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Díaz M, Lobo F, Hernández D, Amesty Á, Valdés-Baizabal C, Canerina-Amaro A, Mesa-Herrera F, Soler K, Boto A, Marín R, Estévez-Braun A, Lahoz F. FLTX2: A Novel Tamoxifen Derivative Endowed with Antiestrogenic, Fluorescent, and Photosensitizer Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105339. [PMID: 34069498 PMCID: PMC8161337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the most widely used selective modulator of estrogen receptors (SERM) and the first strategy as coadjuvant therapy for the treatment of estrogen-receptor (ER) positive breast cancer worldwide. In spite of such success, tamoxifen is not devoid of undesirable effects, the most life-threatening reported so far affecting uterine tissues. Indeed, tamoxifen treatment is discouraged in women under risk of uterine cancers. Recent molecular design efforts have endeavoured the development of tamoxifen derivatives with antiestrogen properties but lacking agonistic uterine tropism. One of this is FLTX2, formed by the covalent binding of tamoxifen as ER binding core, 7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) as the florescent dye, and Rose Bengal (RB) as source for reactive oxygen species. Our analyses demonstrate (1) FLTX2 is endowed with similar antiestrogen potency as tamoxifen and its predecessor FLTX1, (2) shows a strong absorption in the blue spectral range, associated to the NBD moiety, which efficiently transfers the excitation energy to RB through intramolecular FRET mechanism, (3) generates superoxide anions in a concentration- and irradiation time-dependent process, and (4) Induces concentration- and time-dependent MCF7 apoptotic cell death. These properties make FLTX2 a very promising candidate to lead a novel generation of SERMs with the endogenous capacity to promote breast tumour cell death in situ by photosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Díaz
- Departamento Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
- Unidad Asociada ULL-CSIC “Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales”, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.B.); (R.M.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fernando Lobo
- Programa Agustín de Betancourt, Universidad de la Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (F.L.); (Á.A.); (C.V.-B.)
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, 38206 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Ángel Amesty
- Programa Agustín de Betancourt, Universidad de la Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (F.L.); (Á.A.); (C.V.-B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Catalina Valdés-Baizabal
- Programa Agustín de Betancourt, Universidad de la Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (F.L.); (Á.A.); (C.V.-B.)
- Departamento Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Ana Canerina-Amaro
- Departamento Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Fátima Mesa-Herrera
- Departamento Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Kevin Soler
- Departamento Física, IUdEA, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Alicia Boto
- Unidad Asociada ULL-CSIC “Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales”, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.B.); (R.M.); (F.L.)
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, 38206 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Raquel Marín
- Unidad Asociada ULL-CSIC “Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales”, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.B.); (R.M.); (F.L.)
- Departamento Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Fernando Lahoz
- Unidad Asociada ULL-CSIC “Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales”, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.B.); (R.M.); (F.L.)
- Departamento Física, IUdEA, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
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Morales A, Marín R, Marrero-Alonso J, Boto A, Díaz M. Colocalization of Estrogen Receptors with the Fluorescent Tamoxifen Derivative, FLTX1, Analyzed by Confocal Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1366:163-73. [PMID: 26585134 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3127-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that competitively binds the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptors. Binding of tamoxifen displaces its cognate ligand, 17β-estradiol, thereby hampering the activation of estrogen receptors. Cellular labeling of ER is typically carried out using specific antibodies which require permeabilization of cells, incubation with secondary antibodies, and are expensive and time consuming. In this article, we describe the usefulness of FLTX1, a novel fluorescent tamoxifen derivative, which allows the labeling of estrogen receptors in immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry studies, both under permeabilized and non-permeabilized conditions. Further, besides labeling canonical estrogen receptors, this novel fluorescent probe is also suitable for the identification of unconventional targets such membrane estrogen receptors as well as other noncanonical targets, some of which are likely responsible for the number of undesired side effects reported during long-term tamoxifen treatments.
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