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Zarei S, Kamali S, Narinyan W, Nasouri F, Hassani S, Ibrahim AM, Zarei R, Altamimi S. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss, and elevated inflammatory markers that lead to bilateral blindness: A case report with literature review. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:399. [PMID: 38053704 PMCID: PMC10695467 DOI: 10.25259/sni_670_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) or idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by elevated intracranial pressure without hydrocephalus or mass lesion, with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies and neuroimaging. The exact cause remains uncertain, but potential mechanisms include increased CSF production, impaired CSF absorption, cerebral edema, and abnormal cerebral venous pressure gradients. Patients may present with various accompanying symptoms such as unilateral or bilateral visual obscuration, pulsatile tinnitus, back pain, dizziness, neck pain, blurred vision, cognitive difficulties, radicular pain, and typically intermittent horizontal diplopia. Case Description We report a case of a 32-year-old female who initially presented with chronic headaches and oligomenorrhea, which resulted in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) a few years before the initial diagnosis of PTC. Despite receiving maximum medical treatment and undergoing optic nerve sheath fenestration, the patient experienced complete bilateral vision loss. Nearly 5 years later, the patient sought care at our outpatient neurology clinic, presenting with symptoms including tinnitus, left-sided hearing loss, and joint pain with elevated inflammatory markers and headaches. The focus of this research was to discuss the pathophysiology of each of these comorbidities. Conclusion This case report aims to explore the pathophysiological relationships between PTC and concurrent comorbidities, including PCOS, sensorineural hearing loss, empty sella (ES) syndrome, and elevated inflammatory markers. Remarkably, no other PTC case with this unique constellation of concurrent comorbidities have been reported in existing medical literature. The case report underscores the critical importance of early diagnosis of IIH and prompt medical intervention, particularly in patients with PCOS experiencing chronic headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zarei
- Department of Neurology, The Neurology Group, Pomona, United States
| | - Setareh Kamali
- Department of Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, United States
| | - William Narinyan
- Department of Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, United States
| | - Farnoush Nasouri
- Department of Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Sara Hassani
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Rojeen Zarei
- Department of Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Sadiq Altamimi
- Department of Neurology, The Neurology Group, Pomona, United States
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Zhao KM, Hu JS, Zhu SM, Wen TT, Fang XM. Persistent postoperative hypotension caused by subclinical empty sella syndrome after a simple surgery: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5817-5822. [PMID: 37727724 PMCID: PMC10506010 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i24.5817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empty sella is an anatomical and radiological finding of the herniation of the subarachnoid space into the pituitary fossa leading to a flattened pituitary gland. Patients with empty sella may present with various symptoms, including headache due to intracranial hypertension and endocrine symptoms related to the specific pituitary hormones affected. Here, we report a female patient who developed persistent postoperative hypotension caused by subclinical empty sella syndrome after a simple surgery. CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old woman underwent vocal cord polypectomy under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. She denied any medical history, and her vital signs were normal before the surgery. Anesthesia and surgery were uneventful. However, she developed dizziness, headache and persistent hypotension in the ward. Thus, intravenous dopamine was started to maintain normal blood pressure, which improved her symptoms. However, she remained dependent on dopamine for over 24 h without any obvious anesthesia- and surgery-related complications. An endocrine etiology was then suspected, and further examination showed a high prolactin level, a low normal adrenocorticotropic hormone level and a low cortisol level. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed an empty sella. Therefore, she was diagnosed with empty sella syndrome and secondary adrenal insufficiency. Her symptoms disappeared one week later after daily glucocorticoid supplement. CONCLUSION Endocrine etiologies such as pituitary and adrenal-related dysfunction should be considered in patients showing persistent postoperative hypotension when anesthesia- and surgery-related factors are excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Mei Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sanmen People’s Hospital, Sanmen 317100, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-Mei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Yu D, Shi L, Zhang X, Yang H, Feng J, Wang Y. Primary empty sella syndrome-caused rhabdomyolysis misdiagnosed as recurrent sepsis: a case report and literature review. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 130:144-146. [PMID: 36906123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported a case of a 68-year-old man who presented with recurrent fever and multiorgan dysfunction. His significantly elevated procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels indicated recurrent sepsis. However, no focus of infection and no pathogens were identified through a variety of examinations and tests. Although the increase of creatine kinase (CK) was less than 5 times of the upper limit of normal value, the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis (RM) secondary to adrenal insufficiency resulting from primary empty sella syndrome was finally made, as supported by serum myoglobin elevation, serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency, bilateral adrenal atrophy on computed tomography (CT), and empty sella on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After the glucocorticoid replacement treatment, the patient's myoglobin gradually returned to normal range, and his condition continued to improve. RM resulting from a rare cause may be misdiagnosed as sepsis in patients who present with increased PCT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China; Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Leilei Shi
- Department of Hypertension, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Huifen Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yubao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China; Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Chen HC, Sung CC. A young man with secondary adrenal insufficiency due to empty sella syndrome. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:81. [PMID: 35216554 PMCID: PMC8876128 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Empty sella syndrome is characterized by a constellation of symptoms that encompass various systems, and includes endocrine, neurologic, ophthalmologic, and psychiatric presentations. We here report a case of a young man presenting with severe hyponatremia due to empty sella syndrome and focus on changes in electrolytes during corticosteroid supplementation. Case report A 36-year-old man presented with general weakness, poor appetite, and dizziness for 4 days. Physical assessment revealed lower limbs nonpitting oedema. Pertinent laboratory data showed severe hyponatremia (sodium 108 mmol/L). Endocrine work-up revealed low cortisol levels at 1.17 µg/dL (reference: 4.82–19.5 µg/dL) and inappropriately normal adrenocorticotropic hormone levels at 12.4 pg/mL (reference: 0.1–46.0 pg/mL), indicating secondary adrenal insufficiency. Brain magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of empty sella syndrome. He developed delirium and agitation one day after cortisol supplementation with a sodium correction rate of 10 mmol/L/day, while hypokalaemia (potassium 3.4 mmol/L) also developed. The symptoms improved after lowering the serum sodium level. This patient was eventually discharged after 12 days of hospitalization when the serum sodium and potassium levels were 139 mmol/L and 3.5 mmol/L, respectively. Conclusion Herein, we address the importance of timely diagnosis of empty sella syndrome in patients with hyponatremia and highlight the close monitoring of the changes in electrolytes during corticosteroid replacement. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-022-02699-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Chih Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Chien Sung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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Winograd E, Kortz MW, Lillehei KO. Radiographic pituitary stalk disruption: A rare sequela of secondary empty sella syndrome. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:385. [PMID: 34513152 PMCID: PMC8422539 DOI: 10.25259/sni_530_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This two-patient case series describes a rare sequela of postoperative empty sella syndrome (ESS) following transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. This is characterized by progressive hormone dysfunction, diabetes insipidus (DI), and associated MRI evidence of pituitary stalk disruption. Case Description: This phenomenon was retrospectively evaluated in a review of 2000 pituitary tumor resections performed by a single neurosurgeon (KOL). Chart review was retrospectively conducted to gather data on demographics, pituitary hormone status, tumor characteristics, and management. We identified 2 (0.1%) cases of progressive pituitary endocrine dysfunction occurring in the postoperative period associated with MRI evidence of pituitary stalk disruption within 6 weeks of discharge from the hospital. This was felt to be caused by the rapid descent of the residual normal pituitary gland down to the floor of the postoperative empty sella, causing relatively swift stalk stretching. Both patients developed DI, and one patient demonstrated increased pituitary hormone dysfunction. Conclusion: This phenomenon is a rare manifestation of postoperative ESS, secondary to surgical resection of a pituitary macroadenoma. We discuss the associated potential risk factors and strategies for avoidance in these two cases. Routine instillation of intrasellar fat in patients at risk is felt to be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Winograd
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Michael W Kortz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Kevin O Lillehei
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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Nagai T, Mogami T, Takeda T, Tomiyama N, Yasui T. A case of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency due to isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency with empty sella syndrome after pembrolizumab treatment in a patient with metastatic renal pelvic cancer. Urol Case Rep 2021; 39:101766. [PMID: 34285878 PMCID: PMC8273353 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2021.101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pembrolizumab, an anti-programmed death-1 specific monoclonal antibody is a second-line treatment for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Physicians should be aware of adverse immune-related events associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly adrenocortical insufficiency, which poses a risk of death. We report a case of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency due to isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency with empty sella syndrome after pembrolizumab treatment in a patient with metastatic renal pelvic cancer. Fortunately, a therapeutic effect was observed 4 months after discontinuation of pembrolizumab, and a durable antitumor response has persisted for 5 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagai
- Department of Urology, Komono Kosei Hospital, Komono, Japan.,Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tohru Mogami
- Department of Urology, Komono Kosei Hospital, Komono, Japan
| | - Tomoki Takeda
- Department of Urology, Komono Kosei Hospital, Komono, Japan.,Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nami Tomiyama
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yasui
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Komić L, Kruljac I, Mirošević G, Gaćina P, Pećina HI, Čerina V, Gajski D, Blaslov K, Rotim K, Vrkljan M. SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION OF A NONFUNCTIONING PITUITARY ADENOMA OVER ONE-MONTH PERIOD: A CASE REPORT. Acta Clin Croat 2021; 60:317-322. [PMID: 34744285 PMCID: PMC8564843 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2021.60.02.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous resolution of nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma after hemorrhagic apoplexy is a rare clinical entity of unknown etiology and is defined as disappearance of a tumor without any specific treatment. Here we present a 54-year-old male patient who presented with acute onset of severe headache, vomiting, photophobia, and sonophobia. He was referred to brain computed tomography, which showed a 16x12x16 mm tumor mass located in the sellar region with signs of hemorrhage. Endocrinologic evaluation was consistent with under-function of pituitary gonadotropic cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed ten days later was consistent with hemorrhagic apoplexy of the pituitary adenoma. The patient’s symptoms resolved after conservative treatment with dexamethasone, but he was scheduled for elective pituitary surgery. Preoperative MRI was performed one month after the first one and disclosed normal pituitary gland without any signs of adenoma. Our case is remarkable due to the fact that spontaneous remission of pituitary adenoma occurred within the first month, which is the shortest interval reported to date. Our case highlights the importance of conservative therapy as the first-line treatment for pituitary apoplexy in the absence of neurological impairment, since spontaneous remission may occur in a short time interval.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Kruljac
- 1University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; 2Mladen Sekso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 7University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia; 8Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 9University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gorana Mirošević
- 1University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; 2Mladen Sekso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 7University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia; 8Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 9University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petar Gaćina
- 1University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; 2Mladen Sekso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 7University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia; 8Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 9University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Ivan Pećina
- 1University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; 2Mladen Sekso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 7University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia; 8Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 9University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vatroslav Čerina
- 1University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; 2Mladen Sekso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 7University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia; 8Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 9University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Gajski
- 1University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; 2Mladen Sekso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 7University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia; 8Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 9University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Blaslov
- 1University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; 2Mladen Sekso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 7University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia; 8Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 9University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Rotim
- 1University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; 2Mladen Sekso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 7University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia; 8Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 9University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Vrkljan
- 1University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; 2Mladen Sekso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 7University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia; 8Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 9University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
Empty sella is a pituitary disorder characterized by the herniation of the subarachnoid space within the sella turcica. This is often associated with a variable degree of flattening of the pituitary gland. Empty sella has to be distinguished in primary and secondary forms. Primary empty sella (PES) excludes any history of previous pituitary pathologies such as previous surgical, pharmacologic, or radiotherapy treatment of the sellar region. PES is considered an idiopathic disease and may be associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Secondary empty sella, however, may occur after the treatment of pituitary tumors through neurosurgery or drugs or radiotherapy, after spontaneous necrosis (ischemia or hemorrhage) of chiefly adenomas, after pituitary infectious processes, pituitary autoimmune diseases, or brain trauma. Empty sella, in the majority of cases, is only a neuroradiological finding, without any clinical implication. However, empty sella syndrome is defined in the presence of pituitary hormonal dysfunction (more frequently hypopituitarism) and/or neurological symptoms due to the possible coexisting of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Empty sella syndrome represents a peculiar clinical entity, characterized by heterogeneity both in clinical manifestations and in hormonal alterations, sometimes reaching severe extremes. For a proper diagnosis, management, and follow-up of empty sella syndrome, a multidisciplinary approach with the integration of endocrine, neurological, and ophthalmological experts is strongly advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chiloiro
- Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Ouma J. Primary empty sella syndrome associated with visual deterioration salvaged by chiasmapexy: Report of a case and discussion of the literature. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:48. [PMID: 32257574 PMCID: PMC7110400 DOI: 10.25259/sni_309_2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is a condition in which there is loss of volume of the pituitary gland, which is the normal constituent of the sella turcica. There may be visual and endocrine deficits associated with this condition, and radiologically, there may be downward prolapse of the optic chiasm. It occurs in a primary ESS, poorly understood form, as well as a secondary ESS form that follows medical or surgical treatment of a pituitary macroadenoma, or else spontaneous hemorrhage into such a tumor. Case Description: A 56-year-old man presenting with deficits of both visual acuity and visual fields in the setting of radiological ESS without associated optic chiasm prolapse is discussed. He underwent endoscopic endonasal chiasmapexy with gradual improvement of his visual function over the following 6 months. Conclusion: ESS is a potentially potent cause of visual deterioration that lends itself to reversal through a relatively simple neurosurgical technique. This case illustrates that actual prolapse of the chiasm is neither a prerequisite for visual deterioration nor its reversal the mechanism of visual improvement after chiasmapexy, raising the question of the mechanisms at play in cases such as this. It confirms the role of chiasmapexy in the management of selected cases of ESS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ouma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Malik S, Kiran Z, Rashid MO, Mawani M, Gulab A, Masood MQ, Islam N. Hypopituitarism other than sellar and parasellar tumors or traumatic brain injury assessed in a tertiary hospital. Pak J Med Sci 2019; 35:1149-1154. [PMID: 31372159 PMCID: PMC6659092 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.35.4.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Data regarding the etiology, clinical and biochemical patterns in hypopituitarism is scant for Pakistan. We describe the characteristics of patients with hypopituitarism other than sellar and parasellar tumors or traumatic brain injury from a tertiary care center in Pakistan. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study in the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. We studied all patients presenting with hypopituitarism, between January 2004 and December 2013. Clinical, hormonal and imaging data pertinent to the study was collected according to inclusion criteria. Results: Forty-two patients presented to the endocrinology clinics at the Aga Khan University Hospital during the study period. Thirty-seven patients (88.1%) were females. Mean age ± standard deviation of the participants was 53.8 ± 14.7 years. Sixteen patients had secondary infertility and all were females; a majority of patients in this group had Sheehan’s syndrome (n=8) followed by empty sella syndrome (n=3), partial empty sella syndrome (n=2), idiopathic cause (n=2) and tuberculoma (n=1). Eighteen females (48.6%) reported inability to lactate. Conclusions: Non-traumatic hypopituitarism was more common in women, with Sheehan syndrome being the most common cause of hypopituitarism in our study (35.7%). Secondary hypothyroidism was the most common hormonal deficiency. The most commonly reported symptom was weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Malik
- Dr. Sarwar Malik, FCPS (Medicine), FCPS (Endocrinology). Department of Medicine, Federal Govt. Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zareen Kiran
- Dr. Zareen Kiran, FCPS (Medicine), MRCP (UK), FCPS (Endocrinology). Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Owais Rashid
- Dr. Muhammad Owais Rashid, FCPS (Medicine). Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Minaz Mawani
- Ms. Minaz Mawani, MSc (Epidemiology and Biostatistics). Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asma Gulab
- Dr. Asma Gulab, MBBS. Aga Khan Medical College, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qamar Masood
- Dr. Muhammad Qamar Masood, Diplomate American Board of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Najmul Islam
- Dr. Najmul Islam, FRCP. Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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11
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Al Mohareb O, AlMalki MH, Mueller OT, Brema I. Resistance to thyroid hormone-beta co-existing with partially empty sella in a Jordanian male. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2018; 2018:EDM180104. [PMID: 30530874 PMCID: PMC6280128 DOI: 10.1530/edm-18-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone-beta (RTHbeta) is a rare inherited syndrome characterized by variable reduced tissue responsiveness to the intracellular action of triiodothyronine (T3), the active form of the thyroid hormone. The presentation of RTHbeta is quite variable and mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta (THR-B) gene have been detected in up to 90% of patients. The proband was a 34-year-old Jordanian male who presented with intermittent palpitations. His thyroid function tests (TFTs) showed a discordant profile with high free T4 (FT4) at 45.7 pmol/L (normal: 12–22), high free T3 (FT3) at 11.8 pmol/L (normal: 3.1–6.8) and inappropriately normal TSH at 3.19 mIU/L (normal: 0.27–4.2). Work up has confirmed normal alpha subunit of TSH of 0.1 ng/mL (normal <0.5) and pituitary MRI showed no evidence of a pituitary adenoma; however, there was an interesting coincidental finding of partially empty sella. RTHbeta was suspected and genetic testing confirmed a known mutation in the THR-B gene, where a heterozygous A to G base change substitutes valine for methionine at codon 310. Screening the immediate family revealed that the eldest son (5 years old) also has discordant thyroid function profile consistent with RTHbeta and genetic testing confirmed the same M310V mutation that his father harbored. Moreover, the 5-year-old son had hyperactivity, impulsivity and aggressive behavior consistent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This case demonstrates an unusual co-existence of RTHbeta and partially empty sella in the same patient which, to our knowledge, has not been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohoud Al Mohareb
- ObesityEndocrine and Metabolism Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mussa H AlMalki
- ObesityEndocrine and Metabolism Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - O Thomas Mueller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineMolecular and Biochemical Section, All Children Hospital, St Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Imad Brema
- ObesityEndocrine and Metabolism Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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12
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Ishihara E, Toda M, Sasao R, Ozawa H, Saito S, Ogawa K, Yoshida K. Endonasal Chiasmapexy Using Autologous Cartilage/Bone for Empty Sella Syndrome After Cabergoline Therapy for Prolactinoma. World Neurosurg 2018; 121:145-148. [PMID: 30315973 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual field deterioration caused by secondary empty sella after cabergoline therapy for prolactinoma is a rare event. Chiasmapexy is performed to treat empty sella syndrome. Although various materials have been used for the elevation of the optic chasm, the most appropriate material remains to be established. Here, we describe the efficiency of chiasmapexy for empty sella syndrome following dopamine agonist treatment and the utility of septal cartilage and sphenoidal sinus bone as materials for chiasmapexy. CASE DESCRIPTION A 35-year-old male with a history of cabergoline therapy for prolactinoma presented with visual deterioration. His magnetic resonance imaging revealed optic chiasm herniation into the empty sella. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal chiasmapexy was performed using septal cartilage and sphenoidal sinus bone as materials for elevating the chiasm. Visual function improved immediately after operation. CONCLUSIONS Chiasmapexy is an effective surgical method for treating visual deterioration caused by empty sella after cabergoline treatment. Endoscopic endonasal chiasmapexy with septal cartilage and sphenoidal sinus bone is a considerable option because it is minimally invasive and involves decreased risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Ishihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sasao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ozawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Saito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Bokhari SA, Khan PM, Al Jabri K, Galal M. Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome III with Hypoglycemia and Association with Empty Sella and Hypopituitarism. Saudi J Med Med Sci 2017; 5:71-73. [PMID: 30787757 PMCID: PMC6298284 DOI: 10.4103/1658-631x.194251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 25-year-old Saudi female with a known case of autoimmune thyroiditis presented to the Emergency Room in stuporous condition. A blood test revealed a blood sugar level of 1.7 mmols/l (30.6 mg/dl). The patient was resuscitated with intravenous glucose. Further evaluations of the patient revealed celiac disease and idiopathic thrombocytopenia with preexisting autoimmune thyroiditis (polyglandular autoimmune syndrome III [PAS III]). The severe hypoglycemia, coupled with 6 years of infertility evaluation, revealed a rare association of empty sella syndrome with hypopituitarism {PAS II}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Abdulla Bokhari
- Department of Endocrinology, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, 21159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Patan Murthuza Khan
- Department of Endocrinology, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, 21159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al Jabri
- Department of Endocrinology, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, 21159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Galal
- Department of Endocrinology, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, 21159, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Hypopituitarism can present with psychiatric symptoms. We report a unique case of psychosis in clear consciousness in a case of hypopituitarism due to the secondary empty sella syndrome following a Russell's viper bite which was untreated and presented with psychotic symptoms for past 13 years following the snake bite. After the diagnosis of psychosis due to hypopituitarism was made, the patient was treated with levothyroxine and prednisolone supplements and his psychotic symptoms subsided without any psychotropic drugs. Vasculotoxic snake bites can cause hypopituitarism and can present with psychosis. Further research will be needed into the prevalence of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr Ratnakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Kunhalu's Nursing Home, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - Varghese P Punnoose
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Soumitra Das
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Thirumala Devaswom Medical College, Alleppey, Kerala, India
| | - Arjun Kartha
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Thirumala Devaswom Medical College, Alleppey, Kerala, India
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Abstract
Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is commonly seen in adult and is considered as an infrequent finding in childhood. It may be diagnosed incidentally on imaging in asymptomatic children. However, most of the children with ESS present with features of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. We report a case of ESS in a child with features of failure to thrive as well as hypopituitarism and review the literature briefly on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Rath
- Department of Paediatrics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Radiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jasashree Choudhury
- Department of Paediatrics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Dillip Kumar Dash
- Department of Paediatrics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Anuspandana Mohapatra
- Department of Paediatrics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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