension. However, its role on cognitive functions such as spatial and recognition memory remains elusive. Thus, young rats were divided into 3 groups: control, exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (EMW), and exposed to EMW during Candesartan treatment (EMW+Cand). Spatial memory performance was assessed using the object recognition test and recognition memory performance using Morris water maze test. Significant differences where found between EMW exposed rats and EMW+Cand exposed rats treated with Candesartan compared to control, EMW group impaired learning, spatial and short term memory along with unaffected sensorimotor function whereas EMW+Cand group improved learning, spatial memory and short term memory deficit induced by EMW in addition to absence of its role on sensorimotor function. Although our data provides evidences of the protective role of Candesartan against EMW-induced cognitive decline, more future studies are still needed to confirm these findings which can provide new fields in treatment of EMW-induced damage by Candesartan.

Acute effects of the electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones on attention in emergency physicians

STUDY OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of the electromagnetic waves (EMW) emitted by mobile phones on attention in emergency physicians.

METHODS

This single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical study was performed among emergency physicians in a tertiary hospital. Thirty emergency physicians were enrolled in the study. Initial d2 test was applied in the evaluation of attention and concentration of all the physicians, who were randomly assigned into one of two groups. The control group members hold mobile phones in 'off' mode to their left ears for 15min. The members of the intervention group hold mobile phones in 'on' mode to their left ears for 15min, thus exposing them to 900-1800MHz EMW. The d2 test was re-applied to both groups after this procedure. Differences in attention and concentration levels between the groups were compared.

RESULTS

Difference between initial and final d2 test in total performance (TN-E, p=0.319), in total number of figures marked (TN, p=0.177), in test performance percentile (PR, p=0.619) and in attention fluctuation (FR, p=0.083) were similar between the groups. However, difference in the number of figures missed (E1 selective attention, p=0.025), difference between numbers of incorrectly marked figures (E2, p=0,018) and difference in focus levels (E, p=0.016) were significantly in favor of the intervention group.

CONCLUSION

According to our study findings, the EMW emitted by mobile phones has no deleterious effect on the attention and concentration levels of emergency physicians, and even has a positive impact on selective attention levels.

Biophysical control of the growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens using extremely low frequency electromagnetic waves at resonance frequency

Isolated Agrobacterium tumefaciens was exposed to different extremely low frequencies of square amplitude modulated waves (QAMW) from two generators to determine the resonance frequency that causes growth inhibition. The carrier was 10 MHz sine wave with amplitude ±10 Vpp which was modulated by a second wave generator with a modulation depth of ± 2Vpp and constant field strength of 200 V/m at 28 °C. The exposure of A. tumefaciens to 1.0 Hz QAMW for 90 min inhibited the bacterial growth by 49.2%. In addition, the tested antibiotics became more effective against A. tumefaciens after the exposure. Furthermore, results of DNA, dielectric relaxation and TEM showed highly significant molecular and morphological changes due to the exposure to 1.0 Hz QAMW for 90 min. An in-vivo study has been carried out on healthy tomato plants to test the pathogenicity of A. tumefaciens before and after the exposure to QAMW at the inhibiting frequency. Symptoms of crown gall and all pathological symptoms were more aggressive in tomato plants treated with non-exposed bacteria, comparing with those treated with exposed bacteria. We concluded that, the exposure of A. tumefaciens to 1.0 Hz QAMW for 90 min modified its cellular activity and DNA structure, which inhibited the growth and affected the microbe pathogenicity.

Exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic waves alters acetylcholinesterase gene expression, exploratory and motor coordination-linked behaviour in male rats

Humans in modern society are exposed to an ever-increasing number of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and some studies have demonstrated that these waves can alter brain function but the mechanism still remains unclear. Hence, this study sought to investigate the effect of 2.5 Ghz band radio-frequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMF) exposure on cerebral cortex acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and their mRNA expression level as well as locomotor function and anxiety-linked behaviour in male rats. Animals were divided into four groups namely; group 1 was control (without exposure), group 2-4 were exposed to 2.5 Ghz radiofrequency waves from an installed WI-FI device for a period of 4, 6 and 8 weeks respectively. The results revealed that WiFi exposure caused a significant increase in anxiety level and affect locomotor function. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in AChE activity with a concomitant increase in AChE mRNA expression level in WiFi exposed rats when compared with control. In conclusions, these data showed that long term exposure to WiFi may lead to adverse effects such as neurodegenerative diseases as observed by a significant alteration on AChE gene expression and some neurobehavioral parameters associated with brain damage.

Incidence of Seminoma Cancer in Staffs that Worked in Electromagnetic Waves Station; Three Cases Report

Physical agents such as ultraviolet or ionizing radiation and repetitive trauma have been related to the causation of cancer in humans. Much less clear is the association between exposure to radiofrequency, such as radar and microwave radiation to the development of cancer. Sporadic case reports and small series suggest that this type of radiation might lead to cancer or contribute to its evolution. The association between radiofrequency and testicular damage and cancer is unproved, but clinical and experimental data are suggestive of such possibility. In this paper we have reported three cases of seminoma in person who worked in the same place that exposed to radio frequency (RF) waves.

Auditory Brainstem Responses and EMFs Generated by Mobile Phones

There has been a manifold increase in the number of mobile phone users throughout the world with the current number of users exceeding 2 billion. However this advancement in technology like many others is accompanied by a progressive increase in the frequency and intensity of electromagnetic waves without consideration of the health consequences. The aim of our study was to advance our understanding of the potential adverse effects of GSM mobile phones on auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). 60 subjects were selected for the study and divided into three groups of 20 each based on their usage of mobile phones. Their ABRs were recorded and analysed for latency of waves I-V as well as interpeak latencies I-III, I-V and III-V (in ms). Results revealed no significant difference in the ABR parameters between group A (control group) and group B (subjects using mobile phones for maximum 30 min/day for 5 years). However the latency of waves was significantly prolonged in group C (subjects using mobile phones for 10 years for a maximum of 30 min/day) as compared to the control group. Based on our findings we concluded that long term exposure to mobile phones may affect conduction in the peripheral portion of the auditory pathway. However more research needs to be done to study the long term effects of mobile phones particularly of newer technologies like smart phones and 3G.

Highly efficient proteolysis accelerated by electromagnetic waves for Peptide mapping

Proteomics will contribute greatly to the understanding of gene functions in the post-genomic era. In proteome research, protein digestion is a key procedure prior to mass spectrometry identification. During the past decade, a variety of electromagnetic waves have been employed to accelerate proteolysis. This review focuses on the recent advances and the key strategies of these novel proteolysis approaches for digesting and identifying proteins. The subjects covered include microwave-accelerated protein digestion, infrared-assisted proteolysis, ultraviolet-enhanced protein digestion, laser-assisted proteolysis, and future prospects. It is expected that these novel proteolysis strategies accelerated by various electromagnetic waves will become powerful tools in proteome research and will find wide applications in high throughput protein digestion and identification.