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Pan Y, Han W, Shi H, Liu X, Xu S, Li J, Peng H, Zhao X, Gu T, Huang C, Peng K, Wang S, Zeng M. Incorporating environmental capacity considerations to prioritize control factors for the management of heavy metals in soil. J Environ Manage 2024; 351:119820. [PMID: 38113783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) pollution threatens food security and human health. While previous studies have evaluated source-oriented health risk assessments, a comprehensive integration of environmental capacity risk assessments with pollution source analysis to prioritize control factors for soil contamination is still lacking. Herein, we collected 837 surface soil samples from agricultural land in the Nansha District of China in 2019. We developed an improved integrated assessment model to analyze the pollution sources, health risks, and environmental capacities of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The model graded pollution source impact on environmental capacity risk to prioritize control measures for soil HMs. All HMs except Pb exceeded background values and were sourced primarily from natural, transportation, and industrial activities (31.26%). Approximately 98.92% (children), 97.87% (adult females), and 97.41% (adult males) of carcinogenic values exceeded the acceptable threshold of 1E-6. HM pollution was classified as medium capacity (3.41 kg/hm2) with mild risk (PI = 0.52). Mixed sources of natural backgrounds, transportation, and industrial sources were identified as priority sources, and As a priority element. These findings will help prioritize control factors for soil HMs and direct resources to the most critical pollutants and sources of contamination, particularly when resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Pan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenjing Han
- Geological Survey Research Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huanhuan Shi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Shasha Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongxia Peng
- School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xinwen Zhao
- Wuhan Center of Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Tao Gu
- Wuhan Center of Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Chansgheng Huang
- Wuhan Center of Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Ke Peng
- Survey Affairs Center for Natural Resources and Planning of Yongzhou City, Yongzhou, 425000, China
| | - Simiao Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 314001, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Wuhan Center of Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430205, China.
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Li Y, Wang H, Deng Y, Liang D, Li Y, Gu Q. Applying water environment capacity to assess the non-point source pollution risks in watersheds. Water Res 2023; 240:120092. [PMID: 37220697 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Comprehension of the spatial and temporal characteristics of non-point source (NPS) pollution risk in watersheds is essential for NPS pollution research and scientific management. Although the concept of water functional zones (WFZ) has been considered in the NPS pollution risk assessment process. However, no comprehensive study of the NPS pollution risk has been conducted to effectively protect water quality in watersheds with different water environment capacity. Therefore, this study proposes a new NPS pollution risk assessment method that integrates water functional zoning, receiving water body environmental capacity, and space-time distribution of pollution load for quantifying the impact of pollution discharge from sub-catchment on nearby water body quality. Based on the NPS nutrient loss process modeled by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), this method was used to assess the NPS pollution risk in the Le 'an River Watershed at annual and monthly scales. The results showed that the NPS pollution risk is characterized by seasonal and spatial variability and is influenced clearly by the water environment capacity. High NPS pollution loads are not necessarily high pollution risks. Conversely, a low NPS nutrient pollution load does not represent a low regional risk sensitivity. In addition, NPS risk assessment based on the water environment capacity could also distinguish the differences in risk levels that were masked by similar NPS pollutant loss and the same water function zoning to achieve accurate control of NPS pollution management in watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Yanqing Deng
- Jiangxi Hydrological Monitoring Center, Nanchang 330000, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Hydrology and Ecological Monitoring Research, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Dongfang Liang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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Tian K, Li M, Hu W, Fan Y, Huang B, Zhao Y. Environmental capacity of heavy metals in intensive agricultural soils: Insights from geochemical baselines and source apportionment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 819:153078. [PMID: 35038540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil environmental capacity (EC) of heavy metals (HMs) can be used as an index to evaluate the pollution status of HMs and to provide basic data for HM remediation. However, the commonly used soil EC for HMs usually are prone to bias due to the lack of local background values (BVs) and the consideration of the contribution from various HM sources. Here, a modified method was proposed to estimate the soil EC by integrating the establishment of local BVs and the quantitative evaluation of contributions from HM sources in an intensive agricultural area of Shouguang city, China. The local BVs of HMs were established using the relative cumulative frequency distribution method. The source-specific EC was quantified based on the local BVs and the contributions of HM sources identified by receptor model and variable importance analysis. Results showed that the average BV values of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 7.67, 0.10, 62.84, 21.17, 0.031, 28.38, 19.25, and 59.60 mg kg-1, respectively, in the study area. The source-specific EC of Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn were higher than their current EC, indicating an underestimation of soil capacity of HMs by the traditional method. The EC of HMs in these soils was generally medium indicated by their comprehensive EC index (PI) (PI >0.7), suggesting a low risk level of the targeted HMs. According to indexes such as the individual metal index (Pi) and enrichment factor (EF), special attention should be paid to Cd and Zn due to their low capacity (Pi <0.7) and high accumulation (EF > 2) in some points across this area. Altogether, our findings suggested that the modified method had a better capability for evaluating and predicting the enrichment status of soil HMs, which can be helpful for formulating the targeted measures to control HM pollution in such intensive agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Wenyou Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Ya'nan Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Biao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongcun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Wang C, Li Q, Lu Y, Wang T, Khan K, Wang P, Meng J, Zhou Y, Yvette B, Suriyanarayanan S. Simulating transport, flux, and ecological risk of perfluorooctanoate in a river affected by a major fluorochemical manufacturer in northern China. Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:792-803. [PMID: 30677944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been widely detected and pose potential risks to both human and ecosystem health. Since the probation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by the Stockholm Convention, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has frequently been used as a chemical intermediate and processing aid. Owing to a lack of effective treatment technologies for PFOA, surrounding environments have been highly affected. Previous studies by our group have reported elevated PFOA levels in the Xiaoqing River, which receives sewage from a major fluorochemical manufacturer in northern China. To further explore the transport, flux, and ecological risk of the perfluorooctanoate in the river, this study conducted a 2-year sampling campaign of surface water from 2014 to 2015. An extremely high PFOA concentration (mean: 62.3 μg L-1) was observed for the Xiaoqing River in comparison with other studies. The highest average concentration and flux of PFOA were recorded in the autumn and summer, respectively. With data on selected hydrological parameters and cross-sections, PFOA concentrations were modeled using DHI MIKE 11. To explore the current loads and environmental capacity of PFOA, two scenarios (i.e., emissions based on observed concentrations and on the predicted no-effects concentration, PNEC) were set. The simulation results based on observed data showed that PFOA loads in the Xiaoqing River were 11.4 t in 2014, and 12.5 t in 2015. Based on the PNEC, the environmental carrying capacity of PFOA was estimated to be 13.9 t in 2014, and 13.8 t in 2015. The current loads of PFOA were found to approach the maximum environmental carrying capacity. Relatively high risks around both the fluorine industrial park (FIP) and estuary area were identified. In comparison with other suggested guidelines, threats to the ecological status of the river would be severe, which suggests that stringent management and emission criteria are needed for this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baninla Yvette
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sarvajayakesavalu Suriyanarayanan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem 636308, Tamilnadu, India
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Peng HQ, Liu Y, Gao XL, Wang HW, Chen Y, Cai HY. Calculation of intercepted runoff depth based on stormwater quality and environmental capacity of receiving waters for initial stormwater pollution management. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:24681-24689. [PMID: 28913681 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While point source pollutions have gradually been controlled in recent years, the non-point source pollution problem has become increasingly prominent. The receiving waters are frequently polluted by the initial stormwater from the separate stormwater system and the wastewater from sewage pipes through stormwater pipes. Consequently, calculating the intercepted runoff depth has become a problem that must be resolved immediately for initial stormwater pollution management. The accurate calculation of intercepted runoff depth provides a solid foundation for selecting the appropriate size of intercepting facilities in drainage and interception projects. This study establishes a separate stormwater system for the Yishan Building watershed of Fuzhou City using the InfoWorks Integrated Catchment Management (InfoWorks ICM), which can predict the stormwater flow velocity and the flow of discharge outlet after each rainfall. The intercepted runoff depth is calculated from the stormwater quality and environmental capacity of the receiving waters. The average intercepted runoff depth from six rainfall events is calculated as 4.1 mm based on stormwater quality. The average intercepted runoff depth from six rainfall events is calculated as 4.4 mm based on the environmental capacity of the receiving waters. The intercepted runoff depth differs when calculated from various aspects. The selection of the intercepted runoff depth depends on the goal of water quality control, the self-purification capacity of the water bodies, and other factors of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qin Peng
- Shanghai Urban Drainage Co., Ltd, 1121 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xue-Long Gao
- Fuzhou Planning Design Research Institute, 188 Hudong Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Hong-Wu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Fuzhou Planning Design Research Institute, 188 Hudong Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Hui-Yi Cai
- Fuzhou Planning Design Research Institute, 188 Hudong Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
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Ranjbar MH, Hadjizadeh Zaker N. Estimation of environmental capacity of phosphorus in Gorgan Bay, Iran, via a 3D ecological-hydrodynamic model. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:649. [PMID: 27796834 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gorgan Bay is a semi-enclosed basin located in the southeast of the Caspian Sea in Iran and is an important marine habitat for fish and seabirds. In the present study, the environmental capacity of phosphorus in Gorgan Bay was estimated using a 3D ecological-hydrodynamic numerical model and a linear programming model. The distribution of phosphorus, simulated by the numerical model, was used as an index for the occurrence of eutrophication and to determine the water quality response field of each of the pollution sources. The linear programming model was used to calculate and allocate the total maximum allowable loads of phosphorus to each of the pollution sources in a way that eutrophication be prevented and at the same time maximum environmental capacity be achieved. In addition, the effect of an artificial inlet on the environmental capacity of the bay was investigated. Observations of surface currents in Gorgan Bay were made by GPS-tracked surface drifters to provide data for calibration and verification of numerical modeling. Drifters were deployed at five different points across the bay over a period of 5 days. The results indicated that the annual environmental capacity of phosphorus is approximately 141 t if a concentration of 0.0477 mg/l for phosphorus is set as the water quality criterion. Creating an artificial inlet with a width of 1 km in the western part of the bay would result in a threefold increase in the environmental capacity of the study area.
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Gonzales E, Shen HW, Wang Y, Martinez LS, Norstrand J. Race and Place: Exploring the Intersection of Inequity and Volunteerism Among Older Black and White Adults. J Gerontol Soc Work 2016; 59:381-400. [PMID: 27594535 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2016.1224787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the historical impact of racial segregation and ongoing health and economic inequities between older Black and White adults is well documented, little is known about the relationships among race, individual- and neighborhood-resources, and formal volunteering in later life. This study explores this intersection. Individual-level data from 268 respondents aged 55+ were collected in the St. Louis metropolitan area through paper-based mail surveys. Objective neighborhood data were obtained at the zip code level from secondary sources and matched with respondents. Using exploratory factor analysis, we constructed a 14-item environmental scale with 3 neighborhood dimensions (economic, social, and built environment). Older Black adults had lower levels of education; had fewer financial assets; lived in neighborhoods with less economic resources and lower built environment scores; and fewer formally volunteered when compared to older White adults. Individual resources (financial assets, health) and neighborhood resources (social and built environment) were positively associated with formal volunteering among older Black adults. Only individual resources (age, marital status, financial assets, health) were associated with formal volunteering among older White adults. A coherent set of policies that bolsters individual and environmental capacities may increase the rate of volunteerism among older black adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Gonzales
- a Center for Innovation in Social Work and Health , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Huei-Wern Shen
- b University of Missouri-St. Louis , School of Social Work , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Yi Wang
- c Washington University in St. Louis , School of Social Work , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Linda Sprague Martinez
- a Center for Innovation in Social Work and Health , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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Li K, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang X. A three-dimensional water quality model to evaluate the environmental capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 91:306-316. [PMID: 25549824 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Jiaozhou Bay has recently suffered from serious problems with pollution and eutrophication. Thus, land-based pollutant load must be reduced through a national control program. In this study, we developed a 3D water quality model to determine the environmental capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jiaozhou Bay. A 3D hydrodynamic model (the estuarine, coastal, and ocean modeling system with sediments) was coupled with a water quality model, which was adapted from the dynamic model of nitrogen and phosphorus for a mesocosm near Jiaozhou Bay. The water quality model is divided into seven components: dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus, dissolved organic nitrogen, and dissolved organic phosphorus. Furthermore, it was calibrated based on data collected from Jiaozhou Bay in 2003. The proposed model effectively reproduced the spatiotemporal variability in nutrient concentration, thus suggesting that a reasonable numerical representation of the prototype system must be developed for further evaluation of environmental capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao 266100, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao 266100, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao 266100, China; Research Vessel Centre, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao 266100, China
| | - Longjun Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao 266100, China
| | - Xiulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing Dao 266100, China
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Li K, Shi X, Bao X, Ma Q, Wang X. Modeling total maximum allocated loads for heavy metals in Jinzhou Bay, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 85:659-664. [PMID: 24315701 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
With the recent development of society and economy in the cities of Huludao and Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China, environment and ecosystem problems have become increasingly serious in Jinzhou Bay, China, because of the increasing amount of heavy metal pollutants being discharged. To solve these problems, a water quality model of heavy metals coupled with a 3D hydrodynamic model is constructed to estimate the environmental capacity (EC) and total maximum allocated loads (TMALs) for Zn and Cd of three river catchments in Jinzhou Bay. According to the model, the ECs for Zn and Cd are approximately 17 and 8 tons per month, respectively, if the criterion obtained from HC5 values (fifth percentile of the SSD) is set as the control criterion (8.24 μg/L for Zn and 3.83 μg/L for Cd) in Jinzhou Bay, and the TMALs of the three river catchments are 4 and 1.7 tons per month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyong Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Marine Disaster Reduction Center, State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China, Beijing 100194, PR China
| | - Xianwen Bao
- College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Qimin Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Xiulin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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